Direct series ( B-a) direct method Formula = X = Value F= Frequencies of Value Steps:- F ( each item is multiplied by its frequency) = =N

Sum total of FX sum total of frequencies ILLUSTRATION Following is the weekly wage earning of 19 workers: Wages No. Workers 10 Of 4 20 5 30 3 40 2 50 5

Calculate the arithmetic mean using Direct Method. Solution: Wages (X) No. of Workers or frequency Multiple of the Value of X and Frequency (FX) 10 20 30 40 50 4 5 3 2 5 4 x 10 = 40 5 x 20 = 100 3 x 30 = 90 2 x 40 = 80 50 x 5 = 250 = 560

= 29.47

Mean wage earning of 19 workers = 29.47 (B-a) short cut Method A= Assumed Mean Sum of Frequencies. Steps Firstly take A ( Assumed mean from Values (X) 2. Secondly, find d (deviation) = ( X-A) 3. Thirdly, fd = multiple of d and f = (f x d) 4. Add up, separely the positive (+) and, negative (-) values, of all fd. Find out the difference between the two to get 5. Move, to got , add up all frequencies

6. Lastly, put the values into formula. Numerical

ILLUSTRATION Following are the wages of 19 workers: Wages No. Workers 10 of 4 20 5 30 3 40 2 50 5

Calculate arithmetic (Assumed Average, A =30) Wages (X) No. of Workers or Deviation(d=X-A) Frequency (F) 10 20 30 40 50 4 5 3 2 5 (A=30) 10-30= -20 20-30= -10 30-30 =0 40-30=10 50-30=20 Multiple of Deviation and Frequency (fd) 4 x (-20)= -80 5 x (-10) = -50 3x0=0 2x10=20 5x20=100

=30+

=30-

= 30-0.53 = 29.47 Arithmetic Mean= 29.47 (B-c) step- Deviation Method Formula = XC

D =

= d = X-A

A= assumed mean C= Common difference Numerical

ILLUSTRATION Following are the wages of 19 workers: Wages No. Workers 10 of 4 20 5 30 3 40 2 50 5

Calculate arithmetic mean using Step-deviation method

(Assumed Average, A =30) Wages (X) No. of Workers Deviation(d=X-A) or Frequency (F) (A=30) Step-deviation D= (C=10) 10 20 30 40 50 4 5 3 2 5 10-30= -20 20-30= -10 30-30 =0 40-30=10 50-30=20 -20/10 = 2 -10/10=2 0/10=0 10/10=1 20/10=2 Multiple Deviation of and

Frequency (fd) 4x(-2)=-8 5 x (-1) = -5 3x0=0 2x1=2 5x2=10

A= 30, C=10 and

= -0.053

Putting these values in the formula, 30+ x10=30-0.053x10

= 30-0.53=29.47 Arithmetic Mean = 29.47 (C) Continuous series:(C-a) direct method M= mid value = L1+L2/2 F= Frequency N= No. of value Numerical

ILLUSTRATION The following table shows marks in English secured by students of class X in your school in their examination. Calculate mean marks using Direct Method. Marks No. Students 0-10 of 20 10-20 24 20-30 40 30-40 36 40-50 20

Solution:Marks Midvalue{m=L1+L2} 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 0+10/2=5 10+20/2=15 20+30/2=25 30+40/2=35 40+50=45 No. of students or Multiple of Mid-value Frequency (F) 20 24 40 36 20 and Frequency (fm) 20x5=100 24x15=360 40x25=1,000 36x35=1,260 20x45=900

= 3,620/140=25.86 marks.

(c-b) short cut method A= Assumed mean (from M) D= M-A F= Frequency Steps 1. Firstly calculate M= L1+L2/2 2. Take A from M d= M-A 3. F x d = 4. Sum total of Frequency = Numerical

ILLUSTRATION The following table shows marks secured by the students of a class in an examination in English.

Marks No.

0-10 of 20

10-20 24

20-30 40

30-40 36

40-50 20

students

Calculate mean marks using Short-cut Method.

SOLUTION: ( Assumed Average, A = 25) Marks Midvalue{m=L1+L2}/2 Frequency (f) Deviation (d=m- Multiple A) (A=25) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 0+10/2=5 10+20/2=15 20+30/2=25 30+40/2=35 40+50/2=45 20 24 40 36 20 5-25= -20 15-25 = -10 25-25=0 35-25=+10 45-25=+20 Deviation of and

Frequency (fd) 20x-20= -400 24x-10=-240 40x0=0 36x+10=360 20x +20=400

= 25+0.86=25.86

Mean marks = 25.86 (C-c) step-deviation Method

D= d/c

XC

C= common differences Steps: 1. M= L1+L2/2 2. Take A from M 3. D= M-A 4. D= d/c 5. Fd= f xd 6. Sum total of frequency = Numerical

ILLUSTRATION: The following table show marks obtained by the students of a class in their test in English. Marks No. Students 0-10 of 20 10-20 24 20-30 40 30-40 36 40-50 20

SOLUTION: Marks Midvalue(=L1+L2)/2 Frequency (f) Deviation (d=m-A) (A=25) Stepdeviation(d) {d= m-A}/C (C=10) Multiple stepdeviation and frequency (fd) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 5 15 25 35 45 20 24 40 36 20 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 -40 -24 0 +36 +40 of

Mean,

XC

= 25+0.086X10 = 25+0.86=25.86 Key concept Q1. Calculation of A.M in case of cumulative frequency series? Sol. Firstly convert cumulative frequency into simply frequency distribution series than solve it, by Direct Method. Q2. Calculation of A.M in a Mid-value series? Sol. Directly solve the question, there is no need to convert mid value series into simple frequency distribution series.

Q3. In case of Inclusive Series? Ans. Directly solve question by applying direct method. These is no need to convert it into exclusive series.

Illustration Marks in Statistics of the students of Class XI are given below. Find out arithmetic mean. Marks Less than 10 Less than 20 Less than 30 Less than 40 Less than 50 Solution: A Cumulative frequency distribution should first be converted into a Simple Frequency Distribution, as under: Conversion of a Cumulative Frequency Distribution into a simple Frequency Distribution Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 No. of Studenta 5 17-5 = 12 31-17 = 14 41-31 = 10 49-41 = 8 No. of Students 5 17 31 41 49

Now mean value of the data is obtained using Direct Method as under:

Calculation of mean Marks Midvalue(=L1+L2)/2 Frequency (f) Multiple stepdeviation and frequency (fm) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 5 15 25 35 45 5 12 14 10 8 25 180 350 350 360 of

,65

Arithmetic mean = 25.82 Illustration The following table shows marks in economics of the students of a class. calculate arithmetic mean. Marks More than 0 More than 2 Mora than 4 More than 6 More than 8 No. of students 30 28 24 18 10

Solution:

Converting cumulative frequency distribution into a simple frequency distribution, we get the following: Marks 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 No. of students 30-28 = 2 28-24 = 4 24-18 = 6 18-10 = 8 10-0 = 10

Arithmetic mean of this continuous series is estimated below, using Direct Method. Calculation of arithmetic mean using direct method Marks Midvalue(=L1+L2)/2 Frequency (f) Multiple stepdeviation and frequency (fm) 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 10 2 12 30 56 90 of

Mean marks = 6.33 Calculation of corrected arithmetic mean Sometimes in the calculation of arithmetic mean some item or values are wrongly written. Accordingly, the mean value goes wrong. But such mean value can be corrected by ( ) ( )

Illustration Following table gives marks in statistics of the student of a class. find out mean marks. Midvalue No. of 5 7 9 10 8 6 3 2 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

students

Solution In this series, mid values are already given. The calculation of arithmetic mean involves the same procedure as in case of exclusive series.

Calculation of Arithmetic mean.

Mid- value(m)

No. of students or frequency Multiple of Mid-value and (f) Frequency (fm) 25 70 135 200 200 180 105 80

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

5 7 9 10 8 6 3 2

Arithmetic mean = 19.9 marks

995 50

Illustration The following table shows monthly pocket expenses of the students of a class. find out the average pocket expenses. Pocket Expenses No. students of 10 8 6 4 2 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69

Solution

Calculation of arithmetic mean of inclusive series is the same as of exclusive series. Pocket Expenses Mid-value (m = l1+l2/2) Frequency (f) Deviation (d= Step deviation Fd m-A) (A = 44.5) 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 24.5 34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 10 8 6 4 2 -20 -10 0 10 20 -2 -1 0 1 2 -20 -8 0 4 4 d = d/c

Arithmetic mean = Rs. 37.83 Calculation of missing value

20 30

If mean of the series is known, but one value is missing, the missing value may be found using the following formula

illustration

suppose mean of a series of 5 itmes is 30. Four values are, 10,15,30 and 35 respectively. Find the missing (5th value) of the series. Solution Assume 5th value as X5. Given X1 = 10, X2 = 15, X3 = 30, X4 = 35, X5 =?

 10 15 30 5 35 5 90 5 90 5 5

150 = 90 + X5 X5 = 150 90 = 60 Thus, value of the 5th item = 60

Calculation of Weighted Arithmetic mean In simple AM, all items of a series are taken as of equal significance, but sometimes we may give greater significance to some items and less to others. For example, A housewife may give more significance to food, less to entertainment. So we can say that when different items of a series are weighted according to their relative importance, the average of such series is called weighted arithmetic average. Formula W = weight X = Value Numerical Illustration

Calculate weighted mean of the following data.

Marks(X) Weight (W)

81 2

76 3

74 6

58 7

70 3

73 7

Solution: Calculation of weighted mean Marks (X) 81 76 74 58 70 73 Weight (w) 2 3 6 7 3 7 WX 162 228 444 406 210 511

Weighted mean,

Weighted mean = 70.04 marks. Combined Arithmetic Mean.

1961 28

Given the mean values of two or more parts of a series and the number of items in each part, one can get combined Arithmetic mean or mean of the series as a whole Formula Here

X1,2 = Combined arithmetic mean of parts 1 and 2 of a series X1 = A.M of part 1 of the series. X2 = A.M of part 2 of the series. N1 = Number of items in part 1 of the series. N2 = Number of items in part 2 of the series. Numerical Illustration 60 students of Section A of class XI, obtained 40 mean marks in statistics, 40 students of section B obtained 35 mean marks in Statistics. Find out mean marks in Statistics for class XI as a whole. Solution Given, N1 = 60, X1 = 40, X2 = 35 We know

Thus, combined arithmetic mean = 38

ILLUSTRATION 1.

In the following frequency distribution, the frequency of the class interval (40-50) is not known. Find it, if the arithmetic mean of the distribution is 52: Wages (Rs) No. of Workers 10-20 5 20-30 3 30-40 4 40-50 ? 50-60 2 60-70 6 70-80 13

SOLUTION: Wages (Rs) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 Mid value (m) 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 Frequency 5 3 4 F 2 6 13 = 33 + f Fm 75 75 140 45f 110 390 975 fm = 1,756 + 45f

1765 45f

Or,

52 (33 + f) = 1,765 + 45f 1,716 + 52f = 1,765 + 45f 52f 45f = 1,765 1,716 => 7f = 49 => f = 7

ILLUSTRATION 2. if the arithmetic mean of the following series is 115.86; find the missing value.

Wages (Rs) No. of Workers

110 25

112 17

113 13

117 15

? 14

125 8

128 6

130 2

SOLUTION: Let the missing value be X.

Wages (x) 110 112 113 117 X 125 128 130

No. of Workers (f) 25 17 13 15 14 8 6 2 f = 100

Fx 2,750 1,904 1,469 1,755 14X 1,000 768 260 fX = 9,906+ 14X

9 906 14 100

115.86 x 100 = 9,906 + 14X 14X = 11,586 9,906 = 1,680

1 680

= 120

Calculation of Arithmetic Mean for Diligent Series

Type of Series

Direct Method

Short Cut or Assumed Step mean Method Method

Deviation

1. Individuate Series

1. Discrete Series Or

fd

2. Continuous Series

fd

# Define Merit & Demerit of Arithmetic Mean ? Ans :- # Merit 1. Based on all items :- A.M is based on all the items in a series. It is, therefore a representative value of the different items. 2. Stability :- A.M is a of central tendency. This is because changes in the Simple of a series have minimum effect on the arithmetic average. 3. Basis of Comparison :- State and certain arithmetic mean can be easily used for comparision.

# Demerits :-> Effect of Extreme value :-> The main defect of a mean is that it eblected by extreme value of the series. For example 1 jf Monthly income of 5 workers are

Workers A B C D E

Monthly Income (Rs) 6000 3500 2500 1500 1000

The average income of all the five workers would be

14500 5 6000 3500 2500 1500 1000 5

Certainly this is not such an accurate mean of the monthly income of the monthly income of 5 workers. 2. Laughable Conclusions :- A.M sometime offers laughable conclusions. Jf there are 50 students in class XI and 31 student in class XII, the average strength of these two classes. Would come to
2

= 30.5 Students. Which is very funny because these cannot be half students. 3. Mean value may not figure in the series at all :- The mean value which dose not figure in the series at all . Just time , the average of 2,3 and 7 is Which is not these in the series.