Flow Singularity Modeling

Introduction
Flow singularity modeling is an indirect method of analyzing the flow patterns around solid bodies. In this, the effects of solid boundary on the outer flow are modeled by imaginary types of flow generators known as flow singularities. For the ideal flow, where the fluid is inviscid and incompressible, the above method could be an appropriate one as it could solve many problems. No such fluid exists; but these assumptions make it possible to produce models for the flow of fluids in and around solid boundaries such as flow around cylinders. Here, we are using mathematical software to analyse each type of flow around solid bodies. For that, the flows are demonstrated by the mathematical equations for stream function and potential flow in order to study the phenomena. This is a simple method of modeling flow patterns using MatLAB. Combining different flow patterns, we can obtain complex flow patterns. All we have to do is to change MatLAB code. Each and every flow singularities are modeled with some mathematical equations. So that, the combinations can be modeled easily with the equations and the model can be seen through the mathematical software. This would be useful in studying the flow patterns such as doublet in rectilinear flow, sink in rectilinear flow, sink etc. Flow singularity modeling is important to the study of fluid dynamics as we could handle even a complex flow with several flow singularities (sink + rectilinear + source etc.). Modeling these singularities in mathematical software such as MatLab is useful in understanding the resultant flow pattern in a graphical view.

Flow patterns
An ideal fluid has no viscosity and is incompressible. No such fluid exists but these assumptions make it possible to produce models for the flow of fluids in and around solid boundaries such as flow around cylinders. In particular, the concepts of Potential flow and stream function give us useful mathematical models to study these phenomena. In this flow singularity modeling, we can model different flow patterns such as Rectilinear flow Source flow Sink flow Doublet

Example This pattern of flow can be modeled using the mathematical equation for the stream function and potential flow. This flow is a normal flow and if any solid bodies are there, then the flow will differ from the above, around the solid boundary. Steam function = U (cos y sin x ) Velocity potential = U (cos x +sin y ) The above equation will demonstrate the actual flow. The graph is obtained by applying the above equations in the MatLab. Uniform Rectilinear flow

A point is called a source if the motion of a fluid consists of symmetrical radial outward flow in all directions from that point, is called a sink. The source with negative strength, that is inward flow, is called a sink. Source and sink in two dimensions are known as line source or line sinks. =( ) =( ) ( )

This graph demonstrates the pattern of flow from a line source based on the above mathematical relationship.

Flow from Line Source

Here, a uniform rectilinear flow around a line source is demonstrated. To get this modeling, the two singularities; flow from source and rectilinear flow are integrated through mathematical equation. =( ) =( ) ( ) ( ) + U r cos

The combinational flow is modeled easily through this method. Rectilinear flow with Line source

Exercise 1. This flow pattern is usually referred to as a doublet and can be interpreted as the combination of sourcesink pair of infinite strength kept at an infinitesimally small distance apart. So the two singularities; flow from source and flow from sink are integrated through mathematical equation. As the sink and source are at the same point the net flow is zero from the point (flow starts and ends in the same point).

Doublet

2. Here, the flow patterns of sink and source are integrated through mathematical modeling. This graph demonstrates how would be the flow pattern if a sink and a source of equal strength are kept in a distance a (4). Flow starts from the source and ends at the sink. As there is no external impact, it is a closed flow.

Source and sink with equal strength in distance a

3. Here the above elements are kept in a uniform rectilinear flow. i.e. the source and sink of equal strength are kept in a rectilinear flow. So, the area in which both exist, will be showing the pattern of the sink and source more. Longer the distance from the elements, stronger the effect or pattern of the rectilinear flow.

Source and sink of equal strength in a uniform rectilinear flow

4. Here doublet is kept in a uniform rectilinear flow. In the area, where flow from doublet is strong, the pattern is same as the first graph. The rest area is influenced by the rectilinear flow. Mathematical simulations for both flow patterns are integrated to get this flow.

Doublet in a uniform rectilinear flow

Discussion Doublet This flow pattern is consisting of Source flow & Sink flow in a negligible distance. A doublet is obtained by letting the distance between the source and sink approach zero. The streamlines are somewhat circular shaped. And also the equi-potential lines are circular shaped. When the doublet is placed in a uniform rectilinear flow, the stream lines of rectilinear flow goes around the doublet without mixing. Each & every streamline inside the circles are came out from the source and flows into the sink. So the net volume outcome from the circular streamlines is zero. This flow pattern is very similar to the flow around a circular cylinder in a uniform rectilinea r flow. =0 line becomes a solid body which you can see as a red coloured circle. It is very similar to the solid body of the circular cylinder. Flow around a circular cylinder can be known as a superposition of doublet in a uniform rectilinear flow. The real flow is not exactly similar to the flow pattern from Matlab because of friction, flow behavior, environmental conditions etc. Source & Sink pair equal strength in distance a This flow pattern is consisting of Source flow & Sink flow in distanc e a. The distance is considerable, not very small. So the stream lines and equi-potential lines are elliptical than circular. When the source sink pair is placed in a uniform rectilinear flow, the streamlines of rectilinear flow goes around elliptical streamlines without mixing each other. The red line again indicates the dividing streamline, which traces out an oval shape streamline region called Rankine oval. All the streamlines inside the oval originate at the source on the left, and flow into the sink on the right. The net volume outflow from the oval is zero. Again, the dividing streamline (red colour line or =0 line) could be replaced by a solid oval body of the same shape. The flow outside the oval then corresponds to the flow around this body. This oval shaped streamlines can be replaced by an Airfoil. The flow outside the oval is very similar to the flow around an airfoil. Wakes can be developed after the oval shaped bluff bodies. Wake flow is known as turbulent eddying flow that occurs downstream from bluff bodies. As there can be eddies in the flow after passing the airfoil body. So it doesnt show a symmetrical shape of the flow as in Matlab simulation.

Conclusion
Through undergoing this lab session, I have Understood different patterns of flows. Gained a knowledge of simulations of flow patterns. Understood of simulating fluid flows indirectly without any physical experiments. Got an experience of using a mathematical software like MatLab for modeling purposes. Got graphical demonstrations of flow patterns under different configurations. Obtained the understanding of difference between a real flow and the simulated flow. Understood the importance of taking some assumptions for the real fluids (of ideal) to simulate the flow.