Amperes Law

Alan Murray

Try this
Create a contour for integration (a circle seems to make sense here!) I $ $ is tangential to circle) B= a from the Biot-Savart law (a 2 R I $.dl note : B and dl are parallel Calculate B.dl = a 2 R

B.dl = Bdl = B dl , ( B = constant)

I I B.dl = dl = 2 R = I 2 R 2 R

dl B

B.dl = I

B.dl = I H.dl = I

B dl B dl

Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

H.dl = Current Ienclosed

This is, as it turns out, Amperes Law and is the magnetic-field equivalent of Gausss law If we define H=B, B=H, then H.dl = Current enclosed = J.ds
I4 I1 I3 I2 I6 I5 Take a closed contour These currents are enclosed And these currents are not!
Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

H.dl = Current Ienclosed

I4 I1

I3

I2

Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

Amperes Law Worked Example

Calculate the magnetic field H both Outside (r>R) and Inside (r<R) A wire with uniformly-distributed current I, current density

J=

I R2

B?

|J| = I/A

B?

Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

Outside r>R, H.dl = Ienclosed

H.dl = Ienclosed

H.dl = Hdl (H and dl parallel again)

dl ( H constant again) H.dl = H H.dl = H 2 r
B
r

H=
I, |J|=I/R2
R

I 2 r

H, B

Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

Inside r<R, H.dl = Ienclosed

H.dl = Ienclosed

r 2 r2 =I = I 2 (ratio of areas) 2 R R

H.dl = Hdl (H and dl parallel again)

dl ( H constant again) H.dl = H H.dl = H 2 r r2 r H 2 r = I 2 , H = I R 2 R 2

B?
r R

I, |J|=I/R2 =I r2 R2

Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

Inside r<R, H.dl = Ienclosed

r

H =I

I 2 r

H=

Ir 2 R 2

B,H
Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

Ampere Worked example

L B-field here?

i.e. what is the magnetic field above and close to a metal track on a printed circuit board or chip? I

Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

What does the B-field look like?

B-field lines

Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

H.dl = Ienclosed?
Width L Contour for integration b

Current enclosed = aI/L I/L Amps/metre of width, out of the diagram

Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

H.dl = Ienclosed?
H.dl = aH H H.dl = 0
(H, dl perpendicular) (H, dl parallel)

a b

H.dl = 0 b
(H, dl perpendicular)

a H H.dl = aH
(H, dl parallel)

Current enclosed = aI/L H.dl = aH + aH = 2aH H.dl = Ienclosed 2aH = aI/L |H| = _I _I_ 2L
Alan Murray University of Edinburgh

H.dl = Ienclosed?
|H| = -I_ 2L

|H| = + +I I_ 2L

Alan Murray University of Edinburgh