1.

Dierentiate implicitly with respect to x: (a) 2xy = x y 2 d (2xy ) dx dy 2y + 2x dx dy dy + 2y 2x dx dx dy (2x 2y ) dx dy dx (b) y + x + y3 = 1 d (x y 2 ) dx dy 1 2y dx 1 2y 1 2y 1 2y 2x 2y

= = = = =

The easiest way to handle this is to rewrite before dierentiating. y+ x + y3 x+ y3

3

= = = =

1 (1 y )2 1 2y + y 2 1y

x+y x + y3 Now dierentiate implicitly:

d (x + y 3 ) dx dy 1 + 3y 2 dx dy dy dy +2 2y 3y 2 dx dx dx dy (3y 2 + 2 2y ) dx dy dx

d (1 2y + y 2 ) dx dy dy = 2 + 2y dx dx = = 1 = 1 = 1 3y 2 + 2 2y

2. A spherical balloon is being inated. If the volume is increasing at a rate of 2 cm3 per minute, at what rate is the radius changing when the radius is 10cm? We are given that
dV dt

= 2 , and must nd V dV dt dr dt dr dt
r =10

dr dt

when r = 10.

= = = =

4 3 r 3 dr 4r2 dt dV 1 dt 4r2 1 1 2 = cm/min. 4 (100) 200

3. An 8m ladder rests against a vertical wall. The top of the ladder is sliding down the wall at a rate of 1m/min. At what rate is the base of the ladder moving away from the wall when the base of the ladder is 4m away from the wall? We are given that dy dt = 1. (Note that this rate is negative since y is decreasing.) We are asked to when x = 4. nd dx dt x2 + y 2 d 2 (x + y 2 ) dt dy dx + 2y 2x dt dt dx 2x dt dx dt Note that when x = 4, y = 64 x2 =

= = =

64 d (64) dt 0

dy dt y dy = x dt = 2y

64 16 = 48 = 4 3. Hence 4 3 dx = (1) = 3 m/min. dt x=4 4

4. The position function for an object is given by s = f (t) = 2t3 + 4t2 2t, where t is measured in hours and s in kilometres. What is the objects acceleration after a half-hour? The velocity is v (t) = f (t) = 6t2 + 8t 2, and the acceleration is a(t) = f (t) = 12t + 8. Hence the acceleration after a half-hour is f (1/2) = 2 km/s2 . 5. Find the third derivative of g (s) = s 1 s. 1 s2

g (s) g (s) g (s)

= = =

1+ 2 s3 6 s4

6. Dierentiate: (a) f (x) =

e x x2

f (x) = = = = = = x(x 1) x2 + 5

) e x (2x) x4 2 x d x e dx ( x) 2xe x x4 1 x2 e x 2 x1/2 2xe x x4 1 3/ 2 x e 2xe x 2x x4 1 x 1/ 2 (x 4) 2 xe x4 x 1/ 2 xe (x 4) 2x4

d (e x2 dx

(b) g (x) = ln

Note that g (x) = ln x + ln(x 1) ln(x2 + 5). Hence g (x) = 1 1 2x + . x x 1 x2 + 5

7. Einsteinium has a half-life of 276 days. If a sample currently contains 2g of einsteinium, how much will be present after a year? Let A(t) denote the amount present after t days. So A(t) = Cekt for some constants C and k . When t = 0, A(0) = 2, so that Ce0 = 2, i.e. C = 2. Hence A(t) = 2ekt . Since the half-life is 276 days, we know that when t = 276, half of the original amount, or remains. Hence A(276) 2e
276k 276k 1 2C

= 1,

= = = = =

1 1 1 2 ln 1 2 1 1 ln 276 2

276k k

Hence A(t) = 2et(ln(1/2))/276 . The amount after a year is A(365) 0.8 g. 8. A rabbit population is increasing exponentially. After two months, there are 20 rabbits, and after four months, there are 100. How many rabbits will there be after nine months? Let N (t) denote the size of the population after t months. Since the population increases exponentially, we know that N (t) has the form N (t) = Cekt for certain constants C and k . We are given that N (2) = 20 N (4) = 100 3 Ce2k = 20 Ce
4k

(1) (2)

= 100

From (1), we get that C = 20/e2k ; substituting this into (2) gives 2k = ln 5, and we obtain k = 1 2 ln 5.
1

20 4k e e2 k

= 100, or e2k = 5. Hence

Now, we can see that C = 20/e2k = 20/e2 2 ln 5 = 20/eln 5 = 20/5 = 4. Hence the formula is N (t) = 4e The number present after nine months is N (9) = 4e 9. For each of the following functions: (a) f (x) = x+2 x3 (i) Give the x- and y -intercepts of f (x), if any. x-intercepts: x+2 = 0 x3 x+2 = 0 x = 2 y -intercept: y =
0+2 0 3
9(ln 5) 2 t(ln 5) 2

5590.

= 2 3

(ii) Find the critical numbers of f (x). Determine the intervals on which f (x) is increasing or decreasing, and give the coordinates of any local extrema. (x 3) (x + 2) 5 f (x) = = . So f (x) is never equal 0, but is undened when x = 3. (x 3)2 (x 3)2 Since f (3) is undened, there are no critical numbers, and hence no local extrema.

f (x) f (x)

So f (x) is decreasing on (, 3) and (3, ).

(iii) Determine the intervals of concavity of f (x), and give the coordinates of any points of inection. 10 f (x) = . So f (x) is never equal to 0, but is undened when x = 3. (x 3)3

f (x)

f (x) C.D. 3

C.U.

So f (x) in concave down on (, 3) and concave up on (3, ). Although f (x) changes concavity at x = 3, there is no point of inection, since f (3) is undened. (iv) Determine the equation of the vertical asymptote(s) of f (x), if any, and determine the behaviour of f (x) near each vertical asymptote. The line x = 3 is a vertical asymptote (when x = 3, the numerator is nonzero and the x+2 x+2 = and lim = . denominator is 0). We have that lim x3+ x 3 x3 x 3 (v) Determine the equation of the horizontal asymptote(s) of f (x), if any. 1+ x+2 = lim x x 3 x 1 lim
2 x 3 x

= 1 and lim

So y = 1 is the horizontal asymptote.

1+ x+2 = lim x x 3 x 1

2 x 3 x

=1

(vi) Sketch the graph of f (x).

f (x) =
y=1
1 3

x+2 x3

x=3
(b) f (x) = x2 1 (i) Give the x- and y -intercepts of f (x), if any. x2 x-intercepts: f (x) = 0 gives x = 0 02 y -intercept: y = 02 1 = 0 5

(ii) Find the critical numbers of f (x). Determine the intervals on which f (x) is increasing or decreasing, and give the coordinates of any local extrema. 2x (x2 1)(2x) x2 (2x) = 2 . So f (x) = 0 if x = 0, and f (x) is undened if (x2 1)2 (x 1)2 x = 1. Since f (x) is also undened if x = 1, the only critical number is x = 0. f (x) =

f (x) + f (x) 1

+ 0

So f (x) is decreasing on (, 1) and (1, 0), and is increasing on (0, 1) and (1, ). There is a relative minimum at x = 0; its coordinates are (0, 0). (iii) Determine the intervals of concavity of f (x), and give the coordinates of any points of inection. (x2 1)2 (2) (2x)(2)(x2 1)(2x) (x2 1)4 2 2 2(x 1)[(x 1) 4x2 ] (x2 1)4 2 2(3x 1) (x2 1)3 2(3x2 + 1) (x2 1)3

f (x) = = = =

Note that f (x) = 0 implies 3x2 + 1 = 0; this equation has no solution, so f (x) is never equal to 0. Also f (x) is undened if x = 1.

f (x) + f (x) C.U. 1

C.D. 1

+ C.U.

f (x) is concave up on (, 1) and (1, ), and concave down on (1, 1). There are no points of inection. (Even though f (x) changes concavity at x = 1 and x = 1, f (1) and f (1) are not dened.) (iv) Determine the equation of the vertical asymptote(s) of f (x), if any, and determine the behaviour of f (x) near each vertical asymptote. The vertical asymptotes are x = 1 and x = 1.
x1

lim

x2

x2 x2 = and lim 2 = 1 x1+ x 1

x1+

x1

lim

x2 = and x2 1

lim

x2 = x2 1

(v) Determine the equation of the horizontal asymptote(s) of f (x), if any. x2 1 = 1 and = lim x x2 1 x 1 1 x2 lim So the horizontal asymptote is y = 1. x2 1 =1 = lim x x2 1 x 1 1 x2 lim

(vi) Sketch the graph of f (x).

(0,0)
-1 1

y=1
x

x = 1
(c) f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 12x + 1

x=1

(i) Give the x- and y -intercepts of f (x), if any. (You do not have the determine the intercepts of f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 12x + 1.) y -intercept: y = 1

(ii) Find the critical numbers of f (x). Determine the intervals on which f (x) is increasing or decreasing, and give the coordinates of any local extrema. f (x) = 6x2 + 6x 12 = 6(x2 + x 2) = 6(x + 2)(x 1) The critical numbers are x = 2, 1.

f (x) f (x)

+ -2

So f (x) is increasing on (, 2) and on (1, ), and is decreasing on (2, 1). The point (2, f (2)) = (2, 16+12 24+1) = (2, 21) is a local maximum, and the point (1, f (1)) = (1, 6) is a local minimum.

(iii) Determine the intervals of concavity of f (x), and give the coordinates of any points of inection. f (x) = 12x + 6 = 6(2x + 1) So f (x) = 0 if x = 1/2.

f (x) f (x)

C.D.
1 2

+ C.U.

So f (x) is concave down on (, 1/2) and concave up on (1/2, ). The point (1/2, 15/2) is a point of inection. (iv) Determine the equation of the vertical asymptote(s) of f (x), if any, and determine the behaviour of f (x) near each vertical asymptote. There are no vertical asymptotes, as there are no real numbers c for which limxc f (x) = . (v) Determine the equation of the horizontal asymptote(s) of f (x), if any. lim (2x3 + 3x2 12x + 1) = and lim (2x3 + 3x2 12x + 1) =

So there are no horizontal asymptotes. (vi) Sketch the graph of f (x).

(2, 21)

15 ( 1 2, 2 )

(1, 6)

10. A garden currently contains 12 pear trees, each of which produces 48 pears. Due to overcrowding, for each tree added to the garden, there will be 3 fewer pears per tree. How many trees should there be to maximize the number of pears produced? How many pears will be produced? Be sure to explain why your answer is an absolute maximum. Let x be the number of additional trees planted. So there are 12 + x trees in the garden, each of which bears 50 5x pears. So the total number of pears is f (x) = (12 + x)(48 3x) = 576x + 12x 3x2 , where x 0. f (x) = 12 6x = 0 if x = 2. f (x) = 6, so f (2) < 0. Hence there is a local maximum at x = 2. Since this is the only critical number on [0, ), f (x) has an absolute maximum at x = 2. Therefore, there should be two additional trees planted, for a total of 14. At this number, there are 42 pears per tree, giving a total of 588 pears. 11. A dairy farmer plans to fence a rectangular pasture containing 180 000m2 of land, adjacent to a river. No fencing is required along the river. What dimensions use the minimum amount of fencing?
River

The amount of fencing used is P = 2x + y . Since the area is 180 000m2 , we have that xy = 180 000, or y = 180 000/x. Hence the amount of fencing is P (x) = 2x + We have that 180 000 , x > 0. x

2x2 180 000 2(x2 90 000) 180 000 = = 2 2 x x x2 So P (x) = 0 if x2 = 90 000, or x = 300. The only critical number in the feasible domain (0, ) is x = 300. Now, P (x) = 360 000/x3 , and so P (300) > 0. Hence there is a local minimum at x = 300. Because this is the only critical number in the feasible domain, it gives an absolute minimum. So the sides perpendicular to the river should be 300m, and the side parallel the river 180 000/300 = 600m. P (x) = 2 12. A demand function is given by p = 2100 x+2 . What is the elasticity of demand when x = 4? Is the demand elastic, inelastic, or of unit elasticity?

= =

p/x
dp dx 100 2x+2 /x 200 (2x+2)2

(2x + 2)2 100 x(2x + 2) 200 2x + 2 = 2x = When x = 4, = (2 4 + 2)/(2 4) = 10/8 = 5/4. Since | | > 1, the demand is elastic. 9

13. Calculate the following limits: (a) lim

x2

x+1 x2 When x = 2, the denominator is 0 and the numerator is nonzero. Note that when x approaches 2 from the left, x + 1 > 0 and x 2 < 0. Hence
x2

lim

x+1 = . x2

(b) lim

When x = 1, the denominator is zero and the numerator is nonzero. Note that when x approaches 1, x + 2 > 0 and (x 1)2 > 0 (regardless of which direction x approaches from). Hence x+2 = . x1 (x 1)2 lim (c) lim x2 2x + 5 x 3x2 7
2 5 1 x +x x2 2x + 5 1 2 = lim = 7 2 x x 3x 7 3 3 x2

x+2 x1 (x 1)2

lim

(d)

lim

x1 x2 + 3
1 1 x1 x x2 = 0/1 = 0 = lim x x2 + 3 x 1 + 3 x2

lim

(e) lim

x3 x x 2 x2 x3 = lim = x 1 2 x x 2 x lim

14. Find and classify the critical numbers of f (x) =

x (x1)2 .

f (x) =

(x 1)(x 1 2x) (x + 1) (x 1)2 2x(x 1) = = 4 4 (x 1) (x 1) (x 1)3

So f (x) = 0 when x = 1, and f (x) is undened when x = 1. Since 1 is not in the domain of f (x), the only critical number is x = 1. We have that f (x) = (x 1)3 (1) ((x + 1))(3)(x 1)2 1 = f (1) = > 0, 6 (x 1) 8

so f (x) has a local minimum at x = 1. Alternatively, using the rst derivative test, we have

f (x) f (x)

-1
10

+ 1

Since f (x) is decreasing to the left of x = 1 and increasing to the right of x = 1, we see that f (x) has a local minimum at x = 1. 15. Find the inection points of f (x) = x4 x3 3x2 + x 1. f (x) f (x) 4x3 3x2 6x 12x2 6x 6 = 6(2x2 x 1) = 6(2x + 1)(x 1)

= =

So f (x) = 0 if x = 1/2 or x = 1.

f (x)

+ C.U.

f (x) C.U. -1/2 C.D.

Since f (x) changes concavity at x = 1/2 and at x = 1, there is an inection point at each of these values. So the inection points are (1/2, f (1/2)) = (1/2, 17/16) and (1, f (1)) = (1, 3).

11