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+0
n(,t)
1p
R
s
:
n
S
n
-----2a
for electrons and for holes,
p(,t)
t
=
1
q
]p(,t)
+0
p(,t)
1p
R
s
:
p
S
p
-----2b
where S
n
onJ S
p
is surface recombination velocities for
electrons and holes respectively and
n
,
p
is the minority
carrier life time of electron and hole. The current density
equation consists of both drift and diffusion current and are
given by-
[
n
(y,t) =q:
n(y,t) +qn
n(,t)
t
----- 3a
[
p
(y,t) = q:
P(y,t) +qp
p(,t)
t
----- 3b
where :
(P
0
+ P
1
c
]ot
) +qp
(P
0
+ P
1
c
]nt
)
t
- 2.1.1 which
results into
[
p
(y,t) = q:
(P
0
+ P
1
c
]ot
) +qp(].P
1
c
]ot
) - 2.1.2
Substituting 2.2.2 and 5 in eqn 2b results into,
p(,t)
t
=
1
q
[ q
j
(P
0
+ P
1
c
]nt
)+qp(]o.P
1
c
]nt
)
+(o(
0
+
1
c
]ot
)c
-u
) [
(P
0
+ P
1
c
]nt
)
:p
R
s
:
p
S
p
- 2.1.3
eqn 2.1.3 results into first order differential equation for dc
and ac hole concentration. Where 0 indicates the dc value
and 1 indicates ac value. Term Rs in eqn 2.1.3 is given by
[9]
R
s
=N
K
p
0
o +N
K
p
1
o
The boundary condition for evaluating the constant is given
as, at y = y
dg
, P = P
no
+ o
0
p
c
-u
dg
here y
dg
is
width of gate depletion region and P
no
- minority carrier
concentration at dark i.e. dc condition and P =
1
I
op
c
-u
dg
i.e. ac condition.
Solving equation 2.1.3 under ac and dc condition gives hole
density as -
P(y) =
uq
1
:
np
(1-u
j
:
np
)
c
-u
N
K
p
:
p
:
np
q
1
u
S
p
+ Ccxp _
j
:
np
] -- 2.1.4
op
is life time of minority carries under ac condition.
Sidewalls of depletion region are assumed to be quarter
arcs. Let r
1
onJ r
2
be the radius of arc at source and drain
side respectively, therefore
r
1
= y
dg
ot I(x) =0
r
2
= y
dg
ot I(x) = I(Js), ---- 2.1.5
I(x) is the channel potential at that point.
The number of hole crossing the junction at y =0 is given
by
P(0) =
n
4
Z(P
1
r
1
2
+P
2
r
2
2
) ---- 2.1.6
Where P
1
=o
1
op
c
-u
1
P
2
=o
1
op
c
-u
2
---- 2.1.7
Generated optical voltage [8, 9] is given as -
I
op
=
k1
q
ln
]
p
(0)
]
s1
---- 2.1.8
From equation , I
op
=
k1
q
ln j
q
j
P(0)
]
s1
[ ---- 2.1.9
From 2.1.5, equation 2.1.8 becomes
I
op
=
k1
q
ln_
q
j
.
n
4
z(P
1
1
2
+P
2
2
2
)
]
s1
_ ---- 2.1.10
Optical voltage is a function of flux density of incident
radiations , frequency of incident radiations and absorption
coefficient.
3. CHARGE BASED MODEL FOR I-V
CHARACTERISTICS OF MISFET
To study the basic characteristics of the device, charge
control model is used which is described as follows.
Optically generated voltage increases the potential across
the insulator. Let I
o
is the potential across the insulator
considering optical effect is given by,
I
o
=
s
C
i
and I
o
=I
gsop
s
----3.1
where I
gsop
=(I
g
+I
op
)
Total induced charge in the semiconductor per unit area
s
,
under illumination is given by-
s
=(I
o
.C
) =(I
gsop
s
)C
----- 3.2
where,
s
is the surface potential
C
=
(
insu
0
)
d
i
, the gate capacitance per unit area
0
: Permittivity of the air
nsu
: Permittivity of the insulator material, InP
J
: Thickness of insulator
The charge within the surface depletion region is given by
sc
=2qN
u
s
(
s
) ----- 3.3
Total charge in the inversion layer is given by:
n
(x) =(
s
(x) +
sc
(x)) ----- 3.4
From equation 3.2 and 3.3, equation 3.4 becomes
n
i
(x) =_|I
gsop
I(x) 2
B
]C
+_2qN
u
s
(
s
) _ ----- 3.5
Let JR be the channel resistance of an elemental section
dx is given as
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue2- 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 172
JR =
dx
z
n
|
n
(x)|
---- 3.6
Voltage drop across this elemental section is given by
JI =I
JR =
I
D
dx
z
n
|
n
(x)|
---- 3.7
Drain current at elemental section dx is given by -
I
Jx =Zp
n
|
n
(x)| JI ---- 3.8
Substitute equation 3.5 in equation 3.8 and integrating from
the source (x =0, V=0) to the drain (x =L, V =I
)[5,6],
we get, I
Jx
x
0
=Zp
n
|I
gsop
s
]C
+
v
0
|2qN
u
s
(
s
) ] JI --
-- 3.9
Solving equation 3.7 with Tailors series,
I
=
z
n
C
i
L
][I
gsop
s
v
D
2
I
[
1
2
+
s
qN
c
/ +
E
4C
i
I
2
--3.10
For smaller values of drain voltages, drain current is given
as I
=
z
n
C
i
L
(I
gsop
I
t
)I
---- 3.11
where I
t
is the threshold voltage.
The drain voltage when increased to a point, such that the
charge in the inversion layer Q(x) at x =L becomes zero,
this point is called as pinch-off point. The drain voltage and
drain current at this point designated as I
sct
and I
sct
respectively. Beyond the pinch-off point it is saturation
region.
I
(sut )
= I
gsop
2
B
+K
2
_1
_
1+
2I
gsop
K
2
, _ ---3.12
where K =
2qN
c
s
(2+
E
)
C
i
and
I
(sut )
=
z
n
insu
2d
i
L
(I
gsop
I
t
)
2
--- 3.13
4. CAPACITANCE MODELLING
In linear region, gate to source and gate to drain capacitance
are gibe by,
C
gs
=C
gs]
+2/ 3C
i
---- 4.1
C
gd
=C
gd]
----- 4.2
where, C
i
=C
wIj14(I
gsop
I
1
)
2
[ ----- 4.3
In saturation region, gate capacitance are given as,
C
gs
=C
gs]
+2/ 3.C
wI
v
Dsct
(3.v
Dsct
-2v
Dsct
)
(2.v
Dsct
-v
Dsct
)
2
---- 4.4
C
gd
=C
gd]
+
2
3
.C
wI
(v
Dsct
-v
Ds
)(3.v
Dsct
-2v
Ds
)
(2.v
Dsct
-v
Ds
)
2
---- 4.5
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Design Parameters of the device are given in Table 1.
Table 2 gives optical parameters. Under dark condition
Drain current vs. Drain Voltage characteristics is plotted
with charge control model as shown in figure 2. With
increase in gate voltage there is increase in Drain current.
Under illumination there is increase in charge concentration
in the inversion layer which increase drain current as
compared to dark current.
TABLE 1
Design Parameters
Sym
bol
Value Unit Description
L 0.8 x10
-6
m Channel length
W 20x10
-6
m Channel width
0.800 m
2
/V
s
Low field mobility
i
1.11x10
-10
F/m Dielectric constant
of InP
s
0.97x10
-12
F/m Dielectric constant
of InGaAs
t
i
600 m Insulator layer Thickness
n
i
2.47x10
17
m
-3
Intrinsic doping
concentration
Na 1 x10
21
m
3
Channel doping level
T 300 K Temperature
Vt 0.5 V Threshold Voltage
Vgs 1 V Gate Voltage
Vds 1.5 V Drain Voltage
TABLE 2
Optical Parameters
Symbol Value Unit Description
10
6
/cm Absorption coefficient
1.65 m Wavelength of incident
radiations
P 0.25 mW Optical power
10
15
Wb/m
2
Flux density
f 1 GHz Operating frequency
Figure 2. Drain current Vs drain voltage plotted with charge control model.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
-3
Vds, V
D
r
a
i
n
I
d
r
e
n
t
,
A
Id-Vd Characteristics of a MISFET
Vgs =0.8 V
Vgs =0.7 V
Vgs =0.6 V
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue2- 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 173
Figure 3. Effect of incident radiation on drain current of MISFET with
varying Vgs.Optical power 0.25mW; = 1.65 m
Figure 4. I-V characteristics of InGaAs MISFETwith increasing optical
power. Pop1 =0.25mW; Pop2 =2.5mW; Pop3 =25mW
Figure 3 shows increase in drain current due to incidence
of optical power of 0.25 mW which is the interpretation of
equation 3.9 and 3.11.
Figure 4 shows effect of intensity modulation on the drain
current at Vgs =0.8 V where optical power is varied from
0.25 mW to 25 mW. Increase in optical power increases
magnitude of drain current.
Generated photo current, due to optical illumination,
increases with increase in gate bias as shown in figure 5.
Figure 6 shows photo current versus gate bias
characteristics which increases exponentially after threshold
voltage.
Increase in drain current due to illumination increases
transconductance of MISFET as shown in figure 7.
Figure 8 gives gate capacitance versus gate voltage
characteristics for varying drain voltage under dark
condition. For smaller values of gate voltage there is no
effect of drain voltage on gate capacitances. For greater
values of gate voltages, Cgd (gate to drain capacitance)
decreases and Cgs (gate to source capacitance) increases.
Figure 5. Photo Current Versus Vds with increasing gate bias.
Figure 6. Photo current Vs Gate Bias of MISFET
Figure 7. Transconductance of MISFET
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
x 10
-3
Vds, V
D
r
a
i
n
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
A
I-V Characteristics of a MISFET with vop
Vgs = 0.7 V
Vgs = 0.8 V
Vgs = 0.6 V
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
x 10
-3
Vds, V
D
r
a
i
n
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
A
I-V Characteristics of a MISFET with vop
Dark
Pop1
Pop2
Pop3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x 10
-4
Vds, V
P
h
o
t
o
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
A
photo current - Drain Voltage Characteristics of a MISFET
Vgs-0.2
Vgs-0.3
Vgs-0.4
Vgs-0.5
Vgs-0.6
Vgs-0.7
Vgs-0.8
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x 10
-4
VgsV
P
h
o
t
o
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,A
Photo current VsGateBi asof aMI SFET
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Vgs [V]
T
r
a
n
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
Transconductance Vs Gate Voltage for MI SFET
dark
Pop1
Pop2
Pop3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Vgs [V]
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
G
a
t
e
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
s
C
/
C
i
x
Gate Capacitances vs Vgs Wth varying Vds
Cgd
Cgs
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume4Issue2- 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 174
Figure 8. Gate Capacitances Vs Vgs with increase in Drain Voltage
Figure 9. Gate Capacitances Vs drain voltages with increase in Gate
Voltage
Figure 10. Gate Capacitances Vs Vgs with increase in optical power
Pop1=0.25mW; Pop2=2.5mW
Table 3
Effect of Different Parameters on Gate Capacitance
Sr.No Parameter Cgs Cgd
1 Drain ( )
Voltage
Increase Decrease
2 Gate ( )
Voltage
Decrease Increase
3 Optical ( )
Power
Decrease Increase
Variations shown in figure (9), (10), are tabulated in table
3 for the increase in the gate and drain voltage along with
the optical power[11,12].
6. CONCLUSIONS
Drain current and gate capacitance of MISFET can be
controlled optically. Under illumination, inversion level in
the channel increases which increases drain current.
Transcoductance of the device increases due to increase in
drain current.
Increase in optical power decreases gate to source
capacitance and increases drain to source capacitance.
Current gain is the function of transcondutance and gate to
source capacitance. Current gain of the MISFET can be
increased due to optical effect.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Aiden Higgins,III-V Technologies: A Growth
Industry for 21
st
Century, GAAS99-Munich 1999, pp 485-
490
[2] B.K. Mishra ,Computer Aided modelling of solid state
photodetectors, PhD thesis, Birla institute of technology,
Mesra, Ranchi ,1995
[3] Y. Kim, M. Dahlstrom, S. Lee, InP/In0:53Ga0:47As/InP
doubleheterojunction bipolar transistors on GaAs substrates
using InP metamorphic buffer layer , Solid-State Electronics
46 (2002), pp 15411544
[4] M. S. Alam1, M. S. Rahman1, Refractive Index,
Absorption Coefficient, and Photoelastic Constant: Key
Parameters Of InGaAs Material Relevant To InGaAs-Based
Device Performance , 2007 International Conference on
Indium Phosphide and Related Materials Conference
Proceedings 19th IPRM 14 - 18, May 2007 Matsue, Japan
[5] Michel Shur ,Physics of Semiconductor Devices,
Prentice Hall, 2
nd
edition, 1990, ISBN 0-13-666496-2, pp
354-394
[6] S. M. Sze, Physics of semiconductor devices, Wiley
INDIA, 2
nd
edition, New Delhi , 2007, ISBN 978-81-265-
1104-4, pp 433-445.
[7] Shubha, B. B. Pal, R. U. Khan, Optically controlled
Ion-Implanted GaAs Mesfet Charactristic with Opaque
Gate, Journal on Electron Devices, Vol. 45, January 1998
, 78-84
[8] B.B. Pal and S. N. Chattopadhyay, GaAs OPFET
Characteristics Considering the Effect of Gate Depletion
with Modulation Due to Incident Radiation, Journal on
Electron Devices, Vol. 39, May 1992, pp. 1021-1027
[9] B. B. Pal, Shubha, R. U. Khan, Frequency Dependent
Behaviour of an Ion Implaemented GaAs OPFET
Considering the Photovoltaic Effect and the Gate Depletion
Width Modulation, Solid state electronics Volume 38, No.
5 pp 1097-1102, 1995, pp.1097-1102
[10] Abhinav Kranti, S. Haldar, and R. S. Gupta, An
Analytical Two-Dimensional Model For An Optically
Controlled Thin-Film Fully Depleted
Surrounding/Cylindrical-Gate(Sgt) Mosfet, Microwave
And Optical Technology Letters / Vol. 28, No. 2, January
20, 2001,pp. 135-140
[11]D. M. Kim, H. C. Kim, and H. T. Kim, Photonic High-
Frequency CapacitanceVoltage Characterization of
Interface States in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Capacitors,
Ieee Transactions On Electron Devices, Vol. 49, No. 3,
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[12]B. K. Mishra, Gaytri Phade, Small Signal Modeling of
Illuminated MOSFET for RF Application, ACM Digital
library, ICWET ,2011, Pages 1114-1119 ISBN: 978-1-
4503-0449-8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Vds, [V]
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
G
a
t
e
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
s
Drain Voltage Vs. Gate Capacitances Under Dark Condition
Cgd
Cgs
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Vgs, [V]
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
G
a
t
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
C
G
S
,
C
G
D
Normalized Gate Capacitances Vs Gate Voltage for different Optical Power
Cgd
Cgs