WATER SUPPLY WITHIN BUILDING

THE HOUSE WATER CONNECTION :

House Water Supply

Water main: A water supply pipe vests in the administrative authority for the use of public or community Ferrule: It is gunmetal or bronze screwed into the hole drilled in CI pipe mains. Communication pipe takes off from the ferrule. The pressure in the domestic supply and equal distribution among the house connection are effected by adjusting the ferrule opening. Normally the ferrule opening is equal in area to the area of flow in communication pipe. Saddle: it is used in place of ferrule for mains of AC or PVC pipes Communication pipes: It is a pipe taking off from the ferrule for the house connection. It is owned and managed by the water supply authority. Communication pipe terminates at the boundary of the consumers premises.

Service pipe : it is the part of the house connection beyond the stop cock. It is owned and maintained by the consumer. No pumps shall be installed on this pipe. Watermeter: It is installed to measure the flow. Generally 12.5 mm to 18.75mm rotary water meters are installed either at the beginning or at the middle of the service pipe. A masonary pit is constructed around it. It has facility of sealing by the water supply authority Residual pressure: It is generally measured at the ferrule and should be about 7m head of water Goose Neck: It is the short bent pipe and allow for small changes in length due to expansion and movement of pipes due to soil settlements

WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Water distributed to every floor from Overhead Tank required an uniform pressure Types of water supply Systems:

Pumping and Gravity System Auto-pneumatic System Combination of both

PUMPING AND GRAVITY SYSTEM

Water is pumped to overhead tank and then supplied to each fittings

Advantage: Dependency on electricity is less. Disadvantages: Lower floors receives high pressure of water due to gravitational force Large over head tank is necessary Remedies: System is divided into zones (10+2 floors in each zone) Each zone with its own tank and pump Each zone will have service floor above to located tank and distribution pipes.

AUTO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:

Water is supplied to each floor directly from under ground tank is induced with pressure through auto pneumatic pressure vessel and directly sent to each fitting Auto Pneumatic pressure vessel is a sealed cylinder in which compressed air is sent to push water to rise up in the supply pipe to feed upper floors.

Water is drawn to the vessel when water level falls below the pre determined level, automatic device operates the pump immediately.

Disadvantage: Total dependency on electricity so need for back up all the time. Advantage: Equal pressure at each floor No need to have over head tanks

COMBINED SYSTEM

Lower floors are served by auto pneumatic system and upper floors by over head tanks feed by pumps and distributed by gravity. All water closet feed by overhead tank and all other fittings by auto pneumatic system. All other by Gravity and only drinking water by pneumatic system.

HOT WATER SUPPLY

Can be discussed as 1. Generation of hot water 2. Storage 3. Distribution 4. Safety Devices

GENERATION OF HOT WATER

Heating could be done by

electrical system, fire wood, coal, solar heating system or indirectly through heat exchange process.

Water is heated at 600c for domestic, hotels and hospitals. The volume of hot water is calculated as per consumption demand at peak hours.

Hot water is required for space heating and for supplying hot water in bath and toilets of buildings. Hot water supply system could be arranged in two ways Central Heating system For large installations, supply is more, effective in optimizing energy & simplifying maintenance proper safety measures are necessary to be undertaken in hot water supply Local Heating System boiler, gas geyser.

STORAGE OF WATER

If the boiler is use to generate hot water at the same rate of the peak demand then no storage is necessary. If storage capacity is increased then the generation capacity could be reduced or vice-versa. Storage container should be properly insulated. Two types of storage system are Direct & Indirect system In indirect system calorifiers are used

DIRECT SYSTEM

Calorifier: For large quantity storage system of hot water supply, as heating coil is provided in the storage container. It helps in reducing the heat loss and scaling of the container. Calorifiers are available vertical and horizontal types. Hot water from boiler is usually pumped to calorifier where the temperature is maintained by heating coil.

DISTRIBUTION OF HOT WATER SUPPLY:

Depends on piping systems All pipes properly insulated with lagging or rope Heat loss due to circulation could be reduced by recirculation of hot water. Two set of pipes: Supply pipe (from boiler to fitting) and return pipe(fitting to boiler)could reduce the heat loss of the stagnant hot water in the pipe. Heat exchange can occur in recirculation process due to thermo-symphonic action. Piping networks: piping layouts are worked out for efficient and economic operations with one set or two sets(supply & return) of pipe as one pipe system & two pipe system.

One pipe system : Single pipe makes a loop of supply and return connecting all installations to the boiler.
Up Fed System Supply line is below the installation. Down Feed System Supply line is above the installation.

Two-Pipe System: Two separate sets of pipes are installed for supply and return. There could be three variations.
Up-feed System Down Feed System Reverse Calculation System

One pipe system

Two-Pipe System

UP-FEED SYSTEM:
The main Supply and return pipe run at lowest level, vertical feeder and return pipe branches out from the main pipe at lower level. Circulation occurs due to thermo syphonic action or by pumping

DOWN-FEED SYSTEM:
The main supply line run at top level from which distribution branches are taken vertically downward. The main return pipe runs at lowest level which connects to the boiler.

REVERSE CIRCULATION SYSTEM:

Similar to up feed system except that the return pipe is in the same direction of the supply flow and finally join the main return line in the reverse direction. It enables balance in the system.
Cold Water Store

Hot Water

SAFETY DEVICES:

Expansion loop: Extended pipes to balance pressure

Check valves: Installed in delivery lines of pump Pressure guage: Installed in different critical locations in the system.

Temperature and pressure relief valve Vacuum Breaker Blow off valve

HOT WATER SUPPLY

Generation of Hot Water Fuel Fire wood, coal, electricity, Solar. Heating System central system, Local system Storage Direct calorifiers, Indirect Calorifier Distribution : One pipe System Up-feed, Down-feed Two Pipe System up-feed, down-feed and reverse

SOLAR WATER HEATING

Passive Solar Heating System Active Solar Heating system

All solar water-heating systems employ a collector area and a storage tank Usually collectors consist of an insulated box containing a winding array of water pipes attached to metal sheeting or fins that have been painted flat black to absorb solar radiation. Most collectors have a cover of either tempered glass or plastic to better contain the solar energy. The main use of a solar water heater without a cover glass is to heat water for swimming pools. These low-temperature collectors usually do not heat the water above 90 degrees Fahrenheit, which is sufficient for swimming pools.

PASSIVE SOLAR WATER HEATING

Passive systems do not use a pump to circulate water from the collector to storage or other locations. They employ three means: gravity, the tendency of hot water to rise above cold water and water pressure. Passive solar water heating systems can be categorized as either direct or indirect. A direct passive solar water heating system is the simplest. The crudest form of direct passive solar water heating is to paint a water storage tank black to absorb heat into the water.

Care must be taken with such a system to avoid scalding injuries since the water in the tank can reach very high temperatures on sunny days. systems can hold only as much water as the tank holds. Integral Collector Storage systems- modern versions of these systems often enclose the storage tank(s) in an insulated box with one or more layers of glazing to let the sun in Passive Direct systems that store water in a tank that is separate from the collector area. (The term direct means the water to be used by building occupants is run directly through the solar collector.)

ACTIVE SOLAR WATER HEATING

In active solar waterheating systems pumps circulate water from the storage tank to the collector. The diagram below shows the essential elements of an active system, but there are many variations available

Excessive heat buildup also can harm a system. Controllers are usually solid-state devices that direct the pumps in a solar water-heating system to operate in a manner that optimizes the transfer of heat from the collector to storage to avoid dangerous levels of heat buildup in the collector.

No Direct System .

Indirect System

In a direct system, the water to be used by the building occupants runs directly through the solar collectors.

In an indirect system, either water or another heatconducting liquid runs through the collectors and then passes through a heat exchanger to heat the water used by building occupants. system designed for yearround use should be an indirect system using a heattransfer fluid that contains an anti-freeze agent such as nontoxic propylene glycol so that damage from freezing can be avoided. Heat-transfer fluid needs to be changed every three to five years to avoid system failure.