Creating a SQLite Database in iPhone App

What is SQLite?
SQLite is an embedded, relational database management system (RDBMS). Most relational databases (Oracle and MySQL being prime examples) are standalone server processes that run independently, and in cooperation with, applications that require database access. SQLite is referred to as embedded because it is provided in the form of a library that is linked into applications. As such, there is no standalone database server running in the background. All database operations are handled internally within the application through calls to functions contained in the SQLite library. The developers of SQLite have placed the technology into the public domain with the result that it is now a widely deployed database solution. SQLite is written in the C programming language and therefore using SQLite on the iPhone involves direct calls to C functions and access to C data structures. In order to bridge the differences between Objective-C and the C based SQLite library it will be necessary, for example, to convert any NSString objects to UTF8 format before passing them through as arguments to these functions.

1. Project Requirements
I suggest that you have at least a basic understanding of SQLite, writing SQL statements, the XCode interface and using the terminal in OSX. If you dont know anything about any of these topics then this tutorial probably isnt for you.

2. Creating our SQLite database

We first need to create a database for use with our application. For the purposes of this tutorial we will be building a database of animals along with a little information on them and a picture. Fire up a new Terminal window and make a new folder to store the database in, here are the commands I ran cd /Users/lookaflyingdonkey/Documents mkdir SQLiteTutorial cd SQLiteTutorial sqlite3 AnimalDatabase.sql You should now be at a sqlite command prompt, this is where we will be building our database structure and entering some test data.

For our example

we need the name of the animal, a short description and a link to an image. Follow the commands below to create the table and to enter some sample data. CREATE TABLE animals ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(50), description TEXT, image VARCHAR(255) );

INSERT INTO animals (name, description, image) VALUES ('Elephant', 'The elephant is a very large animal that lives in Africa and Asia', 'http://dblog.com.au/wp-content/elephant.jpg'); INSERT INTO animals (name, description, image) VALUES ('Monkey', 'Monkies can be VERY naughty and often steal clothing from unsuspecting tourists', 'http://dblog.com.au/wpcontent/monkey.jpg'); INSERT INTO animals (name, description, image) VALUES ('Galah', 'Galahs are a wonderful bird and they make a great pet (I should know, I have one)', 'http://dblog.com.au/wpcontent/galah.jpg'); INSERT INTO animals (name, description, image) VALUES ('Kangaroo', 'Well I had to add the Kangaroo as they are the essence of the Australian image', 'http://dblog.com.au/wpcontent/kangaroo.jpg'); The first command will create the table with the required structure and the next four will insert some test data for us to work with. To ensure that you have entered the data correctly you can execute SELECT * FROM animals; and see if it returns the items above. Once you are

confident that everything had been created successfully you can leave the sqlite command line by typing .quit.

3. Creating our Project

Now that our database is all ready to go we need to setup our X-Code project. Start off by creating a new Navigation-Based Application.

Give your Project a name, I called mine SQLiteTutorial. Now set your screen layout to how you prefer it, I suggest making the window as large as possible, and making the code view as tall as possible by dragging the horizontal slider to the top. This will allow you the most room to move when building your application. Now its time to create the required classes and views for our application, we will start off by making our views.

Right Click on the Resources folder in the left hand pane and click Add File, we want to create a new View XIB under the User Interfaces group.

We now need to give it a name, to stick the Apples naming conventions we are going to call itAnimalViewController.xib, Now Click Finish. Now we need to create two classes, the first one will represent an animal, right click on the Classes folder in the left hand pane, click Add > New File, choose the NSObject subclass template under the Cocoa Touch Classes group and name it Animal. The second class will be for our AnimalsViewController, right click on the Classes folder in the left hand pane, click Add > New File, choose the UIViewController subclass under the Cocoa Touch Classes group and name it AnimalViewController.

4. Adding SQLite Framework and our Animal Database

Now that we have created all of our views and classes it is time to start the real grunt work. First off we need to include the SQLite libraries so our application can utilise them. To do this you will need to right click on the Frameworks folder in the left hand pane, then click on Add > Existing Frameworks, then navigate to /Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS2.0.sdk/usr/lib/ and double click the libsqlite3.0.dylib file. A popup will appear, just click Add and the library will be added to your project. We also need to add our database we created earlier to the Resources folder, to do this simply right click on the Resources folder, click Add > Existing Files, navigate to the location you created the database in then double click on the AnimalDatabase.sql file. Another popup will appear, just click add. All done with the importing, time to code!

5. The Coding begins! We are going to start the coding by building our Animal object, every animal will have 3 properties, a name, a description and an image URL.

Open up the Animal.h file from the Classes folder and edit its contents to look like below, #import <UIKit/UIKit.h> @interface Animal : NSObject { NSString *name; NSString *description; NSString *imageURL; } @property (nonatomic, retain) NSString *name; @property (nonatomic, retain) NSString *description; @property (nonatomic, retain) NSString *imageURL; -(id)initWithName:(NSString *)n description:(NSString *)d url:(NSString *)u; @end Most of the above code should be pretty familiar to you, the only thing that may not be is the initWithNameline, this line will allow us to create a new object with the required data, we could have used the default initfunction, but it will be easier for us to define our own. Now we will actually have to implement the Animal Object, open up the Animal.m file and edit its contents to look like below: #import "Animal.h"

@implementation Animal @synthesize name, description, imageURL; -(id)initWithName:(NSString *)n description:(NSString *)d url:(NSString *)u { self.name = n; elf.description = d; self.imageURL = u; return self; } @end The above code should be pretty easy to read as well, it basically stores the supplied data from the initWithName function and return the object (self). Now its time to setup the Application delegate to access the database. Open up the SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate.h and edit its contents to look like below: #import <UIKit/UIKit.h> #import <sqlite3.h> // Import the SQLite database framework @interface SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate : NSObject { UIWindow *window;

UINavigationController *navigationController; // Database variables NSString *databaseName; NSString *databasePath; // Array to store the animal objects NSMutableArray *animals; } @property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet UIWindow *window; @property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet UINavigationController *navigationController; @property (nonatomic, retain) NSMutableArray *animals; @end What we are doing here is importing the SQLite database framework and creating some variables for storing the database details and an array of animal objects. Now open up the SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate.m file and edit its contents to look like below: #import "SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate.h" #import "RootViewController.h" #import "Animal.h" // Import the animal object header @implementation SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate

@synthesize window; @synthesize navigationController; @synthesize animals; // Synthesize the aminals array - (void)applicationDidFinishLaunching:(UIApplication *)application { // Setup some globals databaseName = @"AnimalDatabase.sql"; // Get the path to the documents directory and append the databaseName NSArray *documentPaths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString *documentsDir = [documentPaths objectAtIndex:0]; databasePath = [documentsDir stringByAppendingPathComponent:databaseName]; // Execute the "checkAndCreateDatabase" function [self checkAndCreateDatabase]; // Query the database for all animal records and construct the "animals" array [self readAnimalsFromDatabase]; // Configure and show the window [window addSubview:[navigationController view]]; [window makeKeyAndVisible];

} - (void)applicationWillTerminate:(UIApplication *)application { // Save data if appropriate } - (void)dealloc { [animals release]; [navigationController release]; [window release]; [super dealloc]; } -(void) checkAndCreateDatabase { // Check if the SQL database has already been saved to the users phone, if not then copy it over BOOL success; // Create a FileManager object, we will use this to check the status // of the database and to copy it over if required

NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager]; // Check if the database has already been created in the users filesystem success = [fileManager fileExistsAtPath:databasePath]; // If the database already exists then return without doing anything if(success) return; // If not then proceed to copy the database from the application to the users filesystem // Get the path to the database in the application package NSString *databasePathFromApp = [[[NSBundle mainBundle] resourcePath] stringByAppendingPathComponent:databaseName]; // Copy the database from the package to the users filesystem [fileManager copyItemAtPath:databasePathFromApp toPath:databasePath error:nil]; [fileManager release]; } -(void) readAnimalsFromDatabase { // Setup the database object sqlite3 *database; // Init the animals Array

animals = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; // Open the database from the users filessytem if(sqlite3_open([databasePath UTF8String], &database) == SQLITE_OK) { // Setup the SQL Statement and compile it for faster access const char *sqlStatement = "select * from animals"; sqlite3_stmt *compiledStatement; if(sqlite3_prepare_v2(database, sqlStatement, -1, &compiledStatement, NULL) == SQLITE_OK) { // Loop through the results and add them to the feeds array while(sqlite3_step(compiledStatement) == SQLITE_ROW) { // Read the data from the result row NSString *aName = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(compiledStatement, 1)]; NSString *aDescription = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(compiledStatement, 2)]; NSString *aImageUrl = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:(char *)sqlite3_column_text(compiledStatement, 3)];

// Create a new animal object with the data from the database Animal *animal = [[Animal alloc] initWithName:aName description:aDescription url:aImageUrl]; // Add the animal object to the animals Array [animals addObject:animal]; [animal release]; } } // Release the compiled statement from memory sqlite3_finalize(compiledStatement); } sqlite3_close(database); } @end Now I know that may look like a fair bit of code and it probably also looks quite scary! But really it is quite simple and I have tried to comment nearly every line to describe to you what the line does and why it is there.

The checkAndCreateDatabase function checks to see if we have already copied our database from the application bundle to the users filesystem (in their documents folder), if the database hasnt already been created or it has been removed for some reason i t will be recreated from the default database. Next the readAnimalsFromDatabase function will make a connection to the database that is stored in the users documents folder, and then executes the SQL statement SELECT * FROM animals. It will then go through each row that is returned and it will extract the name, description and imageURL from the result and build an Animal object for each. You will see the sqlite3_column_text function used here, there are many more of these for returning other field types such as sqlite3_column_int for integers,sqlite3_column_blob for blobs or sqlite3_column_value to get an unknown value. Now that we have the data in our array and we have it in our known format we are ready to start displaying it. Open up the RootViewController.m file and edit the numberOfRowsInSection to look like the following: SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate *appDelegate = (SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate *)[[UIApplication sharedApplication] delegate]; return appDelegate.animals.count; What this does is it creates a link to the application delegate, and then the second line returns the size f the animals array in out Application delegate, this array was filled previously from the SQLite database.

Now in the cellForRowAtIndexPath function you will need at change it to look like the following: - (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { static NSString *CellIdentifier = @"Cell"; UITableViewCell *cell = [tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:CellIdentifier]; if (cell == nil) { cell = [[[UITableViewCell alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectZero reuseIdentifier:CellIdentifier] autorelease]; } // Set up the cell SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate *appDelegate = (SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate *)[[UIApplication sharedApplication] delegate]; Animal *animal = (Animal *)[appDelegate.animals objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]; [cell setText:animal.name]; return cell; }

We pretty much just added 3 lines under the // Set up the cell line, the first one is the same as we added previously to access the application delegate. The second line creates a new Animal object based on the array from the application delegate, it will be used to create a row for each individual record in the database. On the final line we are just setting the text of the cell to the name field from the Animal object. You can now run the program and you should see a table view with the 4 animals we added to the database, if you added more than my default animals you should see them in here as well.

We will now setup the AnimalViewController, open up the AnimalViewController.h file and edit its contents to below: #import <UIKit/UIKit.h> @interface AnimalViewController : UIViewController { IBOutlet UITextView *animalDesciption; IBOutlet UIImageView *animalImage; } @property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet UITextView *animalDesciption; @property (nonatomic, retain) IBOutlet UIImageView *animalImage; @end

What we are doing above is adding an outlet for the description and image for the Animal, we will use these later on when we link the view up. Now open up the AnimalViewController.m file and add a synthesize call for for the description and image, this will go under the @implementation AnimalViewController line, like so: #import "AnimalViewController.h" @implementation AnimalViewController @synthesize animalDesciption, animalImage; Now it is time to make the detailed view page appear when you select a record. Open up the AnimalViewController.xib file from the resources folder and the interface builder should appear. The first thing we need to do is to set the Files Owner Class to AnimalViewController, this is done by selecting the Files Owner item in the main window and then clicking Tools > Identity Inspector in the top menu, and then selecting AnimalViewController from the class dropdown.

Your inspector window should now look like this:

We are going to be using a UITextView for the description (as it will allow for word wrapping and scrolling in the case that the description is quite large) and a UIImageView to display the image. I have laid mine out like below:

Now that we have everything laid out it is time to link them all up, start by holding control and click+dragfrom the Files Owner to the View objects, a little gray menu will appear and you will need to select view. Now hold control and click+drag from the Files Owner to the UITextView in the layout window, you should see animalDescription in the popup list, select it. Repeat this process for the UIImageView and you should see animalImage appear, select it also. Now save the interface and close the interface builder. Nearly done! All we have to do now is to setup the code for when a user presses on a record in the table view. Open up the RootViewController.h file and edit its contents to below: #import <UIKit/UIKit.h> #import "AnimalViewController.h" @interface RootViewController : UITableViewController { AnimalViewController *animalView; } @property(nonatomic, retain) AnimalViewController *animalView; @end

We are creating an instance of the AnimalViewController to be used bu the RootViewController when a user presses on an item. Now open up the RootViewController.m file and edit the top part of the file to look like below: #import "RootViewController.h" #import "SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate.h" #import "Animal.h" @implementation RootViewController @synthesize animalView; This will just synthesize the animalView that we just added. First up lets set the default title of our view, to do this you need to uncomment the viewDidLoad function, and edit it to below: - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; // Uncomment the following line to add the Edit button to the navigation bar. // self.navigationItem.rightBarButtonItem = self.editButtonItem; self.title = @"My Zoo"; }

We also need to edit the didSelectRowAtIndexPath function in this file, edit it to look like below: - (void)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView didSelectRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { // Navigation logic -- create and push a new view controller SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate *appDelegate = (SQLiteTutorialAppDelegate *)[[UIApplication sharedApplication] delegate]; Animal *animal = (Animal *)[appDelegate.animals objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]; if(self.animalView == nil) { AnimalViewController *viewController = [[AnimalViewController alloc] initWithNibName:@"AnimalViewController" bundle:nil]; self.animalView = viewController; [viewController release]; } // Setup the animation [self.navigationController pushViewController:self.animalView animated:YES]; // Set the title of the view to the animal's name self.animalView.title = [animal name];

// Set the description field to the animals description [self.animalView.animalDesciption setText:[animal description]]; // Load the animals image into a NSData boject and then assign it to the UIImageView NSData *imageData = [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:[NSURL URLWithString:[animal imageURL]]]; UIImage *animalImage = [[UIImage alloc] initWithData:imageData cache:YES]; self.animalView.animalImage.image = animalImage; } What we are doing here is checking to see if the animalView object has already been created, if not then create it. The next few lines are used to setup the animation (slide from right to left) and to set the actual data fields to those of the selected animal. Now you should be ready to fire up the application and see it in all its glory.

You should see your windows looking like below.