Structure and Pattern Recognition

Structure and Pattern Recognition

Objective of this Chapter:
Recognition the basic dip patterns of: Red - downdip thickening Blue - downdip thinning Green - constant section
These patterns will be used to define:
Structural dip from the green patterns.
Copyright 1999 Schlumberger Oilfield Services 4100 Spring Valley Road, Suite 600, Dallas, Texas 75251 Reproduction in whole or in part by any process, including lecture, is prohibited. Printed in U.S.A. Version 9.2
9-1
Structural Analysis
Structural analysis consists of defining the structural dip and the evaluation of unconformities and faults.
Dipmeter Processing
Dipmeter processing of the data recorded with the electrical images is an excellent quick look for determining structural dip as well as for locating some faults and unconformities. Dipmeter processing is very useful in resolving low structural dip.
Structural Dip
Dip computation of either the borehole images or dipmeter processing is a measurement of structural dip and not regional dip. Regional dip, as determined from multiple well logs is an area, can be different from structural dip resolved from a single well. Dips computed from either borehole images or from dipmeter can be influenced by compaction or structural changes. The figure opposite illustrates the influence of compaction and structural uplift. Structural dip is an average of many dip computations; therefore, a dipmeter plot will yield the structural dip more accurately than a point by point manual computation in low structural dip situations. A long correlation length, eight feet, will usually yield an accurate dip. In higher structural dips, image analysis can provide higher confidence data. The two types of processing do compliment each other. Structural dip and mega-patterns from dipmeter processing will be presented first.
Regional Dip vs . Structural Dip
Regi
onal
Dip
Struc
tural
Dip
Rule : Structural dip may be projected horizontally as far as the green pattern extends vertically.
9-2
Structural Dip v s. Regional Dip Example

An example opposite illustrates the importance of structural dip determination. Well No. 1 penetrated a carbonate at 3814 ft. There was a strong oil show. Regional dip was 1SSW. Well No. 2 was located 2210 ft to the NNE and did penetrate the carbonate in a much better structural position as 3754 ft. This was the expected depth from regional dip projection. Well No. 2 produced oil at the rate 55 BOPD but with 120 BWPD. A dipmeter was run in Well No. 2. The structural dip was determined to be 2 NNE. This indicated a closure to the SSW, which is regionally downdip. Well No. 3 was located 736 ft WSW of Well No. 2 and along the WNW-ESE structural strike. Final well location was 100 ft to the ESE of Well No. 2. (A well located only 736 ft from a marginal well was not deemed to be politically sound). Well No. 3 produced oil at the rate of 200 BOPD with no water production. Structural dip determination is very important in locating potential closures.
Example of Regional vs. Structural Dip
2 21 0 ft Re gi ona l Di p = 1 S S W
S tr uc tu ral D ip
We l l No . 3 3 7 54 20 0 BO P D 0 BW P D
W el l No . 1 38 1 4 O i l S ho w ?
Re gi ona l Di p
W el l No . 2 37 7 6 5 5 BO P D + 1 2 0 B W P D 2 N NE
Subsea at Pay Zone Production Structural Dip

N No. 3 Flat Dip No. 2 2NNE 1/3
2/3
No. 1 Assumed 1SSW
9-3
Dip Patterns
There are four basic groups of dip patterns defined by Al Gilreath:
Downdip thinning Constant downdip Random Bedding
Blue Green Yellow
Downdip thickening Red
All patterns must have a constant azimuth, but the dips either increase upward, decrease upward, or remain constant.
Green: Constant Thickness

FM S - B OR M AP B or eh ole N E S W N D i pme ter Horizontal 0 Vertical 90 Co n sta nt S ec tio n 45 Dip Angle From Horizontal
30
60
Downdip to NE
Dipmeter Borehole N E S W N
W S
N E
Green Patte rn: C on stan t A zi mu th Co n sta nt Ma gn itu de C on stan t D o wn dip Sec tio n
F MS B or eh ole Blue Pattern: Constant Azimuth Increasing Upward Magnitu de Downdip Thinning 0 S W N E S Di p mete r
W S
N E
Do wn di p Th ic ke ni ng
Blue: Downdip Thinning

0
N E W
R ed Patter n: C on sta nt A zi mu th D ecre as in g U pwa rd Ma gni tud e Do wn di p T h ick en ing
Red: Downdip Thickening

9-4
Pattern Recognition Exercise 1

Objective: Questions:
Determination of dips and mega -patterns from arrow plots. Complete the blanks opposite.
0 6 400
Ta d pol e ( de g )
90
Magnitude
Azimuth
6 600
Construct Arrow Plot of 45 17 75 100 345 335
6 800
Mark the patterns (red, blue, green)
700 0
7 200
9-5
Borehole Drift
Unless controlled, the magnitude and direction of borehole drift is a useful indication of structural events. The borehole deviation is presented much as the dipmeter arrow plot. The body of the tadpole indicates the magnitude of the borehole deviation and is measured with reference to gravity. The arrow points in the direction of borehole drift and is measured with reference to magnetic north but presented as true north. Borehole drift in a consolidated formation will vary with the structural dip and with the borehole fluid. The bit will drift updip in mud drilled boreholes and downdip in air drilled boreholes. The magnitude of drift reflects the structural dip in the lower dip ranges but does not respond when the structural dip exceeds approximately 60.
Borehole Drift
Borehole Deviation
0 10
Drift is to the NE at 5 from vertical
Borehole Drifts - Consolidated Updip in mud drilled boreholes Downdip in air drilled boreholes Borehole Drifts - Unconsolidated and Flat Dip Tend to spiral Doglegs may occur at Faults Unconformities Structural dip changes
90 0 Drift 20
Calipers Pseudo-Images
Dips
9-6

Pattern recognition. Mark the dip patterns.
Azimuth Fan Plot
Borehole Drift
9-7

Pattern recognition. Mark the patterns.
9-8

Pattern recognition. Mark the patterns.
Well Overview: 10300.0 - 10600.0 ft - FracView 1.3A
0 10300
Tadpole ( deg)
90
Ref: True ~ 445 samples ~ : All
10400
10500
~ Scale 1 : 388 ~ CAUTION: If a fracture/dip belongs to several sets it will be coded according to the latest Show selection.
10600
9-9

Pattern recognition with structural dip. Mark the patterns.
Well Overview: 10300.0 - 10600.0 ft - FracView 1.3A 0 10300 Ref: True ~ 445 samples ~ : All Tadpole ( deg ) 90
Well Overview: 10300.0 - 10600.0 ft - FracView 1.3A 0 10300 Ref: Relative ~ 124 samples ~ : All Tadpole ( deg ) 90
10400
10400
10500
10500
~ Scale 1 : 388 ~ CAUTION: If a fracture/dip belongs to several sets it will be coded according to the latest Show selection. 10600 10600
~ Scale 1 : 388 ~ CAUTION: If a fracture/dip belongs to several sets it will be coded according to the latest Show selection.
If structural dip greater than 4 then always use the structural dip subtract (relative) when marking dip patterns.
9-10
Structural Dip Exercise 1

Determination of structural dip from arrow plots. What is the structural dip?
An offset located 1000 structurally up dip should gain ____________ feet.
Structural gain = ___________ ft.
1000
9-11

W el l O ve r v ie w : 5 0 0 0 .0 f t - 9 0 0 0 . 0 ft - F r a c V ie w 1. 3 A
Ta dp o le (d eg )
90 0 G R (A PI) 150 Re f : T ru e ~ 34 5 S am p le s ~ : A ll
8 200
8 250
8 3 00
8 3 50
8 400 ~ S ca le 1 :3 21 ~ C A U T IO N: If a fra c tur e/ dip be lo ng s to sev er al s ets it w il l b e co d ed a cco rd ing t o th e la te st 'S ho w ' sel ec ti on .
9-12

Display 1 ; scale 1/20
Orientation: North 0 60 120 180 240 300
2514
8248
TD:67/260
TD:10/95 TD:15/90 TD:13/90 TD:3/350
8250
TD:51/71 2515 TD:65/250 8252
TD:27/259 TD:26/256
8254
2516
TD:62/87
TD:12/301 8256 TD:10/329 TD:6/325 TD:15/256
TD:11/313 TD:11/302 2517 8258
TD:10/253
8260
2518 TD:60/75 8262
9-13

0 Tadpole (deg)
90
6750
Ref: True ~ 194 samples ~ : All
6800
6850
~ Scale 1:221 ~ Caution: If a fracture/ dip belongs to several sets it will be coded according to the latest Show selection.
6900
9-14
FLIP Version 4.4A (C) Schlumberger 1990 Stereonet: 6750.0 - 6900.0 ft - FracView 1.3A Azimuth Histogram 90 Ref: True ~ 172 samples ~ : Example set : All others : Example set : All others Ref: True, N. Hemisphere ~ 150 samples ~
Tadpole (deg)
6750
6800
9-15 Stereonet: 6750.0 - 6900.0 ft - FracView 1.3A Wulff Stereonet (Upper Hemisphere) Poles to planes Ref: True, N. Hemisphere ~ 150 samples ~ : Example set : All others Example set: 2.1/314 ~ Scale 1:221 ~ CAUTION: If a fracture/dip belongs to several sets it will be coded according to the latest Show selection. Mean orient.:dip/azimuth
6850
6900

Question:
What is the structural dip?
RAB Images / Dips
Electrical Images / Dips
9-16
Question:
LIP Version 4.4A - (C) Schlumberger 1990
Image 11219 - 11735 Ft - FracView 1.3 11224
Well Overvi3ew: 0090.0 - 11630.0 ft - FracView 1.3A Tadpole (deg ) 90 0
11080 : All
Ref: True ~ 60 samples ~
11225
11226 11250
What is the structural dip?
11227
9-17
Stereonet: 11000.0 - 11690.0 ft. - FracView 1.9A N W S
11228
Wulff Stereonet (Upper Hemisphere) Poles to planes Ref: True, N. hemisphere ~ 53 samples ~ : Green Set Green Set: 71.8/63
11229
11230
11231
Mean orient:dip/azimuth
Structural Dip Exercise 5 (continued)

Question:
If the following information is used 1. Vertical wellbore; and 2. Measured thickness of pay sand is 202 ft. then 1. What is the true sand thickness? 2. If 50 ft is a minimum thickness, is this a commercial well?
Measured Thickness 202 ft.
9-18
Structure and Pattern Recognition Exercise - Answers

0 64 0 0
Ta d pol e (de g )
90
Magnitude
66 0 0
Azimuth 45 140 285 105
17 25 29 4
Construct Arrow Plot of

68 0 0
45 17 75
100 345 335
Mark the patterns (red, blue, green)

7 00 0
72 0 0
9-19

Exercise 2
a. Structure Interpretation: Blue from top to 320 ft Green from 320 ft to 530 ft Red from 530 ft to TD b. Stratigraphic Interpretation Many red/blue/green patterns
Exercise 3
1. Red Pattern.
Exercise 4
1. Major red from 10400 ft to 10540 ft.

W ell Overview: 8168.1 - 8469.0 ft - FracV iew 1.3A Ref: T rue ~ 167 samples ~ Stereonet: 8168.1 - 8469.0 ft - FracV N 0 iew 1.3A W ulff Stereonet (Upper Hemisphere) Poles to planes Ref: T rue, N. Hemisphere ~ 72 samples ~ : Structure below fault : Structure above fault : Faults : Fractures W E
8200
: Fractures : Faults : Structure below : Structure above : All others
Structure below fault: 6.2/89 Structure above fault: 6.5/276
1. 10.1 at 48.84; gain = tan 10.1*1000= 178

Exercise 2
8300 S Stereonet: 8168.1 - 8469.0 ft - FracV N iew 1.3A Azimuth Histogram Ref: T rue, N. Hemisphere ~ 65 samples ~ Mean orient.:dip/azimuth
1. 6.5 at 276 above 8248 ft 6.2 at 39 below 8248 ft

8400 W
: Structure below fault : S t r
Exercise 3
~ Scale 1:389 ~ CAUTION: If a fracture/dip belongs to several sets it will be coded according to the latest 'Show' selection.
1. 2.1 at 314
Exercise 4 Exercise 5
1. FMI: 56.97 magnitude at 115.55 azimuth, RAB: 59:25 magnitude at 110.26 azimuth. 1. 70.8 at 63 Yes, thickness is 66.43 ft
Cos 70.8 = True thickness/ 202 = 66.43
70.8
202
If 80, then = 35.1
ss ue ne Tr hick T
True Thickness
9-20

Structure and Pattern Recognition

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