TransNEW-InteCo - WP4 - D4 2 - Transport Research Capability in Romania - Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.
2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2
RTD PROJECT FP7-TPT-2008.8-RTD-1 Support for realising New Member and Associated States potentials in transport research
TransNEW: D4.2 Transport research capability in Romania

Editor : Isolda Constantin Revision : Final V2 Dissemination Level1 : PU Author(s) : Isolda Constantin, Bogdan Cernat Due date of deliverable : M 10 Actual submission date : 28.10.2010 Start date of project : 01 January 2010 Duration : 24 months Organisation name of lead InteCo, Integral Consulting R&D contractor for this deliverable :
Abstract: This Capability Report will contribute to the results of the compilation of the TransNEW database of research and researchers in Romania currently active in transport research. The ability of the members of the database to fulfil the local, national and European criteria for inclusion in projects will be the aim of this Capability Report. This report was re-submitted in line with comments from the project officer.
Project funded by the European Community under the FP7 Copyright by the TransNEW Consortium
1 Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013): PU Public; PP - Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services); RE - Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services); CO - Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services).
TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2
The TransNEW Consortium consists of: Newcastle University (UNEW), Coordinator, United Kingdom Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU), Lithuania Riga Technical University (RTU), Latvia CDV Transport Research Centre (CDV), Czech Republic Centrum Techniki Okretowej S.A. (Ship Design And Research Centre S.A.) (CTO), Poland Slovenia Control (Slovenian Aero Navigation Services) Ltd (SLOCON) Slovenia University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (UBMaF), Serbia The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Turkey Integral Consulting R&D (INTECO), Romania Dennis Schut (SCHUT), Czech Republic Higher School of Transport (HST), Bulgaria Research and Educational Networking Association of Moldova (RENAM), Moldova Euromobilita s.r.o. (EUMO), Czech Republic JFI-AUTKUT Engineering Ltd. (AUTOKUT), Hungary National Institute for Research and Development (ICI), Romania The University of Maribor (UNI-MB), Slovenia
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History
Version 0.1 0.2 0.3 Date 01.03.2010 14.04.2010 02.05.2010 Modification reason First Draft Version Using commonly agreed template Implemented research statistics Modified by Isolda Constantin Isolda Constantin Isolda Constantin Bogdan Cernat-Gruici 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 20.06.2010 15.09.2010 27.09.2010 11.10.2010 19.10.2010 26.10.2010 Modified chapter structure and content Conclusions chapter and recommendations Executive Summary and Review Final revision for internal feedback Revision and Feedback Final revision for submission Isolda Constantin Daniel Fistung Bogdan Cernat-Gruici Isolda Constantin Sian Evans Isolda Constantin Bogdan Cernat-Gruici 1 28.10.2011 Grammar check and minor adjustments Isolda Constantin Bogdan Cernat-Gruici Final 1.1 1.2 28.10.2010 13.12.2010 07.03.2011 Proof read and final submission Formatted according to new template Document restructuring comments from project officer Quality check of changes Final proof read Preparation for re-submission incorporating Sian Evans Isolda Constantin Isolda Constantin Bogdan Cernat-Gruici Cristian Ulianov Karen McTigue Sian Evans
1.3 1.4 Final V2
07.03.2011 09.03.2011 09.03.2011
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Table of contents
HISTORY ........................................................................................................................................ 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 6 1. 2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 8 TRANSPORT RESEARCH POLICY AND INITIATIVES ............................................. 12 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. OVERVIEW OF ROMANIAS NATIONAL TRANSPORT PLAN 2000-2010 ................... 12 CURRENT STATE-OF-THE-ART IN TRANSPORT RESEARCH .................................. 14 NATIONAL TRANSPORT RESEARCH FUNDING IN ROMANIA .................................. 15
2.4 EXAMPLE(S) OF THE MOST RELEVANT TRANSPORT RESEARCH ACTIVE ORGANISATIONS 16 3. CRITERIA FOR TENDERS FOR RESEARCH PROJECTS ....................................... 18 3.1. 3.2. 4. QUALITY CRITERIA FOR INSTITUTIONS AND RESEARCHERS ................................. 18 COST CRITERIA FOR INSTITUTIONS AND RESEARCHERS ..................................... 19
NATIONAL TRANSPORT RESEARCH PROJECTS DATABASE ........................... 22 4.1. PROJECTS FUNDED BY TRANSPORT RESEARCH POLICY MAKERS (E.G. EU, NATIONAL AND LOCAL) ................................................................................................. 22 4.2. PROJECTS FUNDED BY PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS .............................................. 35 NATIONAL RESEARCHER LINKS ......................................................................... 37 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCHER LINKS ................................................................ 38
5.
NATIONAL TRANSPORT RESEARCHERS ................................................................. 37 5.1. 5.2.
6. 7.
NATIONAL TRANSPORT RESEARCH CENTRES ..................................................... 39 ROMANIAS INVOLVEMENT IN EUROPEAN PROJECTS ....................................... 44 7.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW ON THE ROMANIA PARTICIPATION IN EU PROJECTS ........... 44 7.2. PROJECT: "ACHIEVING REAL CHANGE WITH INNOVATIVE TRANSPORT MEASURES DEMONSTRATING ENERGY SAVINGS ........................................................................... 44 7.2.1. 7.2.2. 7.2.3. 7.2.4. 7.3. 7.3.1. 7.3.2. 7.3.3. 7.3.4. 7.3.5. DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................... 44 ROMANIAN PARTNER ........................................................................................... 45 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 45 VALUE/BUDGET.................................................................................................... 45 DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................... 45 ROMANIAN PARTNER ........................................................................................... 45 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 45 IMPACT ................................................................................................................. 46 VALUE/BUDGET.................................................................................................... 46
PROJECT COST-EFFECTIVE SMALL AIRCRAFT................................................. 45
8.
SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS .............................................................................................. 47

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8.1. 8.2.
GENERAL ANALYSIS OF ROMANIAS TRANSPORT RESEARCH DATA ..................... 47 NATIONAL RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS ................................................................... 49 ROAD HIGHLIGHT ................................................................................................. 49 RAIL HIGHLIGHT ................................................................................................... 50 AERONAUTIC HIGHLIGHT ..................................................................................... 51 WATERBORNE HIGHLIGHT................................................................................... 52
8.2.1. 8.2.2. 8.2.3. 8.2.4. 8.3. 9.
SWOT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 53
RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................................... 57
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 60 ANNEX 1 - MORE DETAILS ON ROMANIA AN ITS TRANSPORT .................................. 62 ANNEX 2 - LIST OF RELEVANT LEGISLATION ................................................................. 69
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Executive Summary
The aim of this deliverable is to comprehensively describe the transport research capability in Romania in the timeframe 2000-2010. In order to achieve its goal, the deliverable was structured in such a way that various defining components of research capability were distinctively analysed. The deliverable focuses on all major transport modes and five major transport research themes. In this regard, we have found that transport research in Romania covers all transport modes and all five major research themes. After only a brief analysis of the data gathered on national transport research projects, both via desk research and questionnaires, it was evident that most research projects had road transport as a theme and the most prevalent transport research theme was competitiveness. A deeper analysis revealed that research projects with greening as a theme have developed a positive trend in the period 2007-2010 as compared to the period 19992006. One remarkable feat of Romanias national transport research is the high involvement of SMEs. With over 37% of transport research project being coordinated within 1999-2006, SMEs register more coordinated projects than any other organisation type. The situation changes during 2007-2010, period during which the percentage of national transport research project coordinated by SMEs drops to 35%, universities claiming first place in the mentioned period. One of the prevalent issues regarding the present analysis was that the weaknesses and strengths of the transport system in Romanian were synergetic with the weaknesses and strengths found in transport research. This implied that the analysis of the transport research capability in Romania had to be made in conjunction with an analysis of the transport system in Romania. In this regard, the study begins with the analysis of the transport policies in Romania that are a defining component of the transport research capability. In principle, transport policies define the guidelines for the development of subsequent transport research policies. We have found that the main transport policies in Romania revolve around the development of the European transport corridors, mainly corridor IV. The most important policy document is the National Development Plan 2007-2013 (PND), which is the multiannual strategic planning and financial programming document aimed at the fastest possible bridging of the social and economic development gaps between Romania and the other EU member states. Romanias National Strategy for Sustainable DevelopmentHorizons 2013-2020-2030 sets the main action trends with regard to acquiring and applying the sustainable development principles in the following period. Romania also elaborated an Action Plan referring to the implementation of the Sustainable Transport Strategy during the period 2007-2013 and 2020, 2030. Another important policy document is the Sectoral Operational Programme - Transport (SOP-T) which is based upon the objectives of the National Strategic Reference Framework (CSNR), establishing priorities, goals and the allocation of funds for the development of the transport sector in Romania. Another relevant base for this deliverable is the description of the research funding bodies in Romania which shows the funding flow for all research areas including transport. The Romanian Government Decision (HG) no. 223 of 24 March 2005, Art.1 refers to the organisation and operation of the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport (MECTS). This is the specialised body of the central public administration in charge of the national system of education, instruction and research, exerting its attributions
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through laws and norms. The National Authority for Scientific Research emerged from the requirement to promote the development of the knowledge-based society. Given the relative large gap in research and technology development between Romania and the EU average, National Authority for Scientific Research assumed the mission to act as the executive manager of the Romanian government's decision to rapidly increase the public support for RTD towards the Lisbon "Three Percents for RTD" ambitious goal. Since the research capability of any given country begins to take shape with the requirements defined within research programs by the contracting authorities themselves, it was only natural to dedicate a whole chapter to tender criteria, such as quality criteria for researchers. We have found that cost criteria are very permissive in Romania and as long as the expenses are properly justified. Regarding quality criteria, the most important criteria are: technical quality of the scientific proposal project management quality working team competence material and financial resources required cost analysis and evaluation result dissemination national co-operation international co-operation economic and social impact environmental impact
In a direct approach, the analysis of the transport research programs and researchers reveals the extent of researcher links, researcher quality, and the opportunity for researchers to activate within nationally funded research projects. In conjunction with the analysis of the national transport research organisations, this section of the deliverable shows the self-sufficiency of the transport research sector in Romania. Overall, the quality of the researchers in the field of transport research is considered to be high, a fact which is reflected in the outcomes of the research projects. However, the low number of joint cooperation programmes and platforms implies that Romanian researchers have a relative low exposure both at a national and international level. A reliable measurement of the research capability is the involvement of Romanian companies in European research projects. This shows the degree to which Romanian expertise in the transport field is valued on a European level. Some Romanian organisations have successfully participated within European transport research projects but the numbers indicate that there is potential for more involvement. For example in 2007, for FP7 SST Calls, 81 proposals in which Romanian companies participated were submitted. Out of the 81 proposals, 19 were selected for funding. In 2008, out of 53 proposals, 8 were selected for funding. A truly negative fact is that no Romanian organisation has managed a European project recently. While the seventh Framework Programme is the most popular European research program in Romania but overall national research projects outnumber European ones 4 to 1. A general conclusion can be drawn as a result of the analysis, which is that Romanian researchers are both willing and capable to participate in EU research projects. However, the lack of international projects managed by Romanian organisations must be remedied in order to truly improve the visibility of Romanias transport research field.
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1. Introduction
General introduction to the country
Romania lies in the South-East of Central Europe, on the lower Danube course, North to the Balkan Peninsula and on the North-Western shore of the Black Sea. Almost the whole surface of the Danube Delta, as well as the Southern and Central part of the Carpathian Mountains is situated on its territory. Romanias natural privilege as adjoining the Black Sea Coast and bordered by the Danube, the most important waterway in Europe, along 1075 km conferred it an advantageous strategic position, at the junction of the transit- generating poles in Europe, the Balkans and the Middle East. Through Constanta Harbour, the waterways linking the Suez Canal, the Eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea and Central Europe equal approx. 300 km. Moreover, by means of the RO-RO and ferryboat systems developed in Constanta Harbour, the European space is linked to the Middle East, the Caucasian region and the Caspian Sea, along routes featuring a high potential of energy resources and freight traffic. [1] By developing the terrestrial transportation infrastructure, Romania became a bridge between the geographical area of Baltic and Nordic countries and the geographic space of the Black Sea neighbouring countries. Even though it is a known fact that, for objective reasons, the technical condition of Romanias infrastructure does not correspond entirely to European standards, a reality of great importance has to be mentioned: Romania has an infrastructure network (roads, rail tracks, waterways, sea and river ports, airports, air ways) which assures the connection of all cities to the national transportation network and to the international transportation systems. The realisation of a straight connection between the Black Sea through the Constana harbour - and North Sea, as a consequence of the construction of the Danube-Black Sea channel in 1984 and of the finalization of the Rhine-Main-Danube waterway in 1992, has made Romania become the main traffic flow hub from within the Black Sea dock. During the 90s the national economy faced a transition process towards market economy. This transition was accompanied by a major restructuring of the transportation sector. The modifications in the space of the former Yugoslavia and of the former USSR brought about a total restructuring of the traditional transport scheme in the area and helped make the most of Romanias transport infrastructures and favourable geographical position [2]. Some important statistic data for transportation and research, in Romania 2008-2009 [Table 1-1] 1 Population GDP nominal GDP GDP GDP Year (people) Million PPP nominal PPP Euros3 Million Euros3 Per capita Per capita 6.501 12.046 2008 21.498.616 139.765 258.982 5.398 10.683 2009 21.462.186 115.869 229.289 Transport and Communications share in GDPPPP 2 (%) 9,8 ...
Source: 1) [3]; 2) [6]; 3) [5]
Research share (from the budget) in GDP 3 (%) 0,4 0,3
Transport research share (from the budget) in GDP 3 (%) 0,05 0,03
Considering that Romania has been an EU member since 1 January 2007, its development policies and strategy are elaborated according to the main specific political documents at the Community level. Romania has an area of 238.391 km, to which further 23.700 km from the Black Sea platform are added. The main characteristic of the Romanian relief is its amphitheatre-like display. The mountains rise in a circular arc in the central part of the country, covering 31% of its surface, the hills and plateaux rising further, cover 36%, and the plains, lying in the South and West of the country, approximately 33%. Romania has a temperate continental climate, with relatively low rainfalls and big differences amongst the seasons. Transport Maps The infrastructure public network in Romania includes:
public road network [Fig.1-1] provides motorised access to most of the countrys
localities, the network density being 0,64 km/ sq.km; Romania has 81.713 km of public roads. At the beginning of year 2010, Romania had 321 kilometres of highway and 382 km of express roadways, out of a total number of 6.180 km European highways. Approximately 70% of the road traffic takes place on the national highways. [1] public railway network [Fig.1-2] practically covers the whole country territory with a 46,1 km/1000 sq.km density of the operation lines, ensuring the connection with all railway networks of the neighbouring countries; the railway network consists of 10.784 km tracks in service.[1]
waterway- and harbour network [Fig.1-3] is entirely situated in the South and
South-East of Romania, with a 6,5 km/1000 sq.km density; the network is 1.779 km out of which 1.075 km are formed by the international navigable section of the Danube, 524 km the Danubes navigable branches and 91 km artificial waterways (the Danube-Black Sea and Poarta Alba-Navodari canals). Constanta Harbour is the main Romanian harbour ranked among the 10 top European harbours. [1] air network -is made up of Romanias air space in which the air routes are defined according to the traffic flows coordinated at the European level by EUROCONTROL. The airport system in Romania [Fig.1-4] includes 17 airports, out of which 4 are open to the domestic and international passenger and freight traffic, and 13 are of a specific character. Bucharest-Otopeni International Airport is Romanias main airport handling 75% of the international passenger and freight flights. [1] More details are presented in Annex 1
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Fig.1-1. Road network in Romania [8]
Fig.1-2. Railway network in Romania [9]
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Fig.1-3. Networks of waterways and harbours [10]
Fig.1-4 Airports in Romania [8]
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2. Transport Research Policy and Initiatives

2.1. Overview of Romanias National Transport Plan 2000-2010
The field of transport is considered a foremost priority in the context of Romanias development plans, considering its interdependent relations with the other national economic branches, the value of the services provided for the population and the considerable environmental impact. Transport, with an approximately 7% share in the gross domestic product, comes in second to trade, as a category of services, in the order of their importance in the tertiary sector, also providing a contribution to economic growth equivalent to that yielded by agriculture. Romania is crossed by three of the Pan-European transport corridors [Fig. 2-1]. Corridor IV: Berlin-Nurnberg-Prague-Budapest-Bucharest-Constana-Salonic-Istanbul; Corridor IX: Helsinki-St. Petersburg-Moscow-Pskov-Kiev-Liubashevska-ChiinuBucharest-Dimitrovgrad-Alexandropolis; Corridor VII: the Danube, inclusively the connection on the Danube-Black Sea Channel.
Fig. 2-1 Pan-European transport corridors crossing Romania [12] Corridors IV and IX are multimodal, including collecting and distribution hubs and centres among the road- rail- river and sea transport modes. Consequently, the current priority in Romanian and European transport is the modernisation of the infrastructure of the two Corridors. According to the provisions under the Government Decision (GD) 412 /2004 referring to the operation regulations, the Ministry of Transports and Infrastructure is in charge of setting up the transport policy on a national scale, the specific strategy and regulations for transport activities development, as well as of performing its functions as a state authority in the field of transport.
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The present strategic objective of the transport economic policy is to speed up the restructuring and the development of the component sub-systems by ensuring safe development conditions in the home and international freight traffic and, at the same time, by creating the necessary conditions for the Romanian transport system integration into the future European unique system. The structural and functional linkage of the national transport systems to the European system is based on dialogue/learning strategies, on adapting the national systems to the European ones, aggregation at various levels, harmonisation of infrastructure networks, joint projects, standards and norms etc. The National Development Plan 2007-2013 (PND) is the general multiannual strategic planning and financial programming guiding document aimed at the fastest possible bridging of the social and economic development gaps between Romania and other EU member states, as its global objective. This Calls for an extended, modern and sustainable transport infrastructure, as well as for meeting all other conditions referring to economy sustainable development and life quality enhancement, so that the transport activity volume represented in the nominal GDP may rise from 3,6 thousand million Euros (currently) to at least 7,0 thousand million Euros by 2015. [14] The Strategic Objective of the Romanian National Strategic Reference Framework (CSNR) for 2007-2013 addresses promotion of competitiveness, development of basic infrastructure and development and effective use of human resources, with a view to reducing the social and economic development disparity between Romania and EU member states. The main objective for the transport sector in the CSNR focuses on the provision of an adequately developed, modern and sustainable infrastructure, appropriately maintained, facilitating the safe and efficient movement of persons and goods nationally and within Europe and contributing positively and significantly to the economic development of Romania. Romanias National Strategy for Sustainable DevelopmentHorizons 2013-20202030 - Romania also elaborated an Action Plan referring to the implementation of the Sustainable Transport Strategy during the period 2007-2013 and 2020, 2030. Expected results following action implementation [16]: - Higher transport capacity (30%-100%), higher traffic and navigation safety and higher goods- and passenger security (25%-50%); - Better accessibility on routes and destinations (20%-50%), shorter average travel time (20%-40%); - Increased and more diversified freight transport offer (20%-40%) and higher service quality (25%-45%); - More diversified and higher quality services in passenger transport (20%-40%), passengers higher comfort (30%-60%); - Higher operation parameters with the administrator (20%-40%) and the transport operators (25%-45%): optimisation and reduction in annual operation and maintenance expenses with the administrator (15%-30%) and the transport operators (20%-40%); - Increase in the annual own revenues with the administrator (20%-40%) and with the transport services operators (45%-80%); - Gradual reaching of the accessibility level existing in the European metropolitan areas (80%-100%); - Increased share of the transport sector in the GDP (12%-15%); - Lower specific energy consumption /passenger km, train km, tonne km (10%-20%); - Higher degree of utilisation of the RDI outputs (40%- 60%); - Lower transport global impacts (meeting the objectives set for Romania referring to the National Emission Platforms) and environmental impacts (5%-20%); - Reducing the limit level for air pollutants in cities (5%-15%);
- Peoples increased access to public infrastructure services (20%-40%); - Providing better passenger public transport services in the less accessible areas, with a low population density and dispersible nuclei, as well as for disabled people (25%-45%). See also Annex 2 - List of relevant legislation for a list with the most important legislation in this field.
2.2. Current State-of-the-Art in Transport Research

The Romanian Research-Development-Innovation (RDI) system went through a very difficult period after 1989. The underinvestment and delayed restructuring permitted a connection to the global trends in science and technology in isolated cases, and the still fragile enterprise sector in Romania could not exert a real innovation demand. Practically isolated, the RDI system fragmented, as the various components tried to survive with the minimum available resources, mainly from public funding, within mostly formal systems. Moreover, the national funding of transport specific projects has been slightly limited lately, in favour of other fields regarded by the Romanian authorities as more important for Romanias future evolution. Research and technological transfer are under-financed, demand oriented and deprived of adequate infrastructures, unable to allow for research results to turn into applied innovation. The number of innovative companies is three-to-four times lower as a share in the total number of companies, as compared to the EU average. The main drawbacks are the low level of implementation of the property rights and the absence of innovative start-up support structures. Moreover, the older initiatives lacked continuity as a result of inefficient planning and management. The lack of funds prevented private companies to access RDI- and technological transfer actions. [19] Transport research was best represented by the RDI Programme Urban Planning and Transports Acronym: AMTRANS, a component of the National ResearchDevelopment-Innovation Plan elaborated for the period 2001-2005. The AMTRANS programme was prolonged through the Excellence Research programme (CEEX) until 2008. It was actually the period in which most of the transport-dedicated projects were developed. The National Research Development and Innovation Plan II (PN II) is the main instrument for financing research in Romania for the period 20072013. Transport is not seen as a priority, being found as a sub-field of the priority: Innovative materials, processes and products. Transport research is financed under PN II particularly through Programme 4. Partnerships in the priority domains. Within Objective 7, Innovative materials, processes and products, the following topics are referring to Transport: Products and vehicle production; technologies aimed at transports and motor Innovative products and technologies enhancing the energy efficiency of the means of transport and reduce polluting effects; Products and technologies for building infrastructures: reliable railways, roadways, navigable channels, terminals etc. featuring low maintenance requirements and low social costs; Higher transport safety and security; Products and technologies intended for motor vehicle production; Intermodal transport systems/technologies for limiting traffic external effects and reducing resource consumption; Integrated supply, technological, distribution logistics, as well as reverse logistics integrating transport handling; storing; conditioning; packing; marketing; fabrication and recycling technologies; Transport quality management and traffic monitoring and control systems; Solutions to reducing traffic congestion in urban agglomerations; Products and technologies aimed at air transports.
Within the Seventh Framework Programme, Romanian organisations had projects financed within the following Calls: FP7 AAT RTD 1; FP7 SSTTREN; FP7 TPT RTD 1; FP7 SST RTD1. In spite of the general precarious situation in which Romanias research system dwells, there are some research segments which are very visible and well represented on a European level. With regard to transport research, we can mention several participations in very important European transport research projects. Romanian was always very competitive in the field of aeronautics.
2.3. National Transport Research Funding in Romania

According to the Romanian Government Decision (HG) no. 223 of 24 March 2005, Art.1 referring to the organisation and operation of the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport (MECTS), this is the specialised body of the central public administration in charge of the national system of education, instruction and research, exerting its attributions through laws and norms pertaining to its scope of activity. [Fig. 2-2] shows the organisation of Romanian research development and innovation (diagram). Romanian Parliament Romanian Government
Other ministries Ministry of Education Research Youth and Sports (MECTS) Romanian Academy
Romanian Nuclear Agency
Romanian Air Space Agency
National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS)
Executive Unit for RDI higher education financing (UEFIS-CDI)
Romna
National Council of Higher Education Scientific Research (CNISIS)
Romanian Innovation Council (CIR)
Advisory Board for Research, Development and Innovation (CC-CDI)
Romanian Committee for Research Infrastructures (CRIC)
Public and private organisations carrying on R&D activities Private Business Sector
Fig.2-2. Structure of the research, development and innovation financing in Romania The National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS) (www.mct.ro) is the governmental body authorised to elaborate and implement the national RDI strategies and programmes, thus ensuring a unitary coordination of the activities in the line carried out in the universities, national institutes, Romanian Academy institutes and field
academies. The authority ensures the communication with the other public authorities in order to achieve the governmental policies coherence with the civil society structures and with the citizens. The authority stimulates the international partnership development, regional and local development as well as the private sector. ANCS has promoted strategic documents defining the prospects of developing the RDI domain over the period 20072013: - RDI National Strategy for the period 20072013, approved of by the Government Decision no. 217/ 2007; - National Research Development and Innovation Plan (PNCDI) over the period 20072013, generically named National Plan II (PN II). The financing sources for the research activity carried on by the units and institutions within the national research system include: a) Funds from the state budget; b) Funds drawn from economic agents; c) Funds derived from international programmes and / or co-operations; d) Other funds constituted according to the legislation. During the period under analysis, the overwhelming majority of transport research projects are financed from the state budget, through MECTS. PN II is financed both form state budget funds, and from funds drawn from the partners under the consortiums formed with a view to carrying out the projects. Besides the projects financed under MECTS programmes, there were previously developed transport research projects from both national public resources (the Ministry of Transports and its subordinated institutions, the Romanian Academy) and international ones (EU through specific programmes), or from private resources (funds provided by private beneficiaries for themes or programmes required by them and which are not necessarily to be In keeping with Romanias national research strategy)
2.4 Example(s) of the Most Relevant Transport Research Active Organisations

From an overview of the National RDI programmes following statistics have resulted: - 115 transport projects were financed during the period 2000-2010 and were/are coordinated by 15 universities; - 98 transport projects were financed during the period 2000-2010 and were/are coordinated by 19 National Research-Development Institutes - 30 transport projects were financed during the period 2000-2010 and were/are coordinated by 6 fields or enterprises in the line of research - 29 transport projects were financed during the period 2000-2010 and were/are coordinated by 23 research companies - 7 transport projects were financed during the period 2000-2010 and were/are coordinated by 2 research public bodies - 159 transport projects were financed during the period 2000-2010 and were/are coordinated by 71 SMEs. The Transport Research Institute - INCERTRANS (http://www.incertrans.ro) is the only research institute in Romania in the line of transports, with an over 80-year long tradition. INCERTRANS S.A. is organised as a joint stock company under the aegis of the Ministry of Transports and has highly qualified specialists and scientific researchers. Activity fields: Transport infrastructures; Romanias integration into the international transport corridors; Traffic engineering studies on traffic and circulation; Transport management; Forecasts, strategies of sustainable transport development; Traffic- and circulation
safety; Traffic monitoring systems; Feasibility studies, environmental impact and balance; Collaborations in European programmes: COST, EUREKA, FP 5, FP 6. The National Institute of Aerospace Research "Elie Carafoli" INCAS (www.incas.ro) is certainly the most representative national research institute in the field of aerospace science in Romania. INCAS is the leader of a cluster within the JTI - Clean Sky initiative, set up in partnership with the national industry. In June 2010, the International Forum for Aviation Research (IFAR) was held in Berlin. Discussions within the working groups ACARE and EREA brought forward a new EU initiative under FP8 referring to the development of a new aircraft for regional air transport, with Romania also participating in the project. In July, 2010 the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania held the conference for the promotion of an international partnership in the line of aeronautics in order to develop a new-generation regional air transport space ship. Moreover, INCAS currently develops a prototype for AeroTAXI, an aircraft specially destined for such a transport system. Out of the most relevant participations under the NP projects and under European research programmes, the Politehnica University of Bucharest (www.pub.ro), Faculty of Transports (Road vehicles, Transports, traffic and logistic, Remote control and electronics in transports, Rolling stock), Faculty of Aerospace Engineering (Aeronautical Systems Engineering "Nicolae Tipei") and Faculty of mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics is a noteworthy example, having coordinated over 38 national transport projects and having participated as a partner in over 83 projects. Politehnica University of Bucharest takes part under a consortium led by SNPE MATERIAUX ENERGETIQUES SA FRANCE in a research project within FP7 Research area: SPA-2007-2.2-02 Space transportation, entitled: ,,Innovative propellants in hybrid propulsion technology and its applications in space transportation (ORPHEE), during the period 20092011. Project FLAVIA - Freight and Logistics Advancement in Central/South-East Europe: the project general objective is to consolidate a logistic channel in freight transport from the Central Europe to the Black Sea, with connections to the TRACECA area, by identifying the barriers in using rail and waterborne transport, as well as the modalities of facilitating the modal transfer for road transport. At a national level, through the Centre for Research, Design, Service and Consulting in the field of Remote controls and Electronics in Transports, it coordinates the project New information- and management concepts, services and architectures for the ship traffic and inland water transport, attuned with the European trends RIS-COSAR.
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3. Criteria for Tenders for Research Projects

Research is funded in Romania based on a contractual basis between customers and executants. The executants, universities, research institutions, specialised associations, private persons etc., are compelled to adhere to the strict regulations of a contract between them and the Contracting Authorities. The general eligibility criteria of the project proposals are checked at their pre-evaluation stage, while the specific eligibility criteria of the project proposals is checked at their evaluation stage.
3.1. Quality Criteria for Institutions and Researchers

Scientific proposal/ technical quality. Evaluation is aimed at determining: - the degree of novelty of the proposed solution - the originality of the proposal and reference to related national/European projects (correlation/ exclusion of reiterations or overlapping with similar projects funded from national/ European public funds) - project contribution to the development of the targeted domain/domains - the multidisciplinary character of the research activities - the degree of novelty/originality of the proposed solutions, methods, work tools - the level of the performance and quality parameters of the proposed solution - the degree of compliance with the requirements of the appropriate regulations and standards at the European or international level (quality, environment, risk etc.) - operational plan and/or dissemination of results The evaluation of the scientific/technical quality of the project proposal also includes checking the actual performance of the activities foreseen as compulsory under the project according to the project type. Project management quality. Evaluation is focused on the degree to which the project manager has the required know-how and experience in the respective research domain and the general skills in order to conduct and organise the project. Moreover, project performance quality is also evaluated: - project organisation and planning: structure, stages and necessary resources - clear-cut responsibilities, coordination and correlation among partners - methods, indicators and procedures for monitoring result achievement and evaluation Working team competence. Evaluation is intended at determining whether the research team has the required expertise and experience and sufficient contacts at the national and international level. Ensuring the financial resources flow in order to carry out the project. The evaluation is intended to determine whether the project partners have the necessary resources in order to carry out the project: - the partners should have the necessary and sufficient materials (material base) - the partners should also have the possibility of making use of other material bases at other economic organisations and/or institutions
- financial credibility of the participating units Cost analysis and evaluation. Evaluation is aimed at whether cost planning is realistic or not and whether it is within the budget parameters: - Level of costs: total/per stage/per activities etc. - Cost efficiency/results National co-operation. Evaluation is focused on the degree to which the project will be helpful in exploiting and developing the national research-related abilities and expertise and/or in setting up networks in the field. International co-operation. Evaluation is aimed at the degree to which the project will contribute to the internationalisation of Romanias research work and/or of the relevant domain, as well as at the planes on which this objective is to be reached. Result dissemination. Evaluation has in view the levels at which the results are to be disseminated (at the academic and popular level) and the contact with the user, inclusively the target groups and the means intended for information dissemination. Economic and social impact. Evaluation is aimed at the degree to which the project contributes to the development of the economic/social milieu and to the support/acceleration of the integration process into the EU economic and social area. Environmental impact. Evaluation is aimed at determining: - the compliance with conditions referring to the working environment quality - the compliance with the conditions referring to the environment protection and quality, inclusively with those referring to bioethics and bio security
3.2. Cost Criteria for Institutions and Researchers

For the PNCDI tenders, the following information, criteria or funding conditions are being specified through the Information Package elaborated for a certain Programme (for example, Innovation Programme): The Programmes total budget for a specified period The projects maximum funding level from the budget The projects maximum duration (2-3 years) Definition of the project type eligible for funding from the budget Definition of eligible type of activities Within some category of activities, the maximum funding quotas (as percentages) are being defined, that can be granted from the budget, the rest of financing being assured by the applicant (from own sources, or other sources). The co-financing possibilities have to be explained, sustained and justified. The percentage quotas ensured from the budget for each activity category are different and dependent of the dimension of the project participating company, the small and medium size entities being supported through these quotas (bigger percentages). None of the partnership entities has to provide more than 70% of the eligible expenses. Definition of eligible expenses:
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Personnel expenses (employed for the project and research activities). The personnel list and the CVs of the key personnel are part of the offer, and respectively, of the contract. The salary ceilings are specified on four activity categories (according to the level of complexity, knowledge and expertise) and respectively according to the personnels functions and qualifications, through Government Decision no. 475/2007 Expenses for the acquisition of instruments and equipment necessary for the realisation of the research project. If these instruments and equipment items have an operation period longer than the duration of the research project, only the amortisation costs for the project duration are eligible, computed on the basis of the regulated accounting practices: For the acquisition of instruments and equipment, the funding level admitted for budget financing is of maximum 40% out of the total value granted from the budget for the entire project. Expenses for contractual research, for technical know-how and patents or licences acquired at the market price form external sources, when the operation was conducted according to the competition principle, and in the absence of any preferential element, such as the costs for consultancy services and equivalent services used exclusively for financing research activities. Overheads involved by the research project. Other operation expenses, including costs for materials, consumables and similar products necessary for the research activity. Expenses for the technical feasibility studies, preceding the industrial research or experimental development activities. Expenses for obtaining the industrial property rights for SMEs. Expenses for consultancy services for innovation and for support services for innovation.
The projects expenses structure, differentiated on activities, destinations and categories, has to be according to the projects operational plan and to respect the provisions from Government Decision no. 1579/2002. There are considered as eligible costs only those costs performed after signing the contract. The contractor can contract a maximum of 5% of the project activities with third parties, but only with the preliminary written consent of the Contracting Authority. The participation of third parties in the contract can be done only through acquisition contracts obeying to the principles of Government Urgent Order no. 34/2006 regarding public acquisitions. These settlements will have to be respected for all product and services acquisition activities unfolded within the project. Sub-contracting is forbidden. The non-eligible expenses, incurred only from own sources, ensure the performance of the activities necessary for the development of the project. The required costs have to be substantiated through the tendering documents, mainly through:
a)
The description of project proposal, which includes pre-established chapters, like: the projects relevance, the projects technical potential (the multidisciplinary character, the originality level, the complexity of the proposed product/technology/service), the fulfilment of EU regulations and standards, the economic justification of the proposal, material and financial resources for the development of the project (existent and necessary), human resources (quality, experience, quantity), project management, etc. (pre)Feasibility study, business plan. The operation plan presents in a tabular form all the project stages and all the activities at each stage for each project partner, including the completion dates. The same table includes the costs for each activity/stage for each partner and broken down for each category of eligible expenses, for budget expenses and respectively co-financing expenses, framed within the admitted percentages.
b)
c) d)
The costs estimate for each partner and each stage, for eligible expenses funded from the budget, from other sources, and total. The partners collaboration agreement.
Negotiation and contracting The final sum granted through the financing contract from the budget under the Plan, as well as own financing, is negotiated in accordance with the legal provisions and activities foreseen in the operation Plan. Once the budget financing is negotiated, it can be modified only under the conditions foreseen by the law by means of an addendum. The contract for budget funding will be drawn up in accordance with the frame contract agreed by the Contracting Authority, and will come along with the necessary documentation (associated annexes) with the authorised signatures of project coordinator and partners, in original.
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4. National Transport Research Projects Database

4.1. Projects Funded by Transport Research Policy Makers (e.g. EU, national and local)
The release of the first National Research-Development-Innovation Plan (PNCDI) in 1999 and funding approach based on the research programmes essentially determined an increase in performance and a change in mentality referring to access to resources. PNCDI (I) included 9 programmes and 267 projects which approached the field of transport. The most numerous and the most representative projects were funded under the programmes RELANSIN Economic revival through research and innovation (128) and AMTRANS Landscape development and Transport (101). Table 4-1 shows the distribution of the projects funded in the field of transports under the programmes pertaining to PNCDI (I). Distribution of R&D transport projects * carried out under PNCDI (I) component programmes in the period (1999-2006) Table 4-1 No. of Programme projects RELANSIN Economic revival through research and innovation 128 INFRAS Consolidation of standardization and quality infrastructures 6 AMTRANS Landscape development and Transport 101 INFOSOC Information Society 12 MAINANTECH New materials, micro-and nanotechnologies 1 MENER Environment, energy, resources 2 AEROSPATIAL Technologies in the field of aeronautics and space 9 CALIST- Quality and standardization 5 INVENT Invention application stimulation 3 Total 267
* [Desk research InteCO] When selecting the transport projects conducted under PNCDI (I) in the period 1999-2006, information published in the following web pages was used (see [20]; [21]; [22]; [23]; [36]; [37]; [38]; [39] in the References)
Table 4-2 shows the prevailing approach of the road sector-related themes (95 projects) under PNCDI (I), a trend which is continued as it will be further seen in PN II. As it can be seen in Table 4-2, 31 projects covered several transport modes, namely: rail-road, aeronautic-sea and road-sea. For instance : Project Network of logistic centres in the Romanian transports carried out by the Transport Research Institute in partnership with the Technical Studies Academy of Romania (ASTR) and S.C. Logis Exportrans S.R.L.
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Distribution of R&D programmes which funded transport projects carried out under PNCDI (I) according to modes *, in the period 1999-2006 Table 4-2 Transport mode Projects whose Research thematic area programme covers several Rail Road Aeronautic Sea transport modes RELANSIN 36 39 24 16 13 0 4 1 1 0 INFRAS 21 46 9 10 15 AMTRANS 2 4 2 1 3 INFOSOC 1 0 0 0 0 MAINANTECH 1 0 1 0 0 MENER 0 0 9 0 0 AEROSPATIAL 5 0 0 0 0 CALIST 1 2 0 0 0 INVENT 46 28 31 Total 67 95
*[Desk research InteCO] When selecting the transport projects conducted under PNCDI (I) in the period (1999-2006) information published in the following web pages was used (see [20]; [21]; [22]; [23]; [36]; [37]; [38]; [39] in the References)
Fig. 4-1 Distribution of the transport research projects carried out under PNCDI (I) according to action types PNCDI (I) was funded both from state budget funds and from funds from the partners under the consortiums set up for projects carrying out. In the management of the programmes under PNCDI (I) both the programme leaders and all categories of research-development units were involved: national institutes, universities, research-development companies, public institutes, NGOs, and also independent people [Fig. 4-2].
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Fig. 4-2 Classification of the research organisations which conducted transport research projects according to the number of projects funded under PNCDI (I); 19992006
Fig. 4-3 Weight of SMEs that coordinated transport research projects PNCDI (I) - 19992006 PNCDI (I) was finalised in 2006, and the next National Plan started in 2007. In order to make a connection between PNCDI (I), the National Plan 2007 (PNII) and FP7 (European Community), CEEX- Excellence Research programme was released, carried on starting with year 2005, with a significant share in the ANCS budget (24,98%). In 2002 Romanias contribution under FP6 was estimated at a value of 77.266.000 Euros. The totally non-encouraging results at the 2003 and 2004 Calls determined the European Commission to lend support to Romania, with reductions in contribution down to 50%. Thus the final contribution was of ~ 64.981.560 Euros. Under EU framework programmes FP5 and FP6, Romania participated in the carrying out of 42 transport projects covering both the surface transport and air space and aeronautics. As a matter of fact, Romanias most participations were registered in the line of air- and spatial transport [18].
EC contribution to Romania in FP6 Transport: ~ 3 Mil Euros - Aeronautics:~ 1,3 Mil Euros; - SST:~ 1,7 Mil Euros
Fig. 4-4 Romanias participation in FP5 and FP6 transport projects Distribution according to transport modes
Fig.4-5 Romanias participation in transport projects under FP 5 Transport project distribution according to types of action
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Fig. 4-6 Classification of the research organisations which conducted transport research projects according to the number of projects funded under FP5
Fig. 4-7 Romanias participation in transport projects under FP6 Transport project distribution according to action types
Fig. 4-8 Classification of the research organisations having conducted transport research projects according to the number of projects funded under FP6
PN II (20072013), currently underway, is coordinated by ANCS and includes 6 funding programmes. The most important transport projects were funded under the Innovation and Partnerships programmes. For each of the priority domains, representative scientific and technical domains have been identified. Surface transports in the priority domain include, 009 Innovative materials, processes and products (having the biggest share - 55,5%), with the following representative sub-domains: Transport infrastructures; Means of transport; Transport technologies; Traffic control systems and equipment; Freight distribution and logistics. Aeronautics is included into the priority domain Space and security with the following sub-domains: Aero spatial propulsion systems; Aviation and aero spatial structures; Onboard installations and equipment; Aero spatial technologies. Approximately 171 projects in the line of transport were carried out under PN II (20072013). The most relevant component programmes, under which transport research projects were funded, are:INNOVATION and Priority domains Partnerships Programmes. A total number of 48 transport projects are currently underway within the INNOVATION Programme. Under Programme 4 Partnerships in priority domains, 49 transport projects were funded. Table 4-4 shows the distribution of R&D programmes/projects funded under PN II in the field of transports according to transport modes, during the period 20072013. Distribution of R&D programmes / projects funded under PN II (20072013) in the field of transport. Classification according to modes *
Table 4-4
Transport mode Research programme
CEEX, 2006 IMPACT INNOVATION, 2007 INNOVATION, 2008 Partnerships in priority domains, 2007 Partnerships in priority domains, 2008 IDEAS CAPACITIES, 2007 NUCLEUS Structural Funds Priority Axis 2 Grants, CNCSIS
Railway Road Aeronautics 0 1 2 7 1 0 1 0 0 7 1 20 4 2 3 23 12 7 21 1 0 3 13 89 1 1 1 3 15 11 2 1 1 0 0 36
Naval 1 0 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 7 14
Projects whose thematic area covers several transport modes 0 0 1 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 11
Total
* [Desk research InteCo]-The selection of the projects conducted under PNII (2007-2013) information published in the following web pages was used (see [21]; [24];[25];[26]; [27]; [33]; [34]; [35] in the References)
As it can be seen in Table 4-2, 10 projects covered several transport modes, namely: rail-road, aeronautic-sea and road-sea
Fig. 4-9 Distribution of projects carried out under PN II (20072013) According to action types
Fig, 4-10 Classification of the research organisations which carried out transport research projects, according to the number of projects funded under PN II (20072013) In 2007, in spite of the transition between the two national research plans, the activities were carried out as scheduled. In the latter half of 2008, management activities were disturbed, mainly because of the financial crisis which leads to: - A further even out/delay of the payments to the contractors; - Diminishing or complete cancellation of certain payments; - Adjournment over unlimited time duration of certain contracting activities.
All of the above led to an uncertain atmosphere with consequences affecting the longterm public RDI systems credibility.
Fig, 4-11 Weight of SMEs that coordinated transport research projects PN II (20072013) Statistical analysis of Romanias participation in FP7 TRANSPORT Calls EC contribution to Romania in FP7 Transport (1st, 2nd, 3rd Calls):~ 10 Million Euros - Aeronautics:~ 2,8 Million Euros - SST + TPT+ Galileo:~ 6,9 Million Euros
Fig. 4-12 Romanian participation (share of EC requested contribution) in proposals in FP6 Transport and FP7 Transport Calls retained for funding [31]; [40]
Fig. 4-13 Romanian participation in SST FP7 Calls. [32]; [40]
Fig. 4-14 Romanian participation in AAT FP7 Calls. [32]; [40]
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Fig. 4-15 Romanian participation (share of EC requested contribution) in proposals by FP7 Transport Calls: 2007, 2008 and 2010 retained for funding [31]
Fig. 4-16. EC contribution requested by the Romanian participants in 2007 and 2008 Calls. [31]; [40]
Fig. 4-17 Romanian participation (share of EC requested contribution) in evaluated and retained for funding proposals, Transport (2007, 2008, 2010) [31] Total Romanian participation in FP7 Cooperation-Transport Calls (2007, 2008, 2010): - Total of Romanian participations in evaluated proposals: 284 - Total of Romanian participation in ranked proposals: 54 - Success rate: 19% - Total EC requested contribution by Romania in FP7 Transport (1st, 2nd, 3rd Calls): ~ 68 Million Euro - Total EC contribution by RO in FP7 Transport (1st, 2nd, 3rd Calls):~10 Million Euro - Success rate: 15 %
Fig. 4-18 Romanian participation (share of EC requested contribution) in proposals evaluated and retained for funding. [31]
Romanian participation (share of EC requested contribution) in proposals evaluated and retained for funding- 2007, 2008, 2010 CALLS. [31] Funding Scheme EC Requested contribution to participants in evaluated proposals, Million Euros 46 EC contribution Requested by participants in retained proposals, Million Euros 3,8 Table 4-6 Success rate
Small or medium-scale focused research project (FP) Large-scale integrating project (IP) Collaborative projects (CP) Coordination or networking actions (CSA-CA) Support actions (CSA-SA) TOTAL
8,2%
2,2 15,5 2,7
0,7 4,7 0,3
31,8% 30,3% 11,1%
1,6 68
0,3 9,8
18,7% 14,4%
7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 Aeronautics Sustainable Surface Transport
Euros
2,000,000 1,000,000 0 FP6 FP7 1st calls2007 FP7 2st calls2008
Sustainable Surface 1,700,000 5,100,000 513,000 Transport Aeronautics 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,300,000
Fig. 4-19 Romanian requested contribution in ranked proposals in FP6 Transport and FP7 Transport Calls [31]
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Fig. 4-20 Participants in proposals submitted versus organisation type (%) Surface Transport. [32]
Fig. 4-21 Romanian participants in the proposals submitted, versus organisation type Air transport (%). [32] Under the European initiative intended to provide additional support to the researchdevelopment activities conducted by the SMEs with innovative specific character, the Romanian researchers participated within prestigious European consortia in research projects - Star-Net Transport Project supporting the SMEs in the line of surface transport
to get EU funds, was run under FP7, with the Romanian participation of the Romanian Public Transport Operators Professional Association (URTP). The project involving coordination and support actions is due to be finalised on 30 September 2010. Star-Net Transport assists companies with drawing up project proposals to access EC approval for funding, selects eligible ideas of project proposals, and provides two on line working tools. INNOVCHECK is intended for evaluating the capacities, the opportunities and the possible threats of a company, while GETIN assists with actually drawing up the project proposal. The projects which can be proposed by the Romanian companies will pertain to such subject areas as road safety increase, reducing transport vehicle- caused noise, green fuel vehicles, urban vehicle interfaces, integrated combustion systems, lighter vehicles and others. The Innovation Programme under PN II-Module 5 European Co-operation is addressed to economic agents, Romanian legal persons interested in developing projects under the EUREKA initiative. In the year 2010, the project Dynamic Carpooling Service For People On The Move, acronym E!5093 DYNAMO, with the Romanian participation of Integral Consulting R&D Bucharest was approved of within EUROSTARS Programme. Several support actions in transport development in Romania: Intermodal transport promotion. The operations are aimed at facilitating freight modal transfer, mainly from road to rail / road or naval / road. To be also mentioned that the elaboration of a 12,8 million Euros worth project is in progress, aiming at building / upgrading 4 intermodal terminals by 2015; the project is faced with some difficulties caused by the state aid- related regulations and by certain unclear structural aspects. Traffic safety enhancement for all transport modes. These operations are intended to ensure the implementation of the European safety standards for all the means of transport. A portfolio of 10 projects was prepared, out of which 2 major projects, amounting to an overall value of 146,9 million Euros. Minimising transport adverse effects on the environment. The specific operations include the implementation of initiatives intended to efficient and non-polluting / environmental friendly transport infrastructures in line with the European standards and requirements for all the transport modes, intermodal activities included, In keeping with the Kyoto Agreement. A portfolio of 3 projects 11,6 million Euros worth has been prepared so far.
4.2. Projects Funded by Private Organisations

Most contracts are carried out in partnership. The relationships between the economic agents and the research units are thus consolidated, while creating a normal flow of the scientific know-how transfer to the applied production area. At the same time, the research units get familiar with the problems the business milieu is faced with. Project co-funding also gets the participants under the research projects more interested in the applicable- and impact results. For instance, under the Innovation Programme, approximately 45% of the project financing funds comes from private organisations. As it can be seen in [Fig. 4-3], under PNCDI I (1999-2006), a number of 100 SMEs, standing for approx. 37% of the total number of the organisations coordinated surface transport- and aeronautics research projects. The weight of the SMEs coordinating projects approved of for financing under PN II (2007-2013), [Fig. 4-11] a number of 59 SMEs, reaching to approx. 35% of the total number of the organisations coordinating transport research projects. The involvement of an ever growing number of SMEs in the research activity, as well as the efforts to participate in and co-finance research projects show that the SME sector, on the whole, has reached a new development stage.
An eloquent example of SME having allocated considerable private resources for transport research projects is MBTelecom Bucharest (www.mbtelecom.ro). Major projects in transport:
Improving security of the North, East and South Romanian Border designing and
installing a national system for automatic detection of targeted vehicles using our own license plate recognition engine and automatic traffic flow management, by automatic control of intelligent barriers and traffic lights.
Design and production in partnership with Rapiscan Systems four units of Mobile
Imaging System for trucks and containers screening: 3 units for Romanian Customs and 1 unit for Latvian Customs.and 3 D X Ray technology equipment for luggage screening.
National monitoring system for automatic data recording, integrating 65 traffic
data collection sites, provided to National Company Motorways and National Roads. MBTechnology has been awarded The Grand Prix of the 37th International Exhibition of Inventions of Geneva with the congratulations of the jury for its revolutionary automated gamma ray scanner, ROBOSCAN 1M A truck- and van- scanning system was awarded the WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation) prize [4] Other example for a research private company is the National Research & Development Institute for Turbo engines COMOTI-INCDT COMOTI (www.comoti.ro) It is the only specialised unit in Romania integrating the activities of scientific research, design, production, experimenting, technological transfer and innovation in the field of aviation turbo engines (42 invention patents; 10 patents application registered at OSIM). The international acknowledgement of INCDT COMOTI professional competitiveness was materialised through: - The award of a significant number of medals and diplomas at the international invention salons from Genve and Brussels as well as at the Inventika Salon 2009. - The institute participation in seven European projects of wide scope under FP5 and FP6 (SILENCE,CoJeN, METHOD, VITAL, ABRANEW, XNOISE 2) All these projects were financed by European Commission in partnership with ANCS and INCDT COMOTI. [28] [29] [30] Some private companies will call upon research centres to modernise existing products, develop new products or expand production capabilities. Examples below show some scientific work made via commercial contracts between the Transport research design and consulting Centre from the Politehnica University Bucharest, Faculty of Transports. Research projects achieved through direct contracts with private beneficiaries Table 4-7 No Name of the project 1 Overall project for a public transport system adapted to the mobility requirements of the population in Ilfov District (Beneficiary Ilfov District Council, 2006) 2 The railway data basis (Beneficiary Luis Berger Ltd., 2007) 3 The airport data basis (Beneficiary Luis Berger Ltd., 2007) 4 Traffic services (Beneficiary SWARCO Romania SRL ,2008) 5 Traffic services (Beneficiary SWARCO Romania SRL ,2009) 6 Sustainable transport solutions in order to ensure Petrom employees mobility, contract (Beneficiary PETROM S.A. Company, 2009) 7 Traffic study for the passenger district transport (Beneficiary University of Craiova and Dolj District Council, 2009)
5. National Transport Researchers

5.1. National Researcher Links
ANCS currently monitors 31 technological platforms at the national level, based on public-private partnerships among which are sea transport and aeronautics. In Romania, several Working Groups are made up and currently operating. They are aimed at taking counsel with the main actors in the line of Transport in a certain thematic area (Naval transport Integrated Maritime Policy - IMP; urban transport project FP7 LINK; Intelligent Transport Systems ITS Romania etc) At the national level, only a technological platform in the Transport field has been created so far: RO Waterborne Romanian Technological Maritime Platform. This technological platform was set up and financially supported (during the period 20062008) from public funds, under a CEEX project, Module III. At present, the RO Waterborne platform is exclusively funded from private funds, having the National Romanian Ship Builders Association - ANCONAV as its main supporter. SAVAT Advanced systems for road vehicles and transport is an interdisciplinary training and research platform organised at the Transilvania University in Braov in the Mechanical Engineering Faculty. The platform is made up based on the strategy elaborated by the European Road Transport Research Advisory Council (ERTRAC) in December 2004 which defines the strategic targets to be reached within the European Union, by 2020, in the following research and development trends: mobility, transport and infrastructure; environment, energy and resources; safety and security of the passenger and goods transport; designproduction- and quality assurance systems. Intelligent Transport Systems Romania- ITS Romania (http://its-romania.ro) it is an apolitical, patrimonial, non-governmental and not-profit organization, which aim is to encourage, promote, support, co-ordinate, implement and integrate Intelligent Transport Systems in Romania. Intelligent Transport Systems is applied to all transportation modes (road, railway, air, maritime and inland waters, public). Intelligent Transport Systems promotion in Romania to: improve the traffic safety; increase the mobility; minimize the impact on the environment; ensure the interoperability and integration in the European transport networks; efficiently manage the entire transport process. Members: transport network administrators; Vehicle and telematic equipment constructors; Research and consulting institutes; Representatives of the Hauliers and Civil Society; Universities and Training Centres; Over 60 individual experts. ITS Romania has created the National Network of Research and Development Centres in the field of ITS (RECITS). The Romanian Association for Technological Transfer AroTT (www.ipacv.ro/arott) is the non-governmental and non-profit professional association of units in the field of technological transfer and innovation. The association is aimed at promoting and protecting the innovative business milieu in Romania, fostering its members professional- and commercial interests, as well as at strengthening their professional authority and social prestige against the background of sustainable regional development. Romanian Union of Public Transport URTP (www.urtp.ro) is an independent, non governmental and apolitical organisation, developing non profit activities in the public transport area. It also represents the employers' association in this field of activity. The
project ,,An European Network to Support the Sustainable Surface Transport SMEs Star-net Transport is an innovative action with all the key ingredients to be successful in its goal of promoting larger SMEs participation in SST EC research activities."URTP participated in several EC funded European project partnerships concerning the sustainable development. The Association of Railway Engineers in Romania A.I.F.R. (www.aifr.ro) is a professional organisation, fully autonomous, non-governmental, apolitical, and with nonprofit activity. As members of the association are engineers from the railway societies, companies and undertakings, from the rolling stock and equipments supplying and repairing companies, from researching and projecting companies, from technical universities.
5.2. International Researcher Links

Romania was one of the first EU member states to have ensured the legal framework for the implementation of the scientific visa, by transposing into the national legislation the measures decided on through Directive 2005/71/CE referring to the specific procedure for the admission of third party countries citizens with a view to developing scientific research activities over a period of time longer than three months. Romania is a founder member of Clean Sky, where it participates through a consortium made up of 2 research institutes and 2 airplane works. Also, Romania takes part in the Joint Technology Initiative for Aeronautics. Romania is represented in 4 of the European technological platforms in the line of transports: EIRAC European Intermodal Research Advisory Council WATERBORNE Technology Platform (supported by ACMARE Advisory Council): ERTRAC European Road Transport Research Advisory Council: ACARE: Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europa: In the ERRAC technological platform (European Rail Research Advisory Council): Romania has no members yet. It is worth mentioning the National Research Development Institute for Turbo Engines COMOTI (INCDT COMOTI) Bucharest, which contributes to forming up the European excellence network X3-Noise, under the leadership of SNECMA Company France INCAS, too, is a member of EREA European Research Establishments in Aeronautics, an association joining together the most important research strategic infrastructures in aeronautics; ARG Aeronautical Research Group, an organisation joining together the main entities capable of developing and integrating civilian and military aeronautical products, and aiming at a joint policy regarding the research place and role in the context of aeronautics development worldwide. The Calculation Technique Institute (ITC) represents Romania in the Management Committee of the action Real-Time Monitoring, Surveillance and Control of Road Networks under Adverse Weather Conditions under the intergovernmental framework programme for European co-operation in science and technology in the line of transport and urban development, COST TU 0702. From the overall data available we can deduct that some research organisations mainly involved in transport research were also involved in linkage programs and thus their transport researchers benefited from such programs.
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6. National Transport Research Centres

With a view to an efficient concentration and utilisation of the research potential existing in various specialty areas, MECTS acts mainly by: - stimulating the set-up of research networks at the national level, particularly in relevant areas for the European research space and their connection with the networks from the other European countries - supporting the collaboration between universities and research institutions. The programmes included into the National Research Plan support the forming/ development of the research labs networks, finance the purchase of lab equipment and instruments, support the training of the young researchers willing to get involved in lab research work. Funding of the research activity within the research centres is effected based on contracts from: the state budget contracts concluded with the Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport, other collaborators, based on the results obtained following the submission of projects under the national competitions within the Research Programmes other sources contracts concluded based on orders received from direct beneficiaries of the result outputs. The National Technological Transfer and Innovation Network ReNITT a network of specialised institutions for technological transfer and innovation currently includes 51 specific entities: - technological transfer centres, - technological information centres, - technological and business incubators - 4 scientific and technological parks located in various regions of the country. The Technological Transfer Centre - MASTER-TT Bucharest operates within SC MASTER SA Bucharest authorisation domain: motor vehicle parts industry; A Technological- and Business Incubator (CPRUITA) operates within the Politehnica University of Bucharest authorisation domain: automatics, IT and communications, mechanical engineering and transport. Below is an example of a research centre in the line of surface transport, featuring outstanding expertise and results. 6.1 TRANSPORT RESEARCH DESIGN AND CONSULTING CENTRE Operates in the Transports Faculty within the Politehnica University of Bucharest Areas of expertise: Solutions to reliable infrastructures (railways, roads, waterways, terminals etc.), with lowest possible maintenance requirements and low social costs Higher transport safety and security, Intermodal transport systems / technologies in order to restrict traffic external effects and to reduce resource consumption,
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Integrated logistics (technological, supply, distribution) and reverse logistics combining technologies referring to transport, handling, warehousing/ storing, conditioning, packing, marketing, manufacture, recycling, Systems of transport quality management, and of traffic monitoring and control, Solutions to reducing urban congestions as correlated with space structuring and life quality enhancement. Number of research contracts, during the period 20052009: 19, worth approx. 840.000 Euros (18 contracts funded out of national funds and 1 contract out of international funds) Selective List of the research contracts / grants funded out of the National Budget Transport research- design- and consulting centre Table 6-1 No Name of the project 1 Research works referring to transport service quality (Grant, 2000) 2 Sustainable transport an essential component of the 3rd millennium society Mathematic models, algorithms and calculation programmes with a view to Optimising freight distribution networks (Grant, 2001) 3 Sustainable transport an essential component of the 3rd millennium society Congestion limitation on the transport infrastructure elements by Optimising the investment policies (Grant, 2002) 4 Sustainable transport an essential component of the 3rd millennium society Integrated urban logistics and urban planning (Grant, 2003) 5 Research works referring to transport networks fiability evaluation (2004-2006) 6 CONSTANT concepts for lifelong learning to further increase safety on rail based transport systems (ASOSofiaAustrian Science And Research Liaison Office), (20062007) 7 Modelling of transport infrastructure development strategic decisions (Grant, 20062008) 8 Advanced systems for Optimising transport infrastructures utilisation (Grant, 20072008) The Centre also is involved in research projects with private beneficiaries. Centre Director Prof. PhD. Eng. Serban Raicu Member of the Commission which elaborated the Scientific Research Strategy for the period 20072013 (in this capacity, he elaborated the subject theme for the Transports and aeronautics area), Vice-president of the World Congress Scientific Committee CODATU XI, 22-24 April 2004, Member of the Monitoring Committee for the Transport Operational Sector programme 20072013, on behalf of the Politehnica University of Bucharest, Expert in the project awarded to the international companies Systra and Conrail with a view to the training of the top managers in the railway transport companies (2007, 2008), Founder member of the Technical Sciences Academy of Romania and President of the Transports Engineering Department, Within the European Technical Studies Academy of EURO-CASE (The European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering) in charge of the preparation of the
paper Transport and Mobility- Formation and training from working people to world-class graduate draft 1- 26.04.2010, Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the International Conference TRASPORTATION AND LAND-USE INTERACTION-TRANSLU08, organised by CCPCT within the Transports, Traffic and Logistics Department, Organiser of the International Symposium of the Romanian Engineers from Everywhere - SINGRO 2008 Transports and urban planning Number of researchers: 15 Existing Collaborations Research, Counselling, Education, Technology transfer Papers produced: 4 ISI rated articles author Lecturer PhD. Eng. Florian Ghionea: a. General considerations about smoothing process in urban transport, b. Explicit model of a smoothing process in urban passenger transport, c. An optimization of a transport issue, d. Transport demand: bimodal repartition pattern CNCSIS acknowledged books: a. Economia transporturilor / Economy of transports, Politehnica Press Publishing House, 2009, author: Prof. PhD. Eng. Mihaela POPA, b.Transport urban. Fenomenul / Urban Transport: the phenomenon, MATRIX ROM Publishing House, 2009, author: Lecturer PhD. Eng. Florian Ghionea Books published in prestige international publishing houses: a. Innovation in city logistics, Nova Science Publishers, 2009, authors: Prof. PhD. Eng. erban Raicu, Prof. PhD. Eng. Popa Mihaela, Dorinela Costescu Invitations to prestige universities: University of Zagreb, Prof. PhD. Eng. Mihaela Popa Invited lecturer in 2007. Below is an example of an Aeronautics research centre with outstanding expertise and results in the line of research. 6.2 AERONAUTICS AND SPACE RESEARCH CENTRE (CCAS) CCAS operates in the Aerospace Engineering Faculty within the Politehnica University of Bucharest, domain: Flows aerodynamics and mechanics, Aircraft automation, Aerospace flight dynamics Areas of expertise Aerodynamic- propulsion- and integrated control systems, structure design. Flow simulation and aerodynamic optimisation, vehicle transport modelling and wind propellers. Modern lubrication systems and applications in the aero spatial field; Analysis and design of thermo hydraulic systems in the aero spatial field; Aerospace propelling means; Aircraft dynamics, flight simulation and control;
Avionics, aviation sensors and actuators; Automatic flight control; Air traffic management; Projects dedicated to aircrafts type UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) the achievement of which can present a possible economic risk; Projects dedicated to spatial technologies, the achievement of which can lay the premises of the participation in European programmes. Number of research contracts, during the period 2005-2009: 46 contracts funded out of national funds, amounting to approx. 1.200.000 Euros. Selective List of the research contracts /grants funded from the National Budget Aeronautics and Space Research Centre (CCAS) Table 6-2 No Name of the project 1 Vector for launching small-dimension satellites on low orbit, subsystem development, non-conventional fuels, partnerships 2 Mobile system for fire fighting in open spaces, partnerships 3 Achievement and validation of a system of calculation programmes for the air ships aero flexible analysis, partnerships 4 Integrated system for crisis situation detection prevention and warning and interventions in extreme risk events, partnerships 5 Singular Control and Stability in Dynamical Systems (CONSTAD) 6 Advanced solutions for modelling the laminar-turbulent transition 7 Numerical and experimental models and modern solutions referring to flows around aerodynamic configurations of practical interest 8 Theoretical studies and experimental research of conventional untypical catalytic during combustion of powders for aerospace propulsion SYSTEMS IDEI_1897 Number of researchers: 10 Existing Collaborations Research, Counselling, Education, Technology transfer Papers produced: 31 ISI rated articles: Application of the amplitude reduction, Journal of Tribology impact factor: 1,54, authors: Moraru, L., Keith JR., T.G.; Specified discharge velocity models for numerical simulations of laminar vortex rings, theoretical and computational fluid dynamics, impact factor: 2,42, authors: Dnil I. , Vdean C. , Dnil S.; Markovian jump delayed Hopfield networks with multiplicative noise, automatic IFAC and impact factor: 3,178, authors: Stoica, Adrian-Mihail, Yaesh, Isaac CNCSIS acknowledged books: 21, ex.: Flow dynamics in turbulent state, Constantinescu VN, Danaila S, Galetuse S. Editura Academiei Romane / Romanian Academy Publishing House, 2008; Non-steady aerodynamics, Horia Dumitrescu, Vladimir Cardos, Florin Frunzulica, Alexandru Dumitrache - Editura Academiei Romane / Romanian Academy Publishing House, 2007
6.3 Renault Technolgie Roumaine (RTR) stands for an over 100 million Euros worth investment of Renault Group in research in Romania. This is a first stage, and the investment is to increase as the centre develops. RTR has gone into partnership with various research institutes from Romania, and also collaborates with universities in Romania. Several Romanian universities are currently providing a Vehicle Engineering Master training programme. Transport research should focus on: Developing and promoting clean products and technologies for vehicles, increasing the energy efficiency of the means of transport and reducing polluting effects Developing products and technologies in order to build a reliable infrastructure (railways, roadways, navigable channels, terminals etc.) featuring as low as possible maintenance and low social costs, thus contributing to higher transport safety and security Research referring to advanced materials for modern means of transports Development of intermodal transport systems / technologies aimed at restricting traffic external effects and reducing resource consumption Integrated supply; technological; distribution logistics, as well as reverse logistics integrating transport; handling; storing; conditioning; packing; marketing; fabrication and recycling technologies Transport quality management- and traffic monitoring- and control systems Solutions to reducing traffic congestion in urban agglomerations as correlated with urban planning and life quality enhancing
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7. Romanias involvement in European projects

7.1. General Overview on the Romania Participation in EU Projects
Strengths The Romanian entities participation in FP7 outnumbers by far the participation in FP5 and FP6. Favourites are still the former participants in projects under FP5 and FP6, EUREKA, NATO, COST, as they are familiar with the procedures, understand the mechanisms involved, and are close to the ideas and the working modality of the EU coordinators with whom they previously worked under the respective projects. There is a growing participation from the business area, while the academic share is lower and lower, as the consortiums including partners pertaining to the non-academic milieu are preferred. To be noted the participation of the actors outside the research milieu, such as IT companies, municipalities or local transport companies. Also, the success rate is much higher for certain themes, such as transport, yet much lower for other priorities, such as IT or the environment. The coordinators of such projects are the municipalities of Iasi (ARCHIMDES project) and Craiova (MODERN project), in collaboration with the Transport Companies Iai and Craiova, respectively. [7] ARCHIMEDES and MODERN projects are EU- co-financed through CIVITAS INITIATIVE. Weaknesses The Romanian researchers participation is generally limited to their position as partners, and only very rarely as projects co-ordinators. At the same time, there is a tendency to propose national themes and issues, of a local impact, while only European or at least regional themes and projects are funded. Project ARCHIMEDES is presented under chapter 7.2, considering the project wide scope, the partnership complexity and the high project value. The project is also to be noted for its economic- and social impact on a large community (over 300.000 inhabitants) an important cultural- and university centre. Project CESAR is presented under chapter 7.3, considering its relevance and major impact in the European aeronautics sector.
7.2. Project: "Achieving Real CHange with Innovative transport MEasures Demonstrating Energy Savings
Acronym: ARCHIMEDES Programme FP7- of EU Theme: 5 Energy, Theme: 7 Transport.
7.2.1. Description
CIVITAS PLUS initiative a better and cleaner urban transport, within the 7th EU Research Programme, has identified eight categories of measures as the underlying blocks in developing an integrated strategy. ARCHIMEDES is an integrating project, bringing together 6 European cities to address problems and opportunities for creating environmentally sustainable, safe and energy efficient transport systems in medium sized urban areas.
The city of Iai, as a leading city, is part of a consortium together with Aalborg (Denmark), Brighton (Great Britain), San Sebastian (Spain) leading cities, Monza (Italy), Usti nad Labem (Czekia) - learning cities participating in such an integrated project.
7.2.2. Romanian Partner

The IASI city site is represented through the partnership including the Municipality of Iai, the Public Transport Company, and the Technical University Gheorghe Asachi- Iai.
7.2.3. Objectives
The objective of ARCHIMEDES is to introduce innovative, integrated and ambitious strategies for clean, energy-efficient, sustainable urban transport to achieve significant impacts in the policy fields of energy, transport, and environmental sustainability.
7.2.4. Value/Budget
The total budget of the project for Iasi site is approximately 4.700.000 Euros, out of which, approx. 55% stand for the non-repayable funding granted by the European Commission. http://www.civitas-initiative.org/city_sheet.phtml?id=84&lan=en
7.3.
Project Cost-Effective Small AiRcraft
Acronym: CESAR Programme FP6 - of EU Theme: 7 Transport.
7.3.1. Description
CESAR focuses on small-size commercial aircraft providing manufacturers with an enhanced ability needed to become fully competitive in the world market. The objective is to build up a new development concept for this aircraft category and to improve selected technologies enabling a significant reduction of the time-to-market and lowering the overall development, operation and maintenance costs, while considering safety, passenger comfort and environmental impact. The project consists of five RTD areas sufficiently covering the complexity of the aircraft design process, namely aerodynamic and structural design, propulsion integration, aircraft system optimisation and design integration aspects. Validation is carried out on two levels: a) at the task level (hardware platforms), b) at the project level (two baseline a/c configurations for assessment and trade offs).
7.3.2. Romanian Partner

The National Institute of Aerospace Research "ELIE CARAFOLI" - INCAS is the only company in Romania which develops a research activity on the whole cycle, starting from the main basic oriented research, going on with the applied research and finishing with the technological development and the implementation of the obtained production results.
7.3.3. Objectives
The project work and particular achievements are recorded in more than 300 technical
reports (deliverables) available for CESAR participants and on request for potential external users. Eight technical results are protected by patents. General Objectives: Time to market reduction by 2 years Development cost reduction by 20% Reduction of manufacturing and assembly costs by 16% Propulsion unit efficiency and affordability Optimization of selected aircraft systems HUMS (Health and Usage Monitoring System)
7.3.4. Impact
The CESAR project work was successfully accomplished (February 2010). The project brought technical achievements and extensive new knowledge to the European General Aviation sector. The communication between CESAR and other EU Framework projects having complementary content was also widely ensured. Training activities in individual tasks were tailored to serve to both CESAR participants and potential external users. Eight technical results are protected by patents. Other results, which were not so closeto market, have been published in specialised journals and presented at conferences. There were about 50 publications in total. The Plan for Dissemination of Results contains 177 items briefly describing nature of individual results and the way of their exploitation, dissemination or protection. http://www.cesar-project.eu/
7.3.5. Value/Budget
Total Value: 1.422.750 Euros, from witch: EU: 720.000 Euros MECTS (ANCS) - Romania: 355.688 Euros
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8. Synthesis of Results
8.1. General Analysis of Romanias Transport Research Data
[Fig. 8-1] shows the distribution over years of the transport research projects allowed for funding during the period 2000-2010. Note the significant increase in the number of projects allowed for funding, alongside the release of PN II, in 2007. The funding related problems arise against the background of the drastic funding cuts and the economic crisis effects have put an end to the competition Calls through PN II., the only projects allowed for funding being those originating from SOP IEC Calls.
Fig 8-1 Dynamic of national transport research projects (Admitted for funding between 2000-2010)
Source: [Desk research InteCo]-The selection of the projects conducted under PNII (2007-2013) information published in the following web pages was used (see [20]; [21]; [22]; [23]; [24];[25];[26]; [27]; [33]; [34]; [35]; [36]; [37]; [38]; [39] in the References)
[Fig. 8-2] shows the distribution of R&D projects conducted during the period 2000-2010, according to transport modes. To be noted, with one exception, at the beginning of the reference period, that the road transport-related research projects have the biggest share, followed by those in the aeronautic (20%) and rail (19%) fields, respectively.
Figure 8-2 Dynamic of transport research national projects vs. modes of transport (Admitted for funding between 20002010)
Source: [Desk research InteCo]-The selection of the projects conducted under PNII (2007-2013) information published in the following web pages was used (see [20]; [21]; [22]; [23]; [24];[25];[26]; [27]; [33]; [34]; [35]; [36]; [37]; [38]; [39] in the References)
Fig. 8-3 Distribution of the national transport research projects vs. action types (admitted for funding between 2000-2010)
Fig. 8-4 Romanias participation in transport projects under EU Programmes, during the period 2000-2010
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Fig 8-5 Distribution of transport research projects carried out through National research programmes and through EU programmes
8.2. National Research Highlights

8.2.1. Road Highlight
The number of road vehicles in traffic during the period 20062008 registered a 27,5% rise. Consequently, traffic safety features a higher degree of risk, with a dramatic 60% increase in the number of accidents and casualties over the same period. The out of control development of road transport volume will entail, in the absence of any modalities of optimisation and of any significant improvements in terms of motorisation, a continuous degradation, mainly of the air quality. A lower negative impact may be reached only through a holistic approach to the issue, from the technological improvement of the means of transport to new runways. On the other hand, the Romanian Road Transporters National Union (UNTRR) require the Romanian authorities to ensure the implementation and putting into operation an Info Traffic system in Romania. Such a solution to include RDS (Radio Data Systems) information is necessary for the road transport operators to properly carry on their activity. Road transport related strategy is mainly aimed at completing the Northern section of the priority axis TEN-T 7 (NdlacConstana). The beneficiary institutions elaborated a portfolio of 7 major projects 1,57 thousand million Euros worth, out of which 2 major projects were contracted, 123, 5 million Euros worth. We are presenting, in what follows, a relevant example of a project on mobility and sustainable city development: Project: Intelligent techniques for urban traffic modelling, -analysis and optimization TIME-OUT (http://router.indinf.pub.ro/timeout/) Coordinator: University Politehnica of Bucharest Partners: UTI SYSTEMS S.A. and QNET International S.R.L. Funding organization: METCS; ANCS, Funding: Programme-PNII(20072013)-Programe 4 -,,Partnership; Total funding level: over 620000Euros. Period:18.09.2007 18.02.2012 Summary:
The project is aimed at motor vehicle traffic decongestion in the big cities (a main case study: Bucharest) by adapting the traffic-light cycle duration to the concrete on-site conditions, granting right-of-way to certain vehicle types (the public transport provided by RATB the Bucharest Transport Company) and providing guidance to drivers regarding the selection of alternative routes. Each of these procedures has been or already is applied in various urban contexts, and the specific approach the present project aims at is to efficiently join them together into a hybrid holistic-type system starting from a joint modelling support, so that various system classes should have their interoperability characteristic at a formal level. The research output shall be presented as a decision-making support system (SSD) able to provide consultancy to the traffic system operators and to recommend the most efficiency traffic.
8.2.2. Rail Highlight

A major railway transport related objective for Romania during the period 2007-2013 is to keep its balance on the transport market, by maintaining 25% out of the total freight transport and 35% out of the total passenger transport. Considering that goods railway transport tends to increase its market share by enhancing its attractiveness and competitiveness degree, particularly as compared to road transport, as a result of a higher speed and higher-quality services, railway infrastructure modernisation and development aim at its interoperability along the priority Axis TEN-T 22 and at improving railway transport service quality by increasing the maximum operation speed to 160 km/h for passenger trains and to 120 km/h for freight trains. Other objectives foreseen are keeping the rail transport market share as to passenger transport, increasing the degree of safety and reducing the transport time. A portfolio of 5 major projects, 1,52 thousand million Euros worth, has been prepared so far. Out of these, 4 major projects aim at the rehabilitation of 242,9 km, which exceeds the target value of 180 km inter-operable TEN-T railway as foreseen in POS Transport. A portfolio of 3 projects 257 million Euros worth was prepared. The 3 projects aim at the rehabilitation / modernization of a total number of 21 railway stations, exceeding the target foreseen in the strategy, namely 18 stations rehabilitated/modernized by 2015. [14] We are presenting, in what follows, a relevant project in the field of rolling stock, having in view the integration of solutions aimed at passengers comfort and safety, as well as at energy efficiency and environment protection. Project: Modernized shunting locomotive SIMDLOC (http://simdloc.integralconsulting.ro/) Coordinator: S.C. Integral Consulting R&D Bucharest (SME) Partners: S.C. REMARUL ,,16 Februarie S.A. - Cluj Napoca (Company) and The National Railway Freight Company, "CFR Marfa"- S.A. (National railway operator) Funding organization: METCS; ANCS, Funding Programme:PNII(20072013) -Programe 5 ,,Innovation; Total funding level: over 340000Euros. Period: 24.09.2007 31.03.2010; Own Funding 46,27 % Summary: Integral Consulting R&D Bucharest -1st place in 2007 Competition of Program 5. INNOVATION 2007 under the National Research- Development- Innovation Plan. The modernization package integrated on LDH 1250 HP- type shunting locomotive features some of the most spectacular applications for vehicles (radio remote control, automatic coupling etc.), special and specific protections (wheel slip / -skid control, electropneumatic braking), modern product management systems (equipping with several on-board controllers), locomotive operation- and maintenance works optimization
at lower costs by implementing a new computer-assisted technology, while providing solutions to such challenging issues as those referring to ergonomy, design and cab comfort. The package of original modernization solutions integrated on the shunting locomotive is not to be found on any other locomotive in Romania. Integral Consulting R&D is the only integrator in Eastern Europe to have developed, tested and validated such products. Integral Consulting R&D submitted their application to the State Patent Office for the issue of a Patent entitled LDH 1250 HP diesel hydraulic locomotiveintegrated system for radio remote control operation. Based on the advantages proven during the operation, the project has been multiplied. 8 shunting locomotives modernized by Integral Consulting R&D are currently in service at ArcelorMITTAL Galai Steel Works part of the biggest world player on the metallurgy market, and operate failure- safe, without any incidents / accidents having been signalled out.
8.2.3. Aeronautic Highlight

Air transport in Romania connects the big cities in Romania, passenger traffic being reduced as compared to other European countries. In 2008, air traffic reached to approximately 600 million EUR and 9,1 million passengers for the 17 airports in Romania. Out of the 9,1 million, 2,5 million passengers made use of the low-cost operators air traffic services. [15] Romania has always had good competences in aeronautics and holds a well defined place both in the history and, particularly, in the present of the European aviation industry. In Bucharest there are, at present, three aviation research institutes: the National Research Institute Turboengines Development COMOTI, the National Institute for Aerospace Research Elie Carafoli(INCA) and the Institute for Aero-Astronautic Structures Calculation and Experimenting STRAERO. The three research institutes operate in the fields of aviation material structure analysis and experimenting, flight control system analysis and test systems design and development (STRAERO), general aerodynamics, flight- and systems dynamics, spatial structures, aeroelasticity, strength of aeronautic materials and aerospace propulsion systems (INCAS), aviation turbine motors, energy and energy consumption efficiency, as well as environment greening (COMOTI). The Romanian institutes have participated and still do in European research aviation programmes: COSAECOM and ARPICAP (STRAERO), AVERT and CESAR (INCAS), SILENCE(R), JEAN, CoJeN, VITAL, X3NOISE, OPENAIR and TEENI (COMOTI), programmes which have allowed their collaboration and won their appreciation by prestige European- and world- renowned companies [17]. Air transport infrastructure modernisation and development aim at enhancing its efficiency and attractiveness for passengers, increasing the degree of utilisation of the existing capacities, as well as at providing efficient links with the main international airports, thus contributing to regional development promotion. A 74,6 million Euros worth financing scheme was developed, aimed at the rehabilitation/modernisation of up to 7 airports by 2015. We are presenting in what follows, a relevant example a relevant project in the aeronautics field. Project: Intelligent system for monitoring and directing traffic with aerial robotic platform - SIMPAR (http://cceei.energ.pub.ro/simpar/identificare.html) Coordinator: Academy of Scientists from Romania Partners: University Politehnica of Bucharest, Selectron Software and Automation S.R.L. Bucharest,S.C. Prooptica S.A Bucharest, S.C Seektron SRL Ploiesti and S.C.Mirsand SRL. Brasov (SMEs), Chamber Of Commerce and Industry of Bucharest, University of Pitesti, University Stefan cel Mare Suceava.
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Funding organization: METCS; ANCS, Funding Programme: PNII (20072013)Programe 4 Partnership, Total funding level: over 475000Euros. Summary: The SIMPAR project deals with issues emergency services through the country use of UAVs in Traffic monitoring systems and in the infrastructure of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS); thanks to its ability to provide (low-cost and high efficiency) real time video quality images on an area of interest expanded.
8.2.4. Waterborne Highlight

The development of waterways network in Romania is one of the priorities set and assumed at a national level referring to the development of waterborne transport infrastructures. The main objective in the line of water transport infrastructures is the development of a physical specialised and efficient infrastructure network, compatible with the European and international infrastructures able to support sustainable development. The sustainable modernisation and development of sea and river transport infrastructure aims at increasing the market share of this transport mode, increasing the volume of goods transported through the Romanian ports, making efficient use of the existing port infrastructure, consolidating the trade potential of Romanias sea and river ports, as well as at consolidating the geo-strategic position in the Black Sea and the Danube area, providing a safe, reliable and well integrated infrastructure with the trans-European transport network (TEN-T), in order to set up a steady basis for promoting free access, as well as a reliable and safe traffic of passengers, goods and services. In June 2009, the European Council asked the European Commission to elaborate the European Union Strategy for the Danube Region, by the end of 2010. At present, the main countries involved are those that are part of the Danube Cooperation Process (DCP): Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. The modernisation and development of the river transport infrastructure along the Priority Axis TEN-T 18 includes the Danube River, the Danube Black Sea Channel up to the Constana harbour, as well as Midia Poarta Alb Channel. A portfolio of 3 projects with a total worth of 114,2 million Euros have been prepared so far, out of which, a 19,9 million Euros worth project was approved. The implementation of these projects is aimed at increasing to up to 1 million river waterways passenger traffic by 2015, reaching a level of 115 million tons goods transported through harbours. An approximately 13,3 million Euros worth scheme has been also developed, aimed at enhancing the Danube harbours infrastructure. We are presenting in what follows, a relevant example of a traffic management project regarding the waterborne transport on the Danube and on Corridor VII, financed under the national research DI Programme. Project: New concepts; services and information architectures and traffic management of ships and inland transport; harmonized with European trends RIS-COSAR http://www.ris-cosar.pub.ro/ Coordinator: University Politehnica of Bucharest Partners: Romanian Organization for the Implementation of Intelligent Transportation Systems, International TeamNet, NC Maritime Ports Administration Constanta SA. Funding organization: METCS; Period: 01.10.2008 15.10.2011 Funding Programme: PN II (20072013)-Programe 4 Partnership, Total funding level: over 440000 Euros; Own Funding 18,4%
Summary: The main themes of the project are: Construction of two new services of information systems and traffic management of ships and inland transporter [domain known as RIS = European River Information Services]; which are not standardized or implemented at European level Development of the field development plan RIS during 2010-2020; as support for the strategic development of the field and foundation investment Development of the RIS concept; evidenced by: Guide Publishing RIS Dictionary RIS; RIS and dissemination of results do manual.
8.3. SWOT analysis

a) SWOT analysis of the transport infrastructure in Romania
Helpful to achieving the objective Strengths General Romania is an EU member state, with a good potential for rail and river connections to the member states and the Black Sea. Highly trained labour Harmful to achieving the objective Weaknesses General Because of its poor maintenance the infrastructure needs significant investments Lack of initiatives referring to intermodality. Uneven development of the infrastructure Insufficient capacity of absorbing and managing community funds. Road Private road freight and passengers services do not operate in many rural locations. The road network is underdeveloped, poorly maintained, thus a potential source of accidents Low density of the highway network, without any connections to EU, development regions or neighbouring states. Low road safety Rail Insufficient maintenance of the extended railway network. The level track crossings are in poor condition. Limited electrification of the railways Low investments in railway infrastructure maintenance having led to speed limiting. Obsolete rolling stock. River Lack of Inland harbours and waterways Low investments and maintenance of the sea and river harbour infrastructure. Depth- and width limited navigation on the Danube making up a natural barrier against motion.
Road Private road freight and passenger services are competitive and operate in a large number of main locations.
Rail Extended rail network.
River The Danube and the inland waterways ensure the potential for low freight cost, the development of intermodal container traffic and provide spare time facilities.
Sea Constana Harbour is the largest Black Sea harbour with a surface of 1,312 ha and 19 m deep.
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Opportunities As a result of its lying on the TEN-T and on the Pan-European Corridors, there is a remarkable potential for the development of the freight- and pleasure transport on the Danube, Development potential for the multimodal and combined transport for transit, international and home traffic. Development potential for freight and passenger road-railway and air transport due to the extended present infrastructure. Development of business and pleasure trips in all the towns and districts. Economic growth potential in all the regions Financial allowances for the transport sector development in Romania via the Sectoral Operational Programme Transports for the period 2007 2013. Opportunity to offer low cost transport solutions for transport to the Black Sea neighbouring countries Potential to develop an environmentally friendly and efficient waterway transport network on the Danube river
Threats Slow to fall in line with EU regulations and standards. Unless the transport infrastructure from Romania is significantly improved with service standards and attractive costs, there is the risk that the transit could be directed towards other competing routes from the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Hungary. Unless railway services are improved, there will be a significant drop railway transport demand Lack of political support for the development of all means of transport according to their strategic priority Lack of national co-funding which will potentially delay ongoing projects Lack of sufficiently experienced national contractors and suppliers which currently cannot face the development needs of the transport network
SWOT analysis conclusions Home transport does not feature sufficient capacity for freights and passengers, particularly during certain time intervals. Transport infrastructure in Romania is not sufficiently developed and requires important investments in order to reach the European standards. Access to TEN-T, as well as to the Eastern and South-Eastern routes is limited and difficult, as a result of the low transport capacity of the inadequate highway infrastructure quality and of the old national roads structure. Romanias location along the North-South and Europe-Asia transit axes stresses the importance of a developed infrastructure. New unrestricted access to the Black Sea and the Danube River is an opportunity and a reason to enhance freight and leisure waterborne transport.
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b) SWOT analysis for the transport research system in Romania

Helpful to achieving the objective Strengths Romania is an EU member state. The existence of unique and clear objectives in the Research-Development-Innovation field is mirrored in the national policies and enhances the visibility of these policies in the internal political life, lending weight to the Research-Development-Innovation activity at the time of making a decision in point of budgetary funding. There is a high potential for development of innovative products and technologies Low cost of highly trained workforce Prevailingly competitive funding of research programmes The companies are willing to invest resources (particularly financial resources) aided by funds from the Sectoral Operational Programme Increase in Economic Competitiveness There are relatively many SMEs participating and co-funding transport RDI projects. Harmful to achieving the objective Weaknesses Although there was a time when the national economy developed at a high annual average pace, the R&D expenses did not register a matching increase, so that their share in the GDP continued to be very low (0,4% of the GDP). Absence of the necessary mechanisms and tools for a rapid research capitalisation The links between the public and the private sector, as well as their connections with the academic world are still weak. A weak correlation between ResearchDevelopment-Innovation policy and the policy in industry transports etc. There are no specific mechanisms designed to encourage and support participation in EU programs; additionally, SMEs are in many cases disappointed by a high number of bureaucratic aspects and are not encouraged to use EU funds for their development. In this sense, it appears that participation in European programmes is only carried out by the particular efforts of participants. Lack of initiative of the Romanian researchers in approaching European projects in a capacity of leaders, limiting themselves to participate as partners. Threats Lack of awareness at the level of the political class and of the society as a whole, as to R&D-Innovation vital importance for Romanias economic and social development Lack of co-ordination among the various sector policies with implications in the R&DInnovation sector development There is a risk of maintaining a certain breach between the private and the public sector interests and thus of blocking the mutually potentiating circle of the two pillars of R&D-Innovation resources The chronic lack of funding of the R&DInnovation system will lead to a continuous fragmenting and decrease of human resources, while maintaining the gap keeping it apart from the European research.
Opportunities UE makes available structural funds aimed particularly to the R&D-Innovation activity. The requirement referring to ensuring cofinancing from the state, which receives structural funds, automatically triggers the national policy makers awareness of the importance of R&D-Innovation role in economy and society. Synergies with other EU innovation related funding (e.g. CIP, FP, ERDF, etc.) Interest in clean and low energy consumption vehicle technologies, as well as in alternatives fuels. Internal grant funding Opportunity of the business milieu development as a result of building scientific industrial parks and business incubators Increase of SME sector dynamics The collaboration programmes in the research area allow for know-how transfer, as well as for the gradual integration of the researchers and research institutions into international excellence network.
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A rigorous analysis of the education, research and innovation status in Romania in 2010 and adopting new policies and investment models are a necessity. From the recent analysis of the university research status several important conclusions were drawn: An acute lack of predictability of the funding through public funds both on short and medium term, but only partially explained by the unfavourable overall economic condition. The competitive distribution of most available funding is seen as important but with little chance to actually be aggregated at a national strategic level Reduced applicability of research results in various economic practices
From the several arguments and interpretations that support these conclusions, one is of immediate importance and requires fast implementation of corrective policies: several research fields face major risks to diminish their own developing potential and this implies negative impacts upon other research fields and upon the national development potential.
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9. Recommendations
For Romania to face the huge challenges of the years to come, research and innovation policies support is of paramount importance. Steps required to be taken in order to improve transport research in Romania: 1. Research institutions consolidation Research institutions consolidation is essential in order to stimulate businesses in investing in researchdevelopment in Romania and shall be aimed at: Implementing mechanisms through which options may be efficiently made as to setting up and financing research infrastructures. Developing a coherent and stable legal framework in order to facilitate the joint design and application in partnership of new forms of research infrastructures of local, regional and national interest. Perfecting policies and legislation in order to foster the private sector to invest more in the research infrastructures. Developing research infrastructures based on the agenda of the European Strategic Forum for research infrastructures and on the agendas of the national programmes - Taking the necessary steps for the elaboration of: a) principles referring to the research autonomy and management by research units; b) joint criteria referring to the financing and evaluation of the research units, particularly of universities, by laying greater stress on the connections outside the academic world as well as to the factors connected with results and performances. Concentrating and specialising activities in order to set up competitive excellence centres at the international scale and a dense network of universities and public research bodies. Fostering competitiveness among the research teams in order to get grants to the benefit of the best projects at European standard. Elaborating regulations in order to facilitate the setting up of public private partnerships Encouraging research actors to set up virtual research centres and jointly contribute structures which will allow a regrouping of research management capacities from several institutions. Fostering to a larger extent, as a state initiative, the setting up of pan-European virtual research communities which may fully capitalise on the potential of the calculation information and communication infrastructures. 2. Access to information Know-how acquiring, dissemination and capitalisation should be at the core of the research system. Access to the know-how acquired within the public research and its utilisation by businesses and decision makers shall particularly be a high priority with the decision makers in the national research system, in which information could circulate, unhindered at all the society levels. 3. Optimising research related programmes and priorities
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As it can be noticed, transport research importance has been periodically minimised lately, until currently turned into a mere lesser objective to be sporadically traced within other fields of interest. Consequently, we deem it extremely important that transport should come again into focus as a major objective with the Romanian scientific research, which should entail the development of a special programme entirely dedicated to this sector, adequately financed both from national and international (public and private) sources. In the medium term, a new approach could be considered in order to set up and apply joint research programmes based on societys requirements and aspirations. This approach would feature as follows: - variable configurations according to priorities, competences and types of participation of the parties involved; - flexible financing mechanisms joining together, as need be, subsidies and fiscal incentives in favour of the businesses participation, as well as further instruments such as pre-commercial public order of the R&D services; - identifying the themes to be jointly scheduled at the EU scale. The following criteria shall be considered: to what extent the respective measure is in compliance with a European or world challenge and is accurate enough for clear and realistic objectives to be set up and followed; to what extent the theme adds obvious value as related to the research already financed through national and community public funds; to what extent the participating parties at a regional national and European scale, as well as possibly the private sector, alongside the scientific communities and the financing agents, were drawn in; to what extent the jointly elaborated theme makes it possible for the outputs of a high-quality public research to be turned to good account for the citizens. 4. A single open market for the researchers: Actual application of the Researchers European Chart and of the Code of Conduct for researchers recruitment. Guarantee of an open and transparent researchers recruitment based on competition by granting institutions total freedom as to recruitment and by adopting the best practices in order to acknowledge the diplomas from other countries. Ensuring total transparency as to the researcher selection and promotion procedures, Compulsiveness of on-line publication of all the researcher vacant positions financed through public funds. Development of the European dimension of research careers, of the opportunities of going ahead, particularly through a transnational opening of available jobs, elimination of institutional and national barriers, providing the researchers larger financing opportunities, the utilisation of research grants beyond the country in which they were granted. An EU common research career definition. Setting up a European joint framework as to the researchers social security (ensuring compliance with the social security regulations, improving pension rights transfer). Attracting young talent by ensuring real equal opportunities concurrently with capitalising on the expertise and the know-how of the researchers at the end of their career to consultancy and training.
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Enhanced researchers geographical mobility both within EU (jointly setting up international scholarships) and beyond EU (developing mutual research networks), as well as enhanced interSect Lack of co-ordination among the various sector policies with
implications in the R&D-Innovation sector development There is a risk of maintaining a certain breach between the private and the public sector interests and thus of blocking the mutually potentiating circle of the two pillars of R&DInnovation resources
or mobility (between universities and the research units, as well as between the academic milieus and the business world. Prevention of the highly trained researchers from leaving the less developed countries in point of R&D for the more advanced ones by guaranteeing large prospects as to their careers and by providing attractive work conditions. In conclusion, there is no optimum pattern for organising research. Each national system has its own specific character according to its historical and cultural heritage. Specific national systems integration into a joint area does not mean the convergence of the organisation patterns which, does not rule out enhanced transparency and adopting joint practices so that an efficient coordination is allowed. The closeness, at an institutional level, between the research bodies and the universities, as well as the promotion of the innovation poles will render the national systems for research organisations more transparent than those of other member states, which would consequently make them more attractive. A higher capacity of incentive financing and the modernisation of the evaluation practices would make it easier for national research teams to join in European projects.
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References
No [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Document name or web Ministry of Transports [http://www.mt.ro] http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporturile_%C3%AEn_Rom%C3%A2nia National Statistics Institute Report http://www.olt.insse.ro/phpfiles/Populatia%20Romaniei%201ianuarie2010.pdf Mbtechnology company www. mbtechnology.ro Eurostat http://www. ec.europa.eu/eurostat Pencea R. (2009) Dezvoltarea transporturilor, solutie pentru cresterea competitivitatii si modernizarea economiei romanesti, Revista de Transport si Logistica RBT editia nr. 35/Septembrie 2009 / Transport Development, a solution to competitiveness increase and Romanian economy modernization, Transport and Logistics Journal RBT, issue no. 35 / September 2009 Market Watch Magazine, 24 February 2008 Issue Romanian participation in the Research Champions League: FP7 http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne European Commission http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portul_Constan%C8%9Ba http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_cbqm1p3Iac0/SPyLB6VH8CI/AAAAAAAADSQ/PRyXTn_5 MiM/s1600-h/coridoare+de+transport.gif ROMANIAS NATIONAL REPORT for the 18th Session of The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD-18)- Ministry of Environment and Forests/ Directorate for Climate Change and Sustainable Development National Development Plan ( NDP) Strategy 2007-2013 Governmental Programme 20092012 National Strategy for Romanias Sustainable Development Prospects 2013-20202030 http://www.marketwatch.ro/articol/6167/Why there is no investment in the Romanian aviation esearch / page/2 National Research, Development and Innovation Strategy, 2007 - 2013 POS-CCE Documents List of projects under Relansin https://www.inovare.amcsit.ro/2007/downloads/relansin.pdf?&wchk=2e79bb113437c 7118f21e9c11292b722 List of projects under CEEX http://www.cnmp.ro/ceex/ List of projects under Amtrans http://www.ipa.ro/amtrans_arhiva - AMTRANS 2001-2004 Romanian Space Agency description http://portal.rosa.ro/pna.php?location=rezultate IMPACT programme http://www.ancs.ro/index.php?action=view&idcat=381 http://www.amcsit.ro/main/index.php?we=8b74fb0bb21e287ea6ef62086c8620f4&wto k=6d32fb8e0c155c5dcca5a98de3e6d534&wchk=757b7d947f8fb2e59231a8c2dc207 c2d , http://www.cnmp.ro/ceex/ http://www.amcsit.ro/main/index.php?we=99ecbbf129a1cd74580f4369f908082a&wto k=6d32fb8e0c155c5dcca5a98de3e6d534&wchk=b94b4d39ff50e85ad455c99467667
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[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]
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[26]
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[27]
[28] [29] [30]
[31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [31] [32] [39] [40]
d89 Projects under INOVARE programme https://inovare.amcsit.ro/2008/m1/downloads/2008/Rezultatele%20competitiei%20Pr ogramului%20INOVARE%202008.pdf?&wchk Comoti General Presentation www.comoti.ro X-noise network description http://www.xnoise.eu COMOTI competences and field of expertise http://www.irecson.ro/proinno/data/users/admin/File/pdf/cartea_alba/min_ed/COMOT I.pdf Scientific paper 10 September 2010,NCP-Beatrice Paduroiu, ANCS Romanias participation in FP7 Transport 1st and 2nd Calls - Statistic analysis - NCP, Beatrice Paduroiu, ANCS Priority axes under CNCSIS http://www.cncsis.ro/Public/cat/452/IDEI.html ANCS list of programs http://www.mct.ro/index.php?action=view&idcat=229 Projects under CNCSIS programme http://194.102.64.7/GranturiFinalizate/faces/Projects/ProjectsList.jsp Evaluation Report for 2005, Relansin programme http://www.mct.ro/index.php?action=viewart&artid=1286&idcat=499&sub=&ssub= Evaluation Report for 2005, Aerospace http://www.mct.ro/index.php?action=viewart&artid=1286&idcat=499&sub=&ssub= Evaluation Report for 2005,CORINT http://www.mct.ro/index.php?action=viewart&artid=1286&idcat=499&sub=&ssub= Final Report - AMTRANS Programme, Program Management Unit http://www.mct.ro/index.php?action=viewart&artid=1286&idcat=499&sub=&ssub= Participation of Romania in FP7 Transport 1st and 2nd Calls - Statistic analysisNCP, Beatrice Paduroiu, ANCS
Abbreviation list ANCS CEEX CNCSIS CSNR EU National Authority for Scientific Research Excellence Research Programme National University Research Council Romanian National Strategic Reference Framework European Union
EUROCONTROL European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation ERRAC FP GDP MECTS OSIM RO-RO SME SOP IEC/2 SWOT European Rail Research Advisory Council Framework Programme Gross Domestic Product Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport State Office For Inventions And Trademarks A Roll-On/Roll-Off [RO/RO] ship is specifically designed to carry wheeled and tracked vehicles as all or most of its cargo. Small Medium Enterprises Creterea competitivitii economice prin CDI. Axa Prioritara 2 / Economic competitiveness enhancement through RDI. Priority Axis 2 Strengths/ Weaknesses/Opportunities/ Threats
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Annex 1 - More details on Romania an its transport

Location in Europe Romania is located in the South Eastern part of Central Europe, to the North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the lower Danube, with outlet to the Black Sea. Romania lies between 43 37 07 and 48 15 06North latitude and 20 15 44 and 29 41 24 Eastern longitude. Romania borders with Ukraine to the North, with Bulgaria to the South (the border is mostly made up by the Danube), with Hungary to the West, with Serbia to the South-West, and with the Republic of Moldova to the East (the border is entirely made up by the river Prut). Romanias borders cover 3150 km, out of which 1876 km became, in 2007, borders within the European Union (on Serbia, Moldova and Ukraine), while the border on the Black Sea runs over a 194 km length on the continental platform (245 km of shore). History Since about 200 B.C., when it was settled by the Dacians, a Thracian tribe, Romania has been in the path of a series of migrations and conquests. The Dacian-Getic population developed trade relations with the Greeks, then with the Romans. Starting from the 9th 11th centuries, economic life becomes much more complex, as a result of the enhancement of trade relations and, consequently, of goods transports along various distances and directions. 775 km long roads were built in both Romanian Principalities between 1835 and 1853. In 1918, Transilvania, Bucovina and Basarabia united with Romania, and formed together Romania Mare (Big Romania) or inter-war Romania. Romania was an ally of the Entente and the U.S. in World War. Railways network was extended from 4300 km to 11.000 km. The railways and the rolling stock were subject to serious damage. The number of locomotives was reduced by 71%, that of freight cars by 85%, and that of passenger cars by 61,5%. As far as road transport is concerned, 26% of the street network need complete rebuilding. During the first post-war years, transports, and particularly railway transport, largely disordered, were one of the major drawbacks impeding the economic recovery process. A survey conducted in the first post-war year shows the existence of only 263 locomotives in good operation condition and of 1304 badly in need of overhauls. World War II, followed by the communist period, between 1945 and 1989, left also their marks on the Romanian transports. During the communist period, transport networks (by road, railway etc.) registered a significant development. However, they did not meet the modern standards and have been continuously degrading, because of the lack of the necessary maintenance- and development funds. Started after 1989, the process of modernisation and reconfiguration of the national transport infrastructure network and in particular the fundamental scheme of the national road network with traffic to access the link with the Black Sea (North/West-South/East and North/South East/West), on the Eastern side (West-East direction to Moldova and Ukraine) and South-West side (North/West-South/West to the Balkans) starting from TEN-T and in the context of White Paper (with subsequent revisions), is a long term process. Geographical issues The relief is displayed in three distinct tiers: the highest is formed by the Carpathian Mountains, the medium-height one, by the Sub-Carpathians, hills and plateaux, and the lowest, by plains, the river valleys and the Danube Delta.
Climate issues The annual average temperature varies from 11 C in the Danube meadow, to 6 C in Harghita. The annual average of the rainfalls is 637 mm annually, with significantly higher values in the mountainous areas (1.000-1.400 mm/year) and progressively lower towards the East, with 500 mm/year in Brgan, while reaching down to 400 mm/year in Dobrogea and the Danube meadow. The official time is the Eastern European time (GMT + 2 hours). Starting from the last week of March till the last Sunday in October, the Daylight Saving Time applies (GMT + 3 hours). Romanias position with respect to the EU Romania has been a European Union member since 1 January 2007 NATO member since 29 March 2004 Romania has been actively involved in regional organisations, such as the Southeast Europe Cooperation Initiative (SECI) and the Stability Pact for Southeast Europe, Member of the United Nations and of other international organisations: OSCE, European Council, the International Francophony Organisation; Free trade treaties with EU countries, EFTA, CEFTA; Bilateral diplomatic relations with 177 out of the 191 UNO member states, as well as with the Holy See, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Palestine National Authority; Member of the World Trade Organisation since January 1995 Member of the Latin Union and of the Francophony Currency; Monetary unit: 1 Leu = 100 Bani Overview of Romanias Transport Through its geographical location, Romania stands at a crossroad of the international transport highways connecting both Northern-to-Southern and Western-to-Eastern Europe. The transport network makes the connection with the networks from all the neighbouring countries, and from other countries in Europe and Asia. According to the competences set up through the normative acts in force, the responsibility for public roadways administering lies with National Company for Motorways and National Roads in Romania (CNADNR) as to public roadways classified as national, with the local authority in each department for the roadways classified as linking various points within the departments, with the local authorities for the roadways classified as local, and with the municipalities for the roads classified as streets. It is the responsibility of the municipalities and of the respective department within the councils to properly maintain and repair the sectors of the national roads that cross the towns under their jurisdiction. The railway infrastructure in Romania is managed by the National Railways Company "CFR" SA. The National Railways Companys main object of activity is: management of the railway infrastructure and its availability to the rail transport operators, the Romanian railway infrastructure development and modernisation in keeping with the European standards with a view to ensuring its compatibility and interoperability with the European railway transport system, organisation, planning, coordination and control of the activities related to the railway infrastructure management, operation, maintenance and repair,
performance of industrial activities and related services in order to ensure railway infrastructure operation, as well as the auxiliary railway patrimony management. The waterborne transport infrastructure is administered by the Sea Harbour Administration National Company of Constanta, the Navigable Channels Administration National Company of Constanta, and the Danube River Harbour Administration National Company of Giurgiu, the Danube Sea Harbours Infrastructure National Company of Galati and by the autonomous agencies administering the Lower Danube. The national air transport infrastructure is managed by the National Company for the Management of Henri Coand Bucharest International Airport, the National Company for the Management of Constanta International Airport and by the National Company for the Management of Traian Vuia Airport. Twelve national airports are under the management of the local councils, and one airport is private. The overall share of road transport in the freight market structure is 80,1%. For interurban and international transport of goods, road transport reaches 73,2% market share, and respectively 60,91% market share in domestic traffic. The continuous and strong growth in the road sector can be considered alarming; especially because of a projected increase in the share of road transport to 2013 of over 10% is expected, in the absence of any re-orientation of goods flow towards other transport modes. The market demand for freight transport has increased, generally 2-3% above the rate of growth of GDP, mainly due to mutations in the European economy and global production systems and due to the high share of the low-value density goods in the national economy, which shows no dissociation and orientation towards a sustainable transport. In 2009 a total of 341,9 million passengers in the intercity and international transport were moved from which 3,3% were recorded as international passengers. Road transport has the largest share, followed by rail transport with 20,6%.
[Source: ROMANIAS NATIONAL REPORT for the 18th Session of The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD-18)]
Passenger transport distribution in Romania, according to transport modes Road transport decreased in 2009 as compared to 2008, regarding the number of passengers and the transport market share. The number of passengers decreased by 11,7%, and the passenger transport market share by 15,3%. Rail passenger transport recorded a negative trend, both in the number of passengers and in transport market share comparing 2009 with the year 2008 (reduction by 10,1%, respectively by 11,9%). In sea transport, 12,8 thousand passengers in international traffic were recorded. In inland waterways transport, negative evolutions were recorded in the number of
passengers and their transport market share, from the year 2008 (reduction with 16,6%, respectively with 4,3%). Air transport recorded a number of 9,1 million passengers, from whom 7,85 million passengers were transported on international flights. Regarding the transport of goods, in 2009 a decrease in the total volume of goods transported by transport operators compared to the previous year was registered, for all transport modes, but predominantly for road and rail transport]. The current national intermodal transport system includes 78 road-rail terminals on a temporary site, road-rail and road-rail-sea terminals, out of which 39 road-rail terminals, 25 road-rail terminals on terminal site, 2 cross-border terminals, 3 terminals for internal shift to narrow-gauge track and 9 industrial terminals.
Number of passengers transported in 2008 and 2009 (According to transport modes)
Goods transported in 2008 and 2009 (According to transport modes)

The National Development Plan (NDP) is the fundamental tool that Romania will use in order to diminish the social and economic development disparities with the EU as soon as possible. PNDs Objectives: Modernisation of the road network of national interest consisting of the modernisation of 5701 km of the national road network to European standards, out of which 1347 km will be rehabilitated on the TEN-T network Road structure dimensioning so that it may take over an axle load of 11,5 t and redimensioning of 1933 bridges of class E loading, during the period 2007-2015. Particular attention will be paid to highway construction, and approximately 1052 km are to be built in this period. Approximately 301 km long roundabout ways will be modernised and built. Providing rail interoperability so that, during the period 2007-2015, the length of the modernised interoperable railways may reach 1100 km of the total of the interoperable railways on the TEN-T network, namely, 100 km of the total modernised interoperable railways others than on TEN-T network. Railway transport as well as intermodality stimulation by ensuring rolling stock quality aims at achieving at least 25% of the overall freight transport and 35% of the overall passenger public transport by railway. Increase of freight traffic through the inland and sea harbours, as well as through the two navigation canals, so that by improving the naval infrastructure by 2015, freight traffic may increase by 3,79 million tons through waterways and navigation canals, and by 39,47 thousand tons through the sea harbours, as compared to the traffic in 2004. Modernisation of the airport equipment and facilities in the four airports of national interest, in order to allow for a passenger traffic increase to 11,3 million passengers/year by 2015. The Sectoral Operational Programme - Transport (SOP-T) is one of the seven Operational Programmes under the Convergence Objective. Through increasing and improving the quality of investment in physical capital, it aims at speeding up the convergence of Romania by improving conditions for growth and employment. Through the agency of The General Financial Foreign Relations Direction- DGRFE, MTI acts as Management Authority for SOP-T (Sectoral Operational Programme Transport) in compliance with the provisions under the EC Council Regulations no. 1083/2006 on establishing the framework for the implementation of the Structural Funds, and with the provisions under the Government Decision (GD) no. 457/2008 referring to the institutional framework for the coordination and management of the structural tools. The total budget of the SOP-T over the programming period 2007-2013 is estimated at about 5 billion Euros, which represents about 23% of the overall budget of structural operations for Romania over the said period. Out of these, 4.010 million Euros represent the Community financial support, while national co-financing will amount to about 995 million Euros. The SOP-T uses as its base the development of the legislation established by the Council of the European Union (draft General Regulation, version of March 2006) establishing general provisions applicable to the ERDF, ESF and the Cohesion Fund. In parallel to the SOP-T, a Regional Development OP has been developed. Both programmes integrate towards a common development strategy in order to achieve a coherent transport system providing for spatial cohesion and interoperability with EU transport systems.
Summary list of SOP-T priority axes and key areas of intervention SOP-T Priority axes Priority axis 1 Modernisation and development of TEN-T priority axes aiming at a sustainable transport system integrated with EU transport networks Priority axis 2 Modernisation and development of the national transport infrastructure outside the Ten-T priority axes aiming at a sustainable national transport system Priority axis 3 Modernisation of transport sector aiming at a higher degree of environmental protection, human health and passenger safety Priority axis 4 Modernisation and development EU fund CF Key areas of intervention 1.1: Modernisation and development of road infrastructure along the TEN-T priority axis 7 1.2: Modernisation and development of railway infrastructure along the TEN-T priority axis 22 1.3: Modernisation and development of waterborne transport infrastructure along the TEN-T priority axis 18 2.1: Modernisation and development of national road infrastructure 2.2: Modernisation and development of railway infrastructure and passenger service 2.3: Modernisation and development of river and maritime ports 2.4: Modernisation and development of air transport infrastructure 3.1: Promote intermodal- transport 3.2: Improve traffic safety across all transport modes 3.3: Minimize adverse effects of transport on the environment ERDF 4.1: Support for effective SOP-T management, implementation, monitoring and control 4.2: Support for information and publicity regarding SOP-T
ERDF
ERDF
The current trends in the Romanian motor vehicle transport are entailed by the specialists endeavours to turn this transport mode into a more economical and profitable one. In this sense, mention should be made of: a tendency of increasing motor vehicles power and transport capacity. Modern high capacity motor trucks feature a rugged design, low wear, longer time period between two repairs, higher supply autonomy and lower specific transport costs as compared to the medium- and small capacity motor vehicles; a tendency of extending diesel traction much more economical than petrol- based one; a deeper specialisation of the road transport vehicles; a higher preoccupation for designing motor vehicles with lowest possible fuel specific consumptions and extended research with a view to designing and manufacturing motor vehicles capable to run on other energy sources. In October 2010, the European Commission approved a 124.399.671 Euros worth funding for Arad-Timisoara highway building. AradTimisoara highway belongs to Corridor IV, Nadlac Constanta route. There are estimated a reduction by 76% in the number of accidents for the traffic between Arad and Timisoara, a reduction in the average travel time between Arad and Timisoara, from 64 minutes down to 33 minutes, as well as a reduction by 7% of the motor vehicles operation costs. Regarding the project physical indicators, there will be
built 44,5 km of highway, 20 bridges and passageways, 18 highway overhead structures, 5 road junctions and 2 centres for maintenance and service areas. During the first 11 months of the year 2009, an average of 1562 passenger trains ran daily on the railway network, that is by 7,4% fewer as compared to the daily average during 2008, providing a transport capacity of 57,9 seats km, that is 6,1% smaller than the daily average during 2008. That is indicative of the fact that the policy adopted was to cut down operation expenses by reducing the trains daily frequency and by adapting the transport capacity to the daily flow of passengers in 2009, as reduced by 11,2% as compared to year 2008. Moreover, as compared to year 2008, in 2009 the passengers length of journey decreased by 12%, and the number of train km covered daily was reduced from 181,1 thousand to 176,8 thousand, which means a 2,4% decrease. [Source: http://www.cfrcalatori.ro/1059] Nevertheless, due to the rehabilitation works on the rail infrastructure, the percentage of the passengers transported by railways will decrease in the year 2013 by approximately 2% per year. However, especially after the year 2015, when the majority of the sectors of the Northern part of Corridor IV would have been rehabilitated, it is likely that the traffic grows by 1% per year. [Source:Transport situation in Romania in 2008- Ministry of Transport,
Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee Working Party on Transport Trends and Economics Twenty-second session Geneva, 8-9 September 2009]
The main national sources- financed investment programmes aimed at enhancing the airport capacity by 3 million passengers per year were planned for the 4 airports. Out of them, the works on the arrival and departure terminals, respectively, at the International Airport Cluj-Napoca were finalised (with an extra capacity of 0,5 million passengers/ year). The completion of the other investments will meet the requirement as to airport capacity in Romania until 2015. The modernisation and sustainable development of sea and river transport are intended to increase the market share of this transport mode, the increase in the volume of goods transited through the Romanian harbours, and the efficient utilisation of the existing harbour infrastructure, the consolidation of the commercial potential of Romanias seaand river harbours, as well as the consolidation of the geo-strategic position in the Black Sea area, ensuring a safe, robust infrastructure, well integrated with the trans-European transport network (TEN-T), to set a coherent basis for promoting free access, safe and efficient circulation of passengers, goods and services. The projects promoted aim at an increase in the river transport competitiveness and in its market share as compared to road- and rail transport. Four major 120 million Euros- worth projects have been prepared so far.
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Annex 2 - List of relevant legislation

Government Urgent Ordinance (OUG) no. 74/01.07.2010 Order no. 6/08.07.2009 of the Public Finances Minister referring to pre-financing granted to the beneficiaries of structural instruments- funded projects In keeping with the provisions in the OUG no. 64/2009 Order no. 3154/5.02. 2008 referring to the amendment and replacement of annex 2 to the Order no. 5.771/2006 issued by the Minister of Education and Research regarding the approval of the Regulation on the National Higher Education Scientific Research Council (C.N.C.S.I.S.) Organisation and Operation Government Decision no. 217/2007 referring to the approval of the National RDI Strategy over the period 2007-2013 Government Decision no. 475/2007 referring to the approval of the National Research-Development-Innovation Plan II over the period 2007-2013 Government Decision no. 551/2007 a decision for the approval of the criteria, standards and methodology of evaluating and certifying the capacity of carrying on research-development activities by units and institutions in the line of research-development and of accrediting the member units of the researchdevelopment system of national interest. Government Decision no. 759 of 11 July 2007 referring to the eligibility rules of the expenses incurred within the operations financed under the operational programmes with subsequent modifications and completions A. N. C. S. Decision no. 9451 of 21 December 2007 referring to the application of the state aid scheme, as approved of by the European Commission, through Authorisation Decision C(2007) 6545, with a view to financing the project- specific activities, the eligible costs and the allocation shares / activities Law no. 230/2004 of 1 June 2004 referring to the approval of Government Ordinance no. 38/2004 amending Government Order no. 57/2002 on scientific research and technological development Law no. 206/2004 of 27 May 2004 referring to good practice in scientific research, technological development and innovation Law no. 287/2004 of 24 June 2004 referring to university consortia Government Decision no. 1264/2004 of 13 August 2004 referring to the organisation and operation of the National Centre for Programme Management Government Decision no. 1265/2004 of 13 August 2004 referring to the approval of the Methodological Norms regarding the contracting, financing, monitoring and evaluation of the research-development-innovation programmes and projects included into the National RDI Plan Government Decision no. 1266/2004 of 13 August 2004 referring to the approval of the Methodological Norms regarding the contracting, financing, monitoring and evaluation of the projects under the research-development sector plans Law no. 324/2003 referring to research Government Decision no. 406/2003 referring to the approval of the specific methodological Norms regarding the setting up, operation, evaluation and accrediting of the entities pertaining to the innovation- and technological transfer infrastructure, as well as the modality of supporting them
Government Decision no. 442/2003 referring to measures for drawing, training and keeping young people in the field of research Government Ordinance no. 57/16 August 2002 referring to scientific research and technological development (updated to January 2007) Government Ordinance no.57/2002 referring to scientific technological development research and
Law no. 202/2002, republished on equality between men and women. Law no. 150/ 26 July 2000 for the approval of Government Ordinance no. 62/1999 referring to the Management Centre for Higher Education- and Academic Scientific Research Funding Government Ordinance no. 5 of 1998 referring to Romanias participation in the EUREKA European Initiative In keeping with the Hannover EUREKA members Memorandum Declaration of 6 November 1985.
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TransNEW-InteCo - WP4 - D4 2 - Transport Research Capability in Romania - Final-V2

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TransNEW: D4.2 Transport research capability in Romania

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

1.3 1.4 Final V2

07.03.2011 09.03.2011 09.03.2011

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

NATIONAL TRANSPORT RESEARCHERS ................................................................. 37 5.1. 5.2.

PROJECT COST-EFFECTIVE SMALL AIRCRAFT................................................. 45

SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS .............................................................................................. 47

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

8.2.1. 8.2.2. 8.2.3. 8.2.4. 8.3. 9.

SWOT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................. 53

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

Research share (from the budget) in GDP 3 (%) 0,4 0,3

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

Fig.1-1. Road network in Romania [8]

Fig.1-2. Railway network in Romania [9]

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

Fig.1-3. Networks of waterways and harbours [10]

Fig.1-4 Airports in Romania [8]

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

2. Transport Research Policy and Initiatives

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

2.2. Current State-of-the-Art in Transport Research

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

2.3. National Transport Research Funding in Romania

Romanian Nuclear Agency

Romanian Air Space Agency

National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS)

Executive Unit for RDI higher education financing (UEFIS-CDI)

National Council of Higher Education Scientific Research (CNISIS)

Romanian Innovation Council (CIR)

Advisory Board for Research, Development and Innovation (CC-CDI)

Romanian Committee for Research Infrastructures (CRIC)

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

2.4 Example(s) of the Most Relevant Transport Research Active Organisations

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

3. Criteria for Tenders for Research Projects

3.1. Quality Criteria for Institutions and Researchers

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

3.2. Cost Criteria for Institutions and Researchers

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

4. National Transport Research Projects Database

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

Railway Road Aeronautics 0 1 2 7 1 0 1 0 0 7 1 20 4 2 3 23 12 7 21 1 0 3 13 89 1 1 1 3 15 11 2 1 1 0 0 36

Projects whose thematic area covers several transport modes 0 0 1 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 11

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

TransNEW_InteCo_WP4_D4.2_ Transport research capability in Romania _Final-V2

Fig. 4-13 Romanian participation in SST FP7 Calls. [32]; [40]