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Protokol
Jaringan membutuhkan sebuah aturan dan persamaan persepsi antara penerima dan pengirim. Protokol : kesepakatan antar bagian komunikasi agar komunikasi berjalan semestinya yang terdiri dari set aturan yang diterima lingkungan komunikasi.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI; www.ansi.org). ANSI is a non-profit organization that creates standards for products and services. International Organization for Standardization (ISO; www.iso.org). ISO standards are found in various data communications fields, including the standards and model described in this chapter. International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Group (ITU-T; www.itu.int); Radiocommunications Group (ITU-R); and Telecom Development (ITU-T). ISO is a member of the ITU. Each group develops communication standards. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF; www.ietf.org). IETF creates Internet standards and is part of a group of bodies that define the TCP/IP and Internet protocols. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE; www.ieee.org). IEEE (I triple E) is the main standards body for wire and radio communications.
OSI layer
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model describes how information from a software application in one computer moves through a network medium to a software application in another computer. The OSI reference model is a conceptual model composed of seven layers, each specifying particular network functions. The model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered the primary architectural model for intercomputer communications.
OSI layer
Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Link Layer Physical Layer Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Link Layer Physical Layer
OSI layer
The seven layers of the OSI reference model can be divided into two categories: upper layers and lower layers. The upper layers of the OSI model deal with application issues and generally are implemented only in software. The highest layer, the application layer, is closest to the end user. The lower layers of the OSI model handle data transport issues. The physical layer and the data link layer are implemented in hardware and software. The lowest layer, the physical layer, is closest to the physical network medium (the network cabling, for example) and is responsible for actually placing information on the medium.
Physical Layer
Physical layer mengatur pengiriman data berupa bit yang melewati jalur komunikasi baik wire ataupun wireless. Lapisan ini berkaitan langsung dengan perangkat keras seperti kabel, dan kartu jaringan (LAN CARD), kartu wireless. Menangani kepastian data dari pengirim menuju ke penerima, jika di kirim data adalah bit 1 maka penerima akan menerima bit 1 bukan bit 0, dan begitu juga sebaliknya.
101100
101100
Pada data link layer ini membagi pengiriman data menjadi data frame dan frame tersebut di transmisikan secara terurutan dan continu. Jika servis berhasil dan bisa diandalkan maka penerima akan mengirimkan frame acknowledgement setiap frame yg di terima. Passes data between physical and network layers.
MAC address
Network layer
Network layer bertanggung jawab untuk menerjemahkan alamat logis jaringan ke alamat fisik jaringan.
IP address
Network layer juga mengatur jalur pengiriman data. (menyembunyikan topologi dari layer lebih atas)
Routing
Network layer
Juga mengatur flow control untuk memastikan jalur transmisi tidak kebanjiran paket pada satu waktu.
Bottleneck
Transport layer
Transport layer bertanggung jawab lapisan ini mengatur pengiriman pesan dari hos-host di jaringan. Pertama data dibagi-bagi menjadi paket-paket pengiriman dan kemudian penerima akan menggabungkan paket-paket tersebut menjadi data utuh kembali. Lapisan ini juga memastikan bahwa pengiriman data bebas kesalahan dan kehilangan paket data.
TCP / UDP
Session layer
Passes data between presentation and transport layers. Membuat sesi untuk proses dan mengakhiri sesi aplikasi serta mengaturnya. Contohnya jika ada login secara interaktif maka sesi dimulai dan kemudian jika ada permintaan log off maka sesi berakhir. Lapisan ini juga menghubungkan lagi jika sesi login terganggu sehingga terputus
Half duplex Full duplex
Presentation layer
Passes data between application and session layers compress and encrypt data before handing the data off to the Session layer. Provides translation services for data to ensure applications are using compatible formats.
Application layer
Dari dan menuju pengguna. Application layer mengandung berbagai software yang berhubungan dengan pengguna dan mengandung berbagai protokol aplikasi.
HTTP -Browsew FTP-cuteFTP E-mail-Outlook
TCP/IP layer
The OSI reference model is a conceptual model composed of four layers, each specifying particular network functions. TCP/IP model has expression in real products and technologies, based on a set of protocols that have become dominant standards. The OSI model is essentially an abstraction that is used to understand network communications.