OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to: describe Bohrs atomic model. explain the existence of energy levels in an atom. calculate the energy of an electron using:

En

1 R H ( 2 ), n

RH

2.18 x 10-18 J

calculate the energy change of an electron during transition.

1 RH( 2 ni

1 - 2 ), nf

where R H

2.18 x 10 -18 J

calculate the photon emitted by an electron that produces a particular wavelength during transition.

 DALTON ------ ATOMS

THOMSON ------ ELECTRONS

RUTHERFORD ------- POSITIVELY CHARGED NUCLEUS

Four Bohrs atomic postulate :

electron moves in circular orbit about the nucleus. Each orbit has a different energy level/energy state.

In the specific energy level, the energy of electron is fixed in value or is quantised.
The electron does not release or absorb any energy when it is in the ground state or at any particular energy level/orbit. This means that an electron moving in an orbit can have a certain amount of energy. n=2
electron

(quantised = fixed/specific/definite)

n=1

En

RH

1 n2

nucleus (proton)

energy of electron at n=1 energy of electron at n=2

The energy of an electron in its level is given by:

En

RH

1 n2

where, RH (Rydberg constant)= 2.18 10-18J. n (orbit/ energy level) = 1, 2, 3,, (integer)
NOTES: Energy is zero (E = 0) if electron is located infinitely (n = )far from nucleus. Energy associated with forces of attraction are taken to be negative (thus, negative sign)

At ordinary condition, the electron is at the ground state (lowest energy state). If energy is supplied, electron absorbed the energy and is promoted from lower energy level to a higher energy level (electron is excited)
energy absorbed

n=3 (higher energy level)

n=2 (higher energy level) n=1 nucleus (proton)

Energy at excited state is unstable. It will fall back to lower energy level and released a specific amount of energy in the form of light or photon. The light have specific wavelength. spectrum is formed.
energy released

The line

n=3 (higher energy level) n=2 (higher energy level) n=1 nucleus (proton)

The energy absorb / released during transition can be calculated by:

1 ni 2 1 nf 2

RH

Where, RH = Rydberg constant (2.18 x 10-18 J)

n= principal quantum number (1, 2, 3, , )

ni = position(n) of electron initially nf = position(n) of electron finally

The amount of energy released by the electron during transition is called a photon of energy.
A photon of energy is released in the form of light with appropriate frequency and wavelength. Therefore, the energy change (released/absorbed) can be related as:

E h
where, h (Plancks constant) =6.63 10-34 Js = frequency; c (speed of light) = 3.00 108 ms-1 Photon = a packet of light energy equals to h

The energy of an electron in its level is given by:

En RH 1 n2

The energy absorb / released during transition can be calculated by:

E RH 1 ni 2 1 nf 2

E h

A photon of energy is emitted in the form of radiation with appropriate frequency and wavelength. Where:

Thus:

hc

Where: v = frequency = wavelength c = speed of light (3.00x108 ms-1) h = Planks constant (6.63 x 10-34 Js)

Calculation 1
Energy of electron at particular orbit
En RH 1 n2
where, RH (Rydberg constant)= 2.18 10-18J. n (orbit/ energy level) = 1, 2, 3,, (integer)

Example 1 Calculate the energy of electron that occupies n=2 Answer:

Example 2 The energy of an electron at its orbit (n) is -1.36x10-19J. Determine the value of n. Answer:

1. Calculate the energy of electron that occupies n=6 2. The energy of an electron at its orbit (n) is -8.72x10-18J. Determine the value of n.

Calculation 2
Energy released/absorbed by electron during transition
E RH 1 ni 2 1 nf 2
RH = Rydberg constant (2.18 x 10-18 J) n= principal quantum number (1, 2, 3, , ) ni = position(n) of electron initially nf = position(n) of electron finally

Example 1 Calculate the energy released when an electron falls from n=3 to n=2. Answer:

Example 2
Calculate the energy required to promote an electron from the first energy level to the third energy level of a hydrogen atom.

Answer:

RH

1 2 ni

1 2 nf
18

2.18 x10

1 J 2 1

1 32

1.94 x 10-18 J

1. Calculate the energy released when an electron excited from n=1 to n=4.

Calculation 3
Energy released/absorbed by electron during transition

E h
Example 1

h (Plancks constant) =6.63 10-34 Js = frequency; c (speed of light) = 3.00 108 ms-1

Calculate the energy absorbed by an electron that produces a wavelength of 9.38 x 10-8 m.

Answer:

Example 2

released

An electron absorbed 4.58x10-19 J of energy when falls from n=5 to n=2. Calculate the frequency and wavelength produced.

Answer: E h
4.58 x 10-19 J (6.63 x 10-34 Js) 6.91 x 1014 s
1

c c 3.00 x108 m s 6.91 x 1014 s

1 1

4.34x10-7 m

1. Calculate the energy released by an electron that produces a wavelength of 9.49 x 10-8 m.

absorbed

2. An electron released 2.09x10-18 J of energy when excited from n=1 to n=5. Calculate the frequency and wavelength produced. <9.52 x 10-8m>

Calculation 4
Calculate: (a) The energy (in J) of an electron has when it occupies a level equivalent to the quantum number of n = 3 and n = 4. (b) The energy (in kJ/mol) of photon emitted when one mole of electron drops from the 4th energy level to the 3rd energy level. (c) The frequency (in s-1) and wavelength (in nm) of this photon.

Answer:

Calculate the energy of an electron in the hydrogen atom when n = 2, and when n = 6. Calculate the wavelength released when an electron moves from n = 6 to n = 2. If this line in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum? (Note: visible light: 400 ~ 700 nm)

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to: describe the formation of line spectrum of hydrogen atom.

perform calculations involving the Rydberg equation for

Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series:
1 RH ( 1 n12

-n

1
2 2

where RH

1.079 x 107 m-1 and n1 n2

calculate the ionisation energy of hydrogen atom from Lyman series.

State the weakness of Bohrs atomic model. State the dual nature of electron using de Broglies postulate and Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. (calculation is not required)

Formation of line spectrum of hydrogen atom

1 2

Spectrum is a series of lines or a set of colours. They are two types of spectrum: line spectrum, and continuous spectrum.
Line spectrum Continuous spectrum

A spectrum that contains a series of A spectrum that contains continuous discrete lines. Each line corresponds band of light radiation of all to a specific wavelength. wavelengths.
Each line separated by blank area Source: emission spectrum of atom (from gas discharge tube of hydrogen, etc.) Continuous. No blank area in between. Source: white light, sunlight

When the electron of a hydrogen atom at its ground state absorbs sufficient amount of energy, it will move to a higher energy level At higher energy evel, electron is unstable. It will falls back to a lower energy level.

n=4

n=3
n=2

nucleus
During the transition (falls form higher to lower energy level), energy will be released in a form of light at certain wavelength and frequency. Since energy is quantised (fix in value), line spectrum is produced.

n=1

3 The electromagnetic spectrum:

There is several emission series of lines obtained during the transition of electrons in hydrogen spectrum

5
6

The series in the hydrogen line spectrum are found in the visible region, infrared region and ultraviolet region. These spectral lines are the result of the transition of excited electron to the lower energy level. series Lyman Balmer Paschen Brackett Pfund Spectrum region Ultraviolet

Visible
Infrared Infrared Infrared

7
Balmer series is the only one visible to the unaided eye. It contains four coloured line against a black background.

Line number 1st line 2nd line 3rd line 4th line

Colour in Balmer series red Blue-green indigo violet

Wavelength (nm) 656 486 434 410

The possible energy levels in the hydrogen atom and the transitions of electrons that produce the lines in the hydrogen spectrum:

Lines produced caused by the transition of electrons from higher energy level to lower energy level.

e-

n= n=7 n=6

Series Line
1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Lyman Transition of e-

eeee-

n=5
n=4 n=3 n=2 n=1

n=2 to n=1 n=3 to n=1

n=4 to n=1
n=5 to n=1 n=6 to n=1
E h h c

5th Continuum limit

E ,

eeee-

n= n=7 n=6 n=5 n=4 n=3 n=2

Series Line
1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Balmer Transition of e-

n=3 to n=2

n=4 to n=2
n=5 to n=2

n=6 to n=2

n=1

Continuum limit

h h c

E ,

eeee-

n= n=7 n=6 n=5

Series Line
1st 2nd 3rd 4th

Paschen Transition of e-

n=4 to n=3 n=5 to n=3 n=6 to n=3

n=4
n=3 n=2

n=7 to n=3

n=1

Continuum limit

h h c

E ,

eee-

n= n=7 n=6 n=5

Series Line
1st 2nd 3rd

Brackett Transition of e-

n=5 to n=4 n=6 to n=4 n=7 to n=4

n=4
n=3 n=2

n=1

Continuum limit

h h c

E ,

ee-

n= n=7 n=6 n=5 n=4 n=3 n=2

Series
Line
1st 2nd

Pfund
Transition of e-

n=6 to n=5 n=7 to n=5

n=1

Continuum limit

h h c

E ,

8 9

Each line in the hydrogen spectrum has a specific wavelength. The wavelength Rydberg equation: can be calculated by using the

RH

1 2 n1

1 2 n2

Where

= wavelength RH = Rydberg constant = 1.097 x 107 m-1 n1 and n2 = 1, 2, 3, , (principal quantum numbers)
should have a positive value thus n1

Since

< n2

Example
Calculate the wavelength of the indigo line in the Balmer series.

Solution:
Indigo line 3rd line in Balmer series n=5
1 RH 1 n12 1 n2
7
2

to n=2

; n1

n2

1 x 10-9
-1

1.097 x 10 m

1 22

1 52

nm

2.27 x 106 m -1 4.41 x 10 -7 m 441.3 nm

Try!!!
1. Calculate the wavelength of the continuum limit in the Paschen series. 2. For the Lyman series, calculate the wavelength when electron falls from n=4 to n=1.

Changing the Energy

Ultraviolet

Visible

Infrared

The further they fall, more energy is released and the higher the frequency. The orbitals also have different energies inside energy levels.
E hc

E hv

Example
The following diagram depicts the line spectrum of hydrogen atom. Line A is the first line of the Lyman series.
A B C D E Line spectrum

Specify the increasing order of the radiant energy, frequency and wavelength of the emitted photon. Which of the line that corresponds to i) the shortest wavelength? ii) the lowest frequency?
47

Example
E D Line spectrum C B A

Paschen series

Which of the line in the Paschen series corresponds to the longest wavelength of photon? Describe the transition that gives rise to the line.

Solution

Example
W
Line spectrum

Balmer series

Describe the transitions of electrons that lead to the lines W, and Y, respectively.
Solution

Compare the difference: E = RH 1 1 n2 i RH 1 2 n1 1 n2 f 1 n2 2 RH = 2.18 x 1018 J RH = 1.097 x 107 m-1

n1 can be ni or nf as long as n1 < n2 to get positive value for Both equations can be used to calculate wavelength ( ) and frequency ( ) of any line of H atom emission series

Remember! RH values and units are different in both equations !

EXAMPLE
Use the Rydberg equation to calculate the wavelength (in nm) of the forth line in the Balmer series of Hydrogen spectrum .

ANS: 410.2 nm

EXAMPLE
An electron in the n = 5 level of an H atom emits a photon of wavelength 1281 nm. To what energy level does the electron move?

ANS:n = 3

EXAMPLE
Calculate what is; For Lyman series; n1 = 1 i ) Wavelength & n2 = ii ) Frequency iii ) Wave number of the last line of hydrogen spectrum in Lyman series Wave number = 1/wavelength

The minimum energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of the gaseous atoms or ions.

M (g) M+ (g) + e-

H1= +ve kJ

EXAMPLE
Calculate the ionization energy of H atom in kJmol-1.

Ans: EXAMPLE

Bohrs theory has a number of weaknesses. Bohrs atomic model

Unable to explain the line spectrum of atoms or ions containing more than one electron (such as helium).
Electron is restricted to move in a certain distance around the nucleus of an atom. Unable to explain the extra lines formed in the hydrogen spectrum.

Unable to explain the dual nature of electrons.

(A) de Broglies postulate

in 1924, Louis de Broglie, a French physicist, suggested that light and matter appear to have dual natures, that is, both light and matter are wave-like as well as particlelike.
de Broglie suggested an equation that allows the calculation of the wavelength of an electron or a particle with mass (m), moving at velocity ( ):

h m

where,

h = Plancks constant (J s) m = particle mass (kg) = velocity (m/s) = wavelength of a matter wave

(B) Heisenbergs uncertainty principle

Bohrs theory:

the electron was thought of as orbiting the nucleus.

This would mean that at any moment, we would know both the precise position and precise speed of the electron. This is not allowed in quantum mechanics.

 In 1927, Werner Heisenberg states in his principle that: It is impossible to know simultaneously both the momentum, p (defined as mass times velocity) and the position of a particle with certain. This principle is known as Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. Mathematically, his principle stated as:

h x p 4

where x= uncertainty in measuring the position p=uncertainty in measuring the momentum = mv h = Plancks constant