McKenzie: Chapters

Chapter 1:
0 Media -> any technology that carries a message. 1 mass media -> tend to distribute standardized messages to mass audiences (point to mass) 2 personal media -> tend to distribute customized messages to smaller audiences or to individuals (print to print) 3 Media Broad: any technlogy that caries a message. Narrow: see mass media and personal media 4 5 6 7 Personal media Distribute personal messages to smaller audiences or individuals. 8 9 Synchronous At the same time, point to mass communication (radio song hears by thousands at the same time) 10 11 Asynchronous At different times, point to point communication. (an email from a sister read the next day by a brother) 12 13 Cultural myopia Wherein people are not exposed to another country through a range of media content are prone to evaluating that country with shortsighted negativity when they do come across basic information about that country. 14 15 Rhetorical perspective Offers an analysis on how media invite a particular audience to think, feel or behave given a particular context. Mass media Distributes standarized messages to mass audiences.

Chapter 2:

16 point of reference ->When you discover the point of reference you can use it to evaluate other objects and experiences 17 Cultural mytopia -> people not exposed to another country through a range of media content are prone to evaluating that country with short sided negativity global media conglomerate -> grant parent corporation homogenization-> sameness direction of global information flow.

direction

unidirectional

volume ethnocentric (supplied by domestic media sources) exocentric (supplied by foreign media sources) world centric (robust mixture of both domestic and foreign) Globalization: Globalization is a kind of worldwide climate in which people, industries, governments, and countries across the world are being propelled into closer political, economic, and cultural unions. Epistimology: Epistemology is essentially the study of how our knowledge is limited by the information to which we are exposed. (e.g. studying media access of the USA and how that affects the perspective of the people.) 4 factors that stimulate globalization:
1. 2. 3. 4.

International travel Communication technologies Global Media Conglomerates Audience curiosity

1. International travel: When people travel to other countries and regions of the world, they set into motion an exchange of information that helps give rise to a greater consciousness

about countries and regions of the world. 2. Communication technologies: Communication technologies contribute to globalization on two levels: 1. Personal communication technologies makes communication easier, cheaper and faster. 2. Advanced television technologies increase corporate commercialism and globalization. 3. Global Media Conglomerates: A global media conglomerate is a giant parent corporation that presides over an amalgamation of wholly and partially owned subsidiaries, companies, and divisions that are scattered across the world, and that are afforded great local autonomy within individual countries in terms of product design and distribution. 4. Audience curiosity An escalating curiosity by media audiences about other parts of the world is the final factor affecting globalization. 3 Criticisms of globalization
1. Homogenization of media 2. Unfairness in Global Information Flow 3. Spread of cultural imperialism 1. Homogenization of media

The increasing concentration of media ownership is leading to an incredible amount of sameness, or homogenization, of products and services across the world. 2. Unfairness in Global Information Flow Criticisms about global information flow revolve around perceptions by representatives from developing countries that their countries receive sparse and unfair coverage in the flow of global information. The criticism has singled out particular countries (the USA and the UK) and regional associations (Europe and North America; English-speaking countries) as being responsible for the unfair information flow.

3. Spread of cultural imperialism

A third criticism of globalization is cultural imperialism (sometimes referred to also as cultural hegemony), which has been advanced in varying degrees of severity by a host of scholars. Aspects of a domestic culture are said to succumb to an imported culture if the imported media represents an inappropriate volume in relation to domestically produced media. Definitions Globalization: is kind of worldwide climate in which people, industries, governments, and countries across the world being propelled into closer political, economic and cultural unions. Global media conglomerate: is a giant parent corporation that presides over an amalgamation of wholly and partially owned subsidiaries, companies, and divisions that are scattered across the world, and that are afforded great local autonomy within individual countries in terms of product design and distribution. Homogenization: sameness of products and services across the world Direction: the way information moves around the world Unidirectional: when information flows mostly from one country or region to another country or region, but not vice versa. Volume: the amount of information that flows into or out of a country Ethnocentric: media content of a country is supplied mostly by domestic media sources, the critic on this kind of countries is that they lack then a global perspective on life Exocentric: media content of a country is supplied mostly by foreign media sources, the critic on this kind of countries is that they lack a homegrown perspective on life Worldcentric: the media content of a country is a robust mixture of domestic and foreign media sources, these kind of countries offer a more global perspective Misrepresentation of countries: specifically that developing countries

are routinely portrayed in negative ways by foreign countries Cultural imperialism (cultural hegemony): the culture in less mediasavvy countries is being diluted by culture represented in the media content imported from more media-savvy countries. Culture is used here to mean rituals, styles and language that have a historical longevity in a country. Electronic colonialism: media invasion by conglomerates, who are seeking to expand markets for their products and ideas for foreign audiences and governments Conventions used in the production of media content: countries do not only import the content produced in foreign countries, but also the ways the content is produced and shapes

1) What are the three levels of cultural imperialism?

2) Whats the difference between electronic colonialism and the classic colonialism?

What 4 factors stimulate globalization?

A. Homogenization of media - Unfairness in Global

Information Flow Cultural imperialism International travel B. Spread of cultural imperialism - Personal communication Audience curiosity Flow of Global Information C. International travel - Communication technologies Global Media Conglomerates Audience curiosity

Chapter 3:
Definition of system: Collection of inter-related parts in motion that makes up u whole. These parts interact with each other to produce a whole system. media system is -> dynamic / self perpetuating / multiple parts = always changing over external forces / draws on existing resources

(cult. char) / interrelated and influence each others. -> 9 elements of a media system (p.35) = chapters -> tree metaphor : what stands for 9 elements > easy way to remember elements + how they relate Key terms of chapter 3 Methodological approach - A way of studying a phenomenon systematically and is composed of a conceptual framework breaking down into variables that make up this framework. Conceptual framework a set of connecting assumptions that guide the approach and the variables that are used to generate information. Variables Categories of information that vary according to different conditions and circumstances. System - A collection of interrelated parts in motion that make up a whole. These parts interact with eachother to produce a whole system. 1 A system is an entity that consists of multiple parts that are mutually influenced by eachother. 2 A system draws on a wide range of resources to exist and to function properly. 3 A system is always undergoing change because of external forces but remains a basic stability of an established internal structure,

Media content Main point at which audiences mentally come into contact with the media. The analogy to the tree is not covered due to the overlap with the respective chapters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cultural characteristics: = soil -> build media system on it philosophy = roots -> not visible regulation = trunk = visible / gives directions to other parts financing = big branches = supports smaller branches accessibility = feeder branches -> leads to content content = leaves -> most visible and easy to analyze news reporting as leaves = give info on system/tree welfare import/exports = seeds

8 audience = passerbys Elements of media systems as a tree Cultural characteristics local or domestic conditions of a countrys media system/tree Philosophies for media systems the root of the tree/ root network for a media system Regulations trunk of the tree, supports and gives direction for the media system Financing provides the basic parameters and the support for the smaller feeder branches: accessibility Accessibility Content most observable and changeable part of media systems / tree News reporting also observable and changeable part of media but more sensational Imports/exports seeds of the tree, export media but also provides new imports for a media system Audience observers of the media system

Multiple choice question: Where would the financing of a media system be placed thinking in analogy of the tree? a. the leaves b. the standout leaves c. trunk d. main branches

Chapter 4:
cultural characteristics: that what distinguishes one group of people from another group of people;

how the values of a group of people are manifested essentially in the groupss rituals & symbols. Central is a set of societal norms based on shared values of a group with the same history. Key Terms of Chapter 4 Culture: Cultural Characteristics: Pick your own definition on Page 39 Often used as a tiny snapshot of a countrys enormously intricate concept of culture. Cultural characteristics cultivate the media system of a country. Elements that influence a countrys media system are: Geography, Language, Society and Government. The geography of a country has an influence on the media content that crosses the countrys borders.

Geography

Language

The languages (plural!) in a country influence the languages in which media content is delivered, as well as the kinds of audiences that can be reached.

Society

Demographics of the population. Ethnic groups, religious groups etc..

Government

Left/Right - Chaos? Communism Capitalism etc.

Multiple Choice question:

The Cultural Characteristics of a country are a good way to snapshot the countrys culture and helps us to see what cultivates the countrys media system. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) The countrys culture cannot be characterised without information about the countrys media system. B) The media systems are affected by cultural characteristics. C) The cultural characteristics are affected by the media system Culture linked to media: cultural characteristics: can tell a lot about how a media system develops.

Chapter 5:
Legacy philosophies (former normative theories) Authoritarian philosophy 18 head at country is all knowing ruler 19 authoritarian philosophy tends to be adopted in countries where elite segments of society perceive that society is vulnerable to severe internal/external threats 20 authoritarian philosophy if at least 3 principles of the following are followed: 0 serving the state -> only publish what state find appropriate. 1 immunity of the state -> media not allowed to criticize state 2 state control over media 3 state censorship / self censorship 4 punishment if someone criticizes the state Libertarian philosophy 21 holds that individuals is responsible for civic participation and discovery of truth 22 tends to take root in society where power at government is criticized. 23 free market concept 24 economically presented in societies with: - constituted law for private ownership of property - legislative & juridical law that stimulates free market in which ideas & products can compete against each other. 25 if society follows roots of this philosophy 0 media privately owned and operated 1 government can enter the marketplace to maintain fair competition 2 media can regulate themselves; don't need government 3 balance between rewards & punishments to encourage individuals & organizations with media properties to engage in fair competition.

Communist philosophy 26 holds that the role of state is to be caretaker for well being of society: centralized government 27 if society follows communist philosophy at least 3 concepts: 0 state ownership of property & media 1 use of media to elevate tastes. So government can keep population well educated & exposed to more sophisticated content 2 control through censorship 3 punishment if someone criticizes communist doctrine or for demeaning prescribed cultural values Social responsibility philosophy 28 holds that government influence the media is to provide for balanced information with a goal of effecting change for the better in society 29 media ownership = public trust where media organizations have certain obligations to society & exist primarily to serve the public 0 So: news media should provide factual coverage tempered with contextual information 1 media content contains balanced opinion & commentary 2 editors & directs should clarify goals & desires 30 Social. rep phil. is impended through 2 procedures: - public accountability throughout & regulations - use of public admonishment

Contemporary philosophies (newer ones..?) Developmental philosophy 31 holds that media are to improve social conditions of developmental nations 32 media is independent from government 33 media perform certain task for funding by government (government mandate) 34 following principles: 0 media pursue cultural autonomy 1 export of domestic media content to other countries 2 media is watchdog on government 35 giver international assistance 36 public expectation at better conditions because of exposure to

media of foreign countries. Democratic-participant philosophy: 37 holds that citizen created content is essential to all forms of governments. 38 citizen group pressure: individuals try to gain greater access to media by using media production equipment & creation of institutional media content. 39 alternative group pressure: organizations formed with the express purpose of providing alternative voices and conventions for producing media content. 40 principles: media organizations take exception to government-driven objectives and corporate profit motives to make room for citizen initiated media content 0 citizen groups are guaranteed the freedom to express opinions without fear of retribution from the government or from corporate media 41 implened in 3 procedures: 0 media content include citizen viewpoints 1 media organizations allow citizens to participate in the process of producing content. 2 citizens are provided with access to media facilities to produce & distribute their own content 1.Authoritarian philosophy: The head of the country is the all-knowing ruler who deserves obedience and acquiescence. The ordained right of this ruler is to protect the country and to provide discipline and order to its way of life. This philosophy often holds that traditional culture should be aggressively maintained against encroaching external or contemporary culture, these are seen as eroding sacrosanct traditional values 2. Libertarian philosophy: The individual is responsible for civic participation and discovery of the truth. Central of this philosophy is that individuals take responsibility for their own actions 3.Communist Philosophy: The role of the state is to be a caretaker for the well-being of the society. A centralized government will then plan to the distribution of sustenance and the pleasure of culture. The individual is to respect the states

objectives and methods for bettering society. 4. Social responsibility philosophy The government influences the media to provide fair and balanced information with a goal of effecting change for the better in society 5. Developmental philosophy The media is to improve the social conditions of developing nations 6. Democratic participant philosophy: In this one citizen create content is a essential to all forms of government Terms Ch.5 Philosophies for media systems A philosophy for a media system is perceived as a root network that feeds the media system with characteristics from surrounding culture. There are six philosophies for media systems: 1. Authoritarian 2. Libertarian 3. Communist 4. Social Responsibility 5. Developmental 6. Democratic-Participant Authoritarian philosophy: the head of the country is an all-knowing ruler who deserves obedience and acquiescence. Authoritarian philosophy often holds that traditional culture should be maintained against encroaching external or contemporary culture, both of which are seen as eroding sacrosanct traditional values. So the ruler of the country rules the media system of the country. Libertarian philosophy: the individual is responsible for civic participation and the discovery of truth. The proper role of government is to concern itself with defending the state against hostile countries or assisting the state during national disasters, rather than intervening in individuals personal lives by attempting to regulate their morals and interests. Communist philosophy: the state is the caretaker for the wellbeing of

society. Individuals should work together as a collective whole, then it is possible to achieve an egalitarian society in which there are no wealthy classes and no poverty classes. Elevate public taste Teaching communist doctrine

Social responsibility theory: government influence the media to provide fair and balanced information with a goal of effecting change for the better in society. It focuses on news media, but also other media content. Development philosophy: media are to improve the social conditions of developing nations. Democratic-participant philosophy: citizen-created content is essential to all forms of government. This philosophy proposes formulating media operations in such a way as to involve citizens in all phases of producing media content. Some media systems philosophies rely more on the government than others, which of the following philosophies contains this? a. Development theory b. Social responsibility theory c. Libertarian theory Multiple choice questions: 1. When a media system draws on the roots of the authoritarian philosophy at least three principles are followed, which of the following are they - Serving the state, religious doctrine, state control of media - Serving the state, immunity of the state, state censorship - Serving the state, immunity of the state, state control of media

2. The Libertarian philosophy is commonly represented in the governance of two main avenues, which are there: - Constitutional law and the legislative and judicial law - Constitutional law and the liberal law - Judicial law and the legislative law

3. In a communist philosophy the media is used to: - teach the communist doctrine - claim stat ownership property - plan objectives for state ownership

4. What answer characterizes the social-responsibility philosophy: - factual coverage tempered with contextual information - Government supports the role of media as a social change - Proposes formulating media operations in a way that involves citizens

5. What answer characterizes the Democratic participant philosophy: - factual coverage tempered with contextual information - Government supports the role of media as a social change - Proposes formulating media operations in a way that involves citizens

6. What answer characterizes developmental philosophy: - factual coverage tempered with contextual information - Government supports the role of media as a social change - Proposes formulating media operations in a way that involves citizens

Chapter 6:
regulation: influences on media operations and media content. So its not only coming from government-related regulatory bodies. Broadcast-media is often more regulated than print because of the bigger reach. Regulation on media: - Government related agencies - media organizations/professional organizations (television/radio/print statistics having self regulation) - citizen groups (non-profit) - advertisers/sponsors - audiences

Regulation in EU:television without frontiers directive. Regulation: an authoritative rule Watershed: specific time period late at night in which certain restrictions on content are relaxed Minutage: total number of advertisements allowed per hour Bumper: a momentary graphic that appears on the television screen between regular programming and advertising

Give basic bodies that regulate media: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Government related agencies Media organizations/profession organizations Citizen groups Advertisers/sponsors Audiences

Ways of regulation: Political pluralism: a wide variety of political voices represented (dependent on country) Protection of minors Protection of language/culture Advertising minutage Drug/alcohol/sexual/violent content

Give basic bodies that regulate media: 6. Government related agencies 7. Media organizations/profession organizations 8. Citizen groups 9. Advertisers/sponsors 10. Audiences Ways of regulation: Political pluralism: a wide variety of political voices represented (dependent on country)

Protection of minors Protection of language/culture Advertising minutage Drug/alcohol/sexual/violent content Regulation: Regulation is often defined as influences on media operations and media content. (broad concept

Five basic Regulatory bodies: Government-Related Agencies - Government related agencies are bureaucracies that have government oversight of media operations - Three concepts: - Watershed - Minutage - Bumper Media Organizations/Professional Organizations - Media organizations are the television statios, radio statios, production houses, newspapers, internet providers and so on that produce and deliver media content. - Media organizations engage in self regulation that is, they enact their own policies about what content is either acceptable or unacceptable. Citizen groups - Citizen groups typically are nonprofit organizations assembled by activists because of a concern about various aspects of media operations. - Derived from moral concerns Advertisers and Sponsors When advertising or sponsorship is a major funding source for media operations, a more covert form of regulation can occur.

Audiences

- Audiences regulate media content because the size of an audience often defines the success of media content Regulation of Media in the European Union. - See the television without Frontiers Directive According to McKenzie, media systems are dynamic, self perpetuating and it has multiple parts. How can you explain the dynamic character of media systems? A dynamic media system: a) always changing because of an external forces b) draws on existing resources c)has interrelated parts that influence each other Electronic colonialism is a type of a)digital divide b) cultural imperialism c)neo-colonialism Ethnocentrism, exocentrism and world centrism are part of: a.global communication flow b. globalization c. global information flow The US exports many media products (for example tv shows) and imports little. This is connected to the US: a.ethnocentrism b. exocentrism c.world centrism

Chapter 7
Financing- provision of money or services to facilitate the production and distribution of media content Methods of financing: 1. advertising method of financing in which a provider of media

content sells space or time to vendor so that the vendor can promote a product or service to the audience. 2. Sponsorship is a variation of advertising in both commercial and non-commercial media content, wherein space and time are underwritten by a vendor. 3. License fee used to finance broadcast media requires people to pay an annual fee the privilege of owning and using television sets. 4. Government appropriation is when the government allocates monies or resourced for the production and delivery of media content, usually on an annual cycle as part f the budgeting process for everything the government s going to fund. 5. Government subsidy is when government allocation makes up only a part of the operating expenses of media organization. 6. User fees as a method of financing permit a media organization by law to charge a fee to individual audience members who access that organizations media content. 7. Donation is a method of financing in which an individual or an institution voluntarily contributes money to provider of media content. Accessibility of media = circulation = the number of copies of a newspaper that are printed and delivered broadcasting = the delivery of content through airwaves and cable/satellite technology penetration = the percentage of households that are reached by a particular medium Chapter 7: Financing of Media financing - provision of money or services to faciliate production and distribution of media content; money shapes media content and audiences globalization in financing - media conglomerates seek new international audiences via new technology delivery systems; advertising and user fees become more important advertising - method of financing; provider of media content sells space or

time to a vendor so that the vendor can promote a product or service to the audience Sponsorship - a variation of advertisement; space and time are underwritten by a vendor; typically, vendor is mentioned throughout media content in exchange for money license fee - people pay an annual fee for the privelege of owning and using television sets government appropriation - a method of financing; government allocates money or resources for production and delivery of media content government subsidy - government allocation makes up only part of the operation expenses user fees - charge a feeto individual audience members who acces this organizations media content donationan individual or an institution voluntarily contributes money to a provider of media content Financing: provision of money in order produce and distribute (media content) Methods of financing: 1. Advertising 2. License fee: people paying an annual fee for the privilege of owning and using television set 3. Government appropriation: subsidies 4. Users fee: a fee for individual audience members to be able to access organizations media content A. Subscription: regular access B. Per-use fee: instance of access 5. Donation individual voluntarily gives money to provider of media content MCQ In countries with which media philosophy advertising is present as the most common method of financing media? a) social-responsibility b) libertarian c) development

Chapter 8

1. A broadsheet is a newspaper whose shape is more horizontal than vertical before you open it. Content wise, broadsheets are usually serious newspapers. 2. A tabloid is a newspaper whose shape is more vertical than

vertical before you open it. Content wise, tabloids can be either serious or sensational. 3. Circulation is the number of copies of a newspaper that are printed and delivered. 4. A station is a single facility that delivers program either from its own programming or from other source. 5. A network is a group of affiliate stations that receive programming at select times of the day from a program supplier. 6. An ownership group is a collection of stations that belong to the same private corporation. 7. A channel is a numerical brand used to identify a media outlet to allow audience to identify a single source of programming. 8. Broadcasting refers to the delivery of content through cable and satellite technology. 9. Multichannel broadcaster is a phrase to categorize satellite and cable broadcasters together as essentially the same kind of entity. 10. Penetration refers to the percentage of households that are reached by a particular medium. Accessibility: which media are easy to access because they are convenient/inexpensive/readily available Terms: page 138-140 According to McKenzie, what does the term penetration refer to ? a) the percentage of potential households that could be accessing a particular medium b) the percentage of people who can access the internet c) the percentage of homes actually using a particular medium

Chapter 9
1. Form is indicate how the content in a medium is presented 2. Substance is the actual information that is contained within a medium 3. Geolocation technology is the ability of the internet to bring up the content in that language in the location where the intenet is accessed Media content: A combination of form (the way in which it is presented) and substance (the information contained within a medium) Never look at form and substance separately medium is the message (McLuhan) Note: content is what drives an audience to access certain media

Distinctive themes: reveal-interesting facets of one particular medium system compared to those of another (lists pages 186-187) Media content is traditionally has been defined as quantifiable data contained within a medium, and identifiable through a research methodology called content analysis. Two main problems: this definition treats media content versus media form as separate, discrete, and mutually exclusive concepts + traditional approach has promoted the idea that content is primarily what drives an audience to access selected media, while treating from merely as a secondary motivator (the medium is the message). To address the problems with the traditional definition, media content is defined here as a combination of form (the way the substance of a medium is presented) and substance (the information contained within a medium), neither can be separated from each other. Distinctive themes: interesting facets of one particular media system compared to facets of another media system. Geolocation: technology to bring up content that is local to where the internet is being accessed. MCQ: How would you define Substance in terms of media content? A It indicates how the content in a medium is presented B It is the actual information that is contained within a medium C Is the degree how biased media content is Exocentric = countries are exocentric if they regularly import a lot of foreign media content. These countries tend to be smaller countries with comparatively smaller populations. Ethnocentric = countries which not import very much foreign media content. These countries are often geographically isolated and have their own vibrant media industry. Worldcentric = countries are worldcentric when they are both big exporters of media content and big importers of media content. These countries tend to be smaller but have vibrant domestic media industries. Q: Worldcentric and exocentric countries are said to have an organic media system, what does this mean? a.) A media system that thrives on an exchange of ideas

with other media systems and is therefore considered to be a more open system. b.) A country with a system that as imports as well as exports a lot of media content. c.) A media system that suits the countrys audiences tastes and expectations.

Media audiences = a construct that describes only the common denominators of individuals interacting with selected media. Researchers compile certain aspects of interaction because every user has individual habits of media use. Quantitative = numerical information measuring peoples habits related to media use. These numbers revolve for example around percentages of men versus women. Qualitative = descriptive information about an audiences surroundings and culture that influence their interactions with media content, as well as how they think and feel as a result of the interactions.

Chapter 10
Depth: The amount of topical detail offered in a news report Brevity: The amount of off-topic, irrelevant information present in a news report Bias: Presenting certain topics in a manner that suggests a certain point of view Objectivity: Examining things from a neutral, unbiased point of view, this constitutes no News reporting: delivery of new information to mass audiences Bias vs. Objectivity: 1. Commentary: professional reporting of what is right or wrong 2. Advocacy journalism: reporting that advocates a policy, position, belief, or action 3. Meta messages: titles, word choices and imagery that indicate whether they objective or biased 4. Balance: providing opposing viewpoints

Entertainment vs. Serious news reporting 1. People: entertainment news on the private lives of public figures -Serious news politicians or ordinary people with social significance 2. Priority: entertainment: dramatic and horrifying news before content -Serious news: according to social significance 3. Special effects: entertainment: eyecatching/earcatching Serious news: down playing special effects, emphasizing on news itself

Depth vs. Brevity 1. Length 2. Space 3. Companion reports: multiple reports in a single medium that addresses the same event 4. Serializing: reporting more than one more than one story on a news event on successive days MCQ: Entertainment-oriented news presents dramatic or horrifying news at the front of the content or as a constant theme of the overall news content:

a) Serious news presents news in order of priority and proportion b) Serious news presents news in order of priority and impact c) Serious news presents news in order of proportion and impact

Chapter 11:
Exocentric:

Countries that tend to be big importers of media content. These countries tend to be smaller countries, with comparatively smaller populations. Countries that produce very little domestic content are susceptible

to patterns of cultural imperialism. Ethnocentric:

Countries that do not import very much media content. Ethnocentric countries are often geographically isolated and have their own economically vibrant media systems. E.g AUSTRALIA.

Worldcentric: Both big exporters and big importers of media content.

Factors influencing the exporting of media content Ethnocentric often geographically isolated and have their own economically vibrant media industries foreign media often gets modified to suit importing countrys audience tastes and expectations closed media system, less access to outside ideas

Exocentric Big importers of media content Smaller countries, smaller populations Imports meant to fill TV schedules (cheaper) Because of little domestic content, they are susceptible to cultural imperialism Open media system, wider access to ideas

Worldcentric big importers and exporters small country, but vibrant media industry multiple languages boost interest in foreign media cheap to import open media system, wider access to ideas

Chapter 12 Media Audiences

Media Audience:

An artificial construct that describes only the common denominators of individuals interacting with selected media. Private organizations and public governments look at the statistics behind the quantitative and qualitative data in order to make inferences about the media audience.

Media Audiences an artificial construct that describes only the common denominators of individual interaction with selected media (McKenzie, p.327)

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which two factor influencing the exporting of media content have generally open media systems allowing them to experience ideas outside their country? a. Ethnocentric and Exocentric b. Exocentric and Worldcentric c. Worldcentric and Ethnocentric 2. Seeing economy as interrelated with politics, society, and culture is the definition of which approach? a. Holistic approach b. Critical analytical approach c. Liberal pluralist approach 3. Siebert, Peterson, and Schramm identified four models or theoretical types of media. Which of the following models was not one of them? a. Libertarian model b. Developmental model c. Authoritarian model d. Soviet communist model

Chapter 13
(McKenzie, 2006, pp. 361, 362) 4 issues that influence policy in media 1: private versus public media

2: news reporting as a product, public service, or propaganda 3: nudity, sexuality and profanity in media 4: violence in media

Article: Liebes and livingstone

Models of soap operas: Dynastic: this model focuses on a powerful family, with some satellite outsiders connected by romance, marriage or rivalry -> its periphery. Some have a parallel, interconnected downstairs network Community: a number of equal, separate, middle and working class, multi generational, families (including single parent ones), and single characters, mostly but not romantically connected, all living within one geographical neighbourhood and belonging to one community. Dyadic: A destabilized network of a number of young, densely interconnected, mostly uni-generational, interchanging couples, with past, present and future romantic ties, continually abso\bed in the process of reinventing kinship relations. Multiple choice question Which of the models mentioned by Liebes & livingstone are used to describe a soap opera which focuses on a powerful family and its networks? a. Dynastic b. Community c. Dyadic Q: In a soap opera about young couples, who look for individual fulfillment, situated in a caf, one of the characters is having a mental breakdown and ends up in mental hospital. How would you define this type of soap opera? a.) Dyadic model

b.) Dynastic model c.) Community model

The Article Africa and the Digital Divide

Pippa Norris dimensions of the digital divide (Norris, 2001, p. 4) Article: Fuchs and Horak Concepts: Global digital divide: unequal material, usage skills, benefit and institutional excess to new information and communication technologies by different world regions. With an eye to Africas media system, what is implied by the term global divide? a. Difference between those who do and do not use the opportunities of digital resources to engage mobilize and participate in public life b. Gap between information rich and poor in each nation c. Divergence of internet access, between industrialized and developed societies Five types of communicative relationships- page 18 1. Ironic (characters whom we may feel superior to) *Mainly community soaps* 2. Mimetic (positioning the viewers with characters like us on both dimensions) *Mainly community soaps* 3. Leader-orientated 4. Romantic 5. Mythic

Types of digital divide Global divide Social divide Democrati c divide ---------Van Dijk and Hacker (2003) argue that there are four types of barriers to Divergence of Internet access between industrialized and developed societies Gap between information rich and poor in each nation

Difference between those who do, and do not, use the opportunities of digital resources to engage, mobilize and participate in public life

access: The lack of mental access refers to a lack of elementary digital experience. The lack of material access means a lack of possession of computers and network connections. The lack of skill access is a lack of digital skills. The lack of usage access signifies the lack of meaningful usage opportunities. --------------------------------chapter 10: news reporting news reporting - delivery of new and updated information to mass audiences MC questions: Media content is defined as a combination of... ? : 42Form & Data 43Structure & Agency 44Form & Substance Which of the following divides is described as divergence of internet access between indrustrialized countries and developed countries: 1. 2. 3. 4. Social divide Democratic divide Global divide Wealth divide

Which of the following principles is not useful to identify predominantly entertaining news or predominantly serious news? A) People B)Priority 9 Meta messages D) Special effects How has the climate of globalization affected advertising and user fees in the media industry? 5 advertising and user fees decline 6 advertising and user fees become more widespread 7 advertising declines and user fees become more widespread

Hardy

Liberal democratic theory: this theory relates to the media being free from state intervention promoting a mainly a free market economic model which also promotes freedom of speech to the media. Neoliberalism: this theory relates most to the idea of a free market model in which market competition can promote the best (media) products and meet consumer needs. Libertarianism: this theory also promotes minimal state intervention in media affairs whilst upholding the ideals of inviolable rights and personal self-determination and integrity. Critical political economy: this theory actually denounces the existing free market models of libertarianism and neoliberalism and their allegiance to the capitalist market whish has resulted in failure to promote economic fairness or social justice mainly also due to the growing strength of big media corporations which monopolise the market. Media ownership and influence two different views McQuail: difficulty in separating allocative fro operational control and also isolating ownership from other variables influencing content Goldsmiths Media Group: review the challenges made to traditional political economic accounts and devolved levels of management. Media and power: relates to the idea that media has symbolic power as it has the power to produce, transmit and receive meaningful powerful symbols. A few big media conglomerates have the power to shape the reality portrayed in media Q1: Determine whether the following two theorys are true are false: Neoliberalism: this theory relates most to the idea of a free market model in which market competition can promote the best (media) products and meet consumer needs. Libertarianism: this theory also promotes minimal state intervention in media affairs whilst upholding the ideals of inviolable rights and personal self-determination and integrity. A: Both are true B: Neither are true C: A is true

Q2. The liberal democratic theory is A: Against state interference in media affairs B: Promotes a free market economic model C: Both of the above are true

Q3. The libertarianism theory: A. Promotes state interference in media B. Promotes self determination and integrity C. Neither of the above Normative- critical approach: looking at policy and regulation of the media and the values of a particular media system. Analytical approach: explaining and evaluating the powers of a media system. 4 different paradigms:

Liberal democratic theory: The role of the media is to oversee the state. Media are free from state interference. Operates within a freemarket economy Political economy; addresses how market power operates against free information exchange. It criticizes the increasing concentration of media ownership. Holistic approach: seeing economy as interrelated with politics, society and cultural life. Social market: state intervenes in the economy to support the interest of the public

Liberal pluralist: A way of viewing society in which there is a competition of groups that have different interests, without having one dominant interest.

Marxist approach: media are part of the one dominant ideology in society; the economic differences in classes. Symbolic power: Thompson (1995): stems from the activity of producing, transmitting and receiving meaningful, symbolic forms in the media.; The power of the media to construct reality. Coercive power: when the state has legitimate power to use threat of physical force Economic power: stems from the organisation of human productivity Political power: coordinating individuals through regulations Discursive power: media privileges particular discourses and constructs to form reality through agenda setting and framing. Access power: including or excluding particular interests in the media. Resource power; media conglomerates affecting the actions of the government Public Sphere: If you do not know this concept, use your Thussu book.

Tablodization article
Is There a Tabloidization of Online News? A Content Analysis of Traditional News Websites

1. There are distinct ways in which the media serves its users. Which one of the answers below provides more than two correct ways, using the appropriate terms? a) Surveillance, intertextuality, transmission b) Cultural values, entertainment, transmission c) Intertextuality, mobilization, surveillance d) Correlation, entertainment, mobilization

2. Which one of the following terms is NOT included in the basic ethical codes and canons of professional news? a) Accurancy b) Truthfulness c) Impartiality d) Surveillance

3. When it comes to web-based news sites besides the content what determining factor in the judgment between traditional and tabloid presentation is/are there? a) Appearance b) Layout c) Both d) Neither

Becker and Vlad:

(Historic) Authoritarian Model: the government controlled the press through prior censorship and punishment after publication. (Modern) Authoritarian Model = Soviet Communist Model: States also controlled the media and assigned them the responsibility of building a classless, Marxist society. Libertarian Model: Counterpoint to the authoritarian model. Absence of government control and the view that the truth will prevail in an environment in which media operate free of control. Social Responsibility Model: Media have obligations to society that accompany their freedom, e.g. provide meaningful information to members of society. Developmental Model: Press is seen as a building tool for national identity and economic development. Democratic Socialist Press Theory: allows for state intervention, particularly through economic controls to protect citizens from press concentration and to provide for societies needs.

4 Stages of Media Reform:

Pretransition Stage: Lays the groundwork for subsequent change and there is an opening or freeing of a previously constrained media system, and a greater willingess to tolerate criticism and expressions of alternative points of view. Primary Transition Stage: A systematic change within the formerly authoritarian regime. Statutes on access to information, deformation, ownership and the like are passed. The culture of censorship is disrupted. Secondary Stage: Politicians and journalists participate in training seminars to explain and clarify the new institutional legal order. Networks of media professionals develop. Late or Mature Stage: Legal and institutional questions hve been resolved, and educational opportunities for journalists are well established.

Models of Press Freedom:

Polarized Pluralistic Model: one in which the press is oriented not toward the masses but to the elite members of society, and the circulation is relatively limited and freedom of the press is relatively new. Newspapers have weak financial footing and the state is often owner regulater and provider of funding for the media. Democratic Corporatist Model: A high level of newspaper circulation and strong party newspapers aligned with organized social groups. So the media reflect the political divisions of society. Liberal Model: Newspaper circulation reaching the masses rather than the elite. Commercialism dominates and information oriented journalism is predominant and the role of the state is limited. But it is becoming increasingly dominant around the world. Reporters sans frontires (RSF): a registered nonprofit based in Paris, evaluates what it terms Respect for Media Freedom as part of its work to defend journalists and media outlets around the world. Censorship: characteristic of totalitarian systems. Supervision of media content and eliminating materials that are critical of the political leadership. In most cases, the media in totalitarian countries are owned and subsidized by the government. Self-censorship: when journalists or media organizations make decisions not to investigate specific issues or not to publish or air

stories resulting from those investigations. Political instability: source of restrictions on media freedom. Journalists and media organizations either take sides and lose their neutrality or avoid reporting for fear of potentially dangerous political developments. Economic harassment: sometimes used by government or business groups to control media content. Manipulation of advertising of state-owned and private organizations to either reward or penalize media outlets for their favourable or critical attitudes. Often found in emerging democracies hypercompetition: the weak advertising market cannot sustain the large number of media organizations competing for those limited advertising revenues. Consequence: low-quality journalism, compromises in terms of objectivity, and corruption with the media system. Media concentration: Businesspeople have established or purchased existing media organizations. Often these media reflect the economic and political agendas of these oligarchs, rather than the issues that are relevant for the general public and society.

Multiple Choice Question:

What is the best method to use when comparing media audiences across different audiences. o A. Quantitative o B. Qualitative o C. Both. What are the characteristics of an exocentric country? o Exocentric countries do not import much media o Exocentric countries tend to be big importers of media content. o They are both big importers and exporters of content.

Article: Curran
Concepts: Media exposure: The frequency with which the consumer (audience) uses various media sources Social Inclusion: the process of reaching disadvantaged groups (in terms of income, education and ethnicity) within society Deregulation: the weakening of programme requirements on commercial broadcasters by the government or governmental agencies

Marketization: the movement of a domestic media system towards a market based (media) system. Multiple choice questions What is one of the main aims of national television in European countries as stated by Curran? a. Generating profits b. Social inclusion c. Maintaining public service tradition