ABSTRACT The California Bearing Ratio Test is conducted to determine the California Bearing Ratio of the subgrade soil

and bearing value can be estimated for highway sub-base and subgrades for design of pavement thickness. The sample is done by mixing the soil and water which need to be compacted in five layers in the mould. Each layer must be compact with 62 numbers of blows by using rammer. The test is done by using a standard plunger that has been pushed into the soil at a fixed rate of penetration. The force required is measured to maintain that rate. For the penetration, the value of load is increase for each penetration. The value of load can be calculated by using the formula : Load (kN) = [ Load dial (divs) ] X [ Ring factor (kN/div) ] Value of ring factor is constant which is 0.0424 divs. After soil has been place in the oven, water content can be calculated by using formula: m = Mass of water / Mass of solid

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OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is for determine the Carlifornia Bearing Ratio of the subgrade soil. Carlifornia Bearing Ration ( CBR ) is penetration test to calculate mechanical strength of road subgrade and basecourses. The experiment will be work by measuring the pressure needed to penetrate a soil sample with a plunger of standard area. After pressure have measured, the the value will devide by the pressure required to achieve an equal penetration on a standard crushed rock material. From the result of the experiment, relationship ( CBR ) will derived for the soil in thr condition at which it was tested. The graph drawn use load penetration relationship from which the loads corresponding to standard penetration are read off and expressed as ratios (in perecent) from standard load.

= measured pressure for site soils [N/mm] = pressure to achieve equal penetration on standard soil [N/mm]

The ratio is usually determined for penetration of 2.5mm and 5.0mm. The standard forces corresponding to penetrations of 2.5mm and 5.0mm are 13.24 kN and 19.96 kN

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APPARATUS 1. California Bearing Ratio ( Hand Operated ) machine test 2. Mould with collar and base plate 3. Hammer 4.5 kg 4. Normal hammer ( for soil preparation ) 5. Container (3) 6. Oven 7. Perforated plate

MATERIALS 1. 5.5 kg Soil sample 2. 500 ml water 3. Grease ( for installation of mould )

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PROCEDURE Sample specimen Firstly,the mould,collar and base plate are cleaned from dust.Put the grease at the mould,extension collar and base plate to make sure the mould can be open easily after clamped them.After that,the diameter of mould is measured.The mould is clamped with the extension collar to the base plate.Placed the coarse filter paper on the top of the spacer disc.The soil sample is filtered.The soil sample is be pondered to make sure that the soil sample is 5.5 kg.Take the 500ml water and mix with 5.5kg of soil sample.Poured first portion of soil-water mix in the mould.After that,give 62 blows with the rammer on soil to compact them.The top layer of compacted surface is scratched.Repeat that step with other four portions of soil.Filled the mould completely in five layers.Next,removed the extension collar and excess soil is trimmed by a straight edge.The base plate,spacer disc and filter paper is removed.Finally,note down the weight of mould and compacted specimen.

Penetration test Firsly,invert the mould containing compacted soil and clamped it to the base plate.The mould containing the specimen is placed with base plate in position,on the testing machine.Next,bring the penetration plunger in contact with soil surface and a load of 45 kg is applied so that full contact between soil and plunger is established.This penetration are taken as zero loads.Reading of dial gauges is set zero.Next,the motor is swich on and the long ring dial reading is recorded at every 0.25mm interval of penetration dial gauge.The load at penetration is recorded from zero until 6mm.Then the machine is stopped.Removed the

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mould from the machine and removed the tested sample from the mould and the mould is cleaned.Then to determine the water content,the 20 to 50g of soil is collected. Take some sample and place it in three container and dry it on the oven. Take the weight of container without soil, with wet soil, and with soil after oven 24 hours. Take out data mass of water after the soil done dry in oven. At the last, find the water content dry density of the soil in the experiment.

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DISCUSSION The experiment that has been done is to determine California Bearing Ratio of subgrade soil and evaluate the strength for design of pavement thickness. California Bearing Ratio Test also can be carrying out insitu. In this experiment consist of two different procedure which is procedure for making sample in mould and procedure for penetration test. For making the mould, we need to compact the sample for five layers and each layer must compact with 62 numbers of blows. For penetration test, we need to place the mould containing the sample in the testing machine with the apply load. From this experiment, high number of penetration means that the sample is not consolidated and not compacted correctly. High load can penetrates in the sample which can cause crack in the road pavement. Less number of penetration are good for the sample which has been compacted correctly and can be use for the road construction. Mass of water can be obtained when drying the soil in the oven that causes a problem in the sample. High water content and low compaction can cause uneven surface and sedimentation occurred. The precaution that we needs while doing this experiment is we need to clean the holes of the base, mould and the perforated disc thoroughly. This is because we need to remove the impurities which can cause the different in strength of soil. Another precaution is aligning the surcharge weight with the plunger so that the plunger can penetrate freely into the soils.

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CBR Test ( Hand Operated )

CBR Test ( Field Type )

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CONCLUSION The conclusion that can be detected in this experiment is the higher the penetrations of the soil, the compaction will become decreases. So, the penetration needs to be lower to obtain the stable soil to builds the highways. This is important for design of pavement thickness and avoid the highways from sedimentation of soil. The soils of sample does not the same strength because of the blows does not consistent. The special equipments is needed to avoid the problems. The data of this experiment can be accepted.

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REFERENCE 1. Laboratory Manual, Geotechniques Laboratory ECG 223 Soil Mechanic, (2010) , Civil Engineering Laboratory University Teknologi MARA Pahang Kampus Jengka, Pahang Darul Makmur. 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_bearing_ratio 3. http://www.indiamart.com/westernprecision/soil-testing-equipment.html

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