Portland Limestone Blended Cement in AASHTO M240 and ASTM C595

Presented to NESMEA October 2010

Objectives
Why the proposed change?

What would change?

How do we propose to proceed?

What do we know about portland limestone blended cements? What additional information is needed?

Reason for Proposal

Provide option that can:

Help DOTs and industry meet sustainability initiatives

Implement proven technology Reduce GHG emissions by up to 10%

Conserve energy and natural resources

Address legislative and regulatory challenges

Harmonize standards

Concept Changes to M240/C595

Include provisions for a new portland-limestone blended cement containing from 5% to 15% limestone Have same physical requirements as existing Type IS, IP, and IT cements

Development Procedure
Consider cement standards development objectives

Gather, review, and evaluate information

Identify and address questions

Develop and submit ballot item(s) with supporting rationale and documentation

Known Use and Performance

Experience in Europe and Canada

Proven technology
Fresh and hardened concrete properties

Compatibility with admixtures and SCMs

Historical Use of Limestone in Cements

1965 Heidelberger produces 20% limestone cement in Germany for specialty applications (Schmidt 1992) 1979 French Cement Standards allows limestone additions. 1983 CSA A5 allows 5% in Type 10 (now GU) cement 1990, 15+/-5% limestone blended cements being used in Germany 1992, in UK, BS 7583 allows up to 20% in Limestone Cement 2000 EN 197-1 allows 5% MAC (Typ. Limestone) in all 27 common cements, as was commonly practiced in various European cement standards prior to that. 2000 EN 197-1 creates CEM II/A-L (6-20%) and CEM II/B-L (21-35%) 2006 CSA A3001 allows 5% in other Types than GU 2004 ASTM C 150 allows 5% in Types I-V 2007 AASHTO M85 allows 5% in Types I-V 2008 CSA A3001 includes PLC containing 5%-15% limestone

Cements Used in Europe

100 6.1 3.2 4.0 1.7 3.4 5.0 5.5 2.1 1.5 5 6.5 4.8 1.8 1.9 9.5 2.1 2.9 5.4 2.2 1.8 5.7
Others CEM V - Composite Cement

90
80
Cement Types in Europe (%)

5.1
14.3

5.6
12.5

CEM IV - Pozzolanic
CEM III - Blast furnace slag CEM II - Portland-composite CEM II - Portland-limestone CEM II - Portland-fly ash CEM II - Portland-pozzolana

5.6
16.8

14.5

9.6

16.8 70
60 50 24.0

15.0 5.4 3.7 4.8

18.9

24.6

24.5

31.4

CEM II - Portland-slag CEM I - Portland

40
30

6.2 2.9 5.4

5.7 2.1 4.2

7.0 2.7

6.8

6.9 1.2 5.9

7.4 1.4 4.5

PLC had the largest use in 2004

Most portlandcomposite cements contain limestone too!

20
10

35.4

34.2

33.7

32.1

31.6

27.5

0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

CSA A3001-08
Portland cement GU MS MH Blended cement GUb MSb MHb Portlandlimestone cement GUL *MHL Application

General use Moderate sulfate resistant Moderate heat of hydration High early strength

HE LH HS

HEb LHb HSb

HEL LHL *-

Low heat of hydration High sulfate resistant

* CSA does not have provisions for sulfate resistant PLC cements

Concrete Tests
Cements and SCMs

10% to 15% PLC

Slag (15, 25, 30, 50%) and fly ash 25%

Slump, slump retention and air were measured

Strength and durability tests were performed

Concrete Strengths with Slag or Class C FA

50 45 40 35 30 MPa 25 20 15 10

1 Day MPa 7 Day MPa 28 Day MPa

Control Hv 25% Slag 25% Slag 25% Slag Control 25% Slag Control 12% LS 12% LS 12% LS 12% LS Hv Hv Hv Hv FA 12% LS Hv Control FA Mix 12% LS

5
0

Slag Mixes

Fly Ash Mixes

Almost no impact of 12% PLC on fc at any age with 25% Slag or 20% Fly Ash

Durability Tests w/cm = 0.40, 0.45 & SCM

Freeze-Thaw Resistance (ASTM C 666)
100
Durability Factor
600 PC

Scaling Resistance (ASTM C 672)

80
60 40 PC PLC - 12%

Mass Loss (g/m2)

PLC - 12% 400

200

20 0 No SCM No SCM 35% Slag 25% Fly Ash (0.40) (0.45) (0.45) (0.45) Supplementary Cementing Materials (w/cm)
0

No SCM No SCM 35% Slag 25% Fly Ash (0.40) (0.45) (0.45) (0.45) Supplementary Cement Materials (w/cm)

Chloride Permeability at 28 days

Charge Passed (Coulombs)
Charge Passed (Coulombs)

Chloride Permeability at 56 days

3000
PC PLC - 12%

3000
PC PLC - 12%

2000

2000

1000

1000

0
No SCM No SCM 35% Slag 25% Fly Ash (0.40) (0.45) (0.45) (0.45) Supplementary Cement Materials (w/cm)

0
No SCM No SCM 35% Slag 25% Fly Ash (0.40) (0.45) (0.45) (0.45) Supplementary Cement Materials (w/cm)

Field Trials Jan CI, 8 Concretes

Cements = CSA A3001 PC and PLC (12% limestone)
Blended SCM = 33% FA, 67% Slag

Replacement levels =0, 25, 40, 50

Tests

Cast specimens - compressive strength (ASTM C39), rapid chloride penetration (ASTM C1202), rapid freeze/thaw (ASTM C666), hardened air void analysis (ASTM C457), deicer scaling (C672), Cored - strength (ASTM C42), chloride penetration (C1202), chloride diffusion (ASTM C1556)

PLC + 25% SCM

PLC + 50% SCM

PC + 25% SCM

PC + 50% SCM

Field Trials Strength Results

Field Trials RCPT Results

2010 Spring TTCC/NCC

TRB Paper Three Case Studies

All Used C1157 Cement Containing 10% Limestone 40th Avenue, Denver, 2007

Used with 20% Class C FA, Recycled Aggregate

US HWY 287, Lamar, 2008-2009

Used with 20% Class F FA Used with 20% Class F FA

I-25, Castle Rock, 2008-2009

Summary
Why the proposal?

Option to implement proven technology to obtain desired performance and improve sustainability of concrete
5% to 15% limestone in ASTM C595/M240 Same physical requirements as IP, IS, IT Remember standards development objectives Gather, review, and evaluate information Identify and address questions

What would change?

How to proceed?

Questions to Address
Sulfate exposure

Others?

Portland Limestone Blended Cement in Thank you!and ASTM C595 AASHTO M240
Presented to AASHTO TS3a August 2010