Copyright 2008 ABB. All rights reserved.

Type des. Part no.

Prep. PSS/TP/MC / Gert Apell 2009-03-18 Doc. kind Description
No. of p.
Appr. / Apell Gert 2009-03-18
Resp. dept PSS/TP/MC Approved
Title CT calculation example for distance
protection REL670
7
Doc. no. Lang. Rev. ind. Page
ABB AB SA2009-001608 en 1
FILE: SA2009-001608-Example_of_CT_calculation_for_REL670-rev0.doc; SAVEDATE: 2009-03-18 10:25; TEMPLATE: TECHN_DOC_STAND_P.dot C; SKELETON:
REL670 - CT calculation example for distance protection function.
1. Brief description of measuring principle and CT requirements. _________________________ 3
2. CT requirements for REL670 line distance protection function. _________________________ 4
3. CT secondary wiring lead resistance Calculation. _____________________________________ 5
4. Current transformer data. ________________________________________________________ 6
5. Calculation of required rated equivalent secondary e.m.f E
alreq
_________________________ 6
5.1 Ealreq for 3 phase close in fault. ______________________________________________________ 6
5.2 Ealreq for 3 phase fault at zone 1 limit. ________________________________________________ 6
5.3 Ealreq for single phase close in fault. __________________________________________________ 6
5.4 Ealreq for single phase fault at zone 1 limit._____________________________________________ 6
6. Verification of CT data according to different standards._______________________________ 7
6.1 Current transformer according to IEC 60044-1 class P and PR. ____________________________ 7
6.2 Current transformer according to IEC 60044-6 class TPS. ________________________________ 7
6.3 Current transformer data according to IEC 60044-1 class PX and BS class X. ________________ 7
Doc. no. Lang. Rev. ind. Page
ABB AB SA2009-001608 en 2
REVISION
Rev. ind. Page (P)
Chapt. (C)
Description Date
Dept./Init.
Doc. no. Lang. Rev. ind. Page
ABB AB SA2009-001608 en 3
1. Brief description of measuring principle and CT requirements
Distance protection is instantaneous impedance measuring protection. The general requirements on
current transformer cores are that the core must not saturate for faults at the end of zone 1 setting.
Saturation due to DC component must be considered due to the instantaneous operation of the
protection. Saturation is allowed for close in faults as the relays are designed to operate with saturated
CT core without any delay in operation.
In order to secure the relay operation, additional transient dimensioning over sizing factor for the CT has
to be considered. The value of over dimensioning factor is dependent on the network frequency and the
primary time constant for the DC component in the fault current.
The CT ratio should be selected so that the current to the protection is higher than the minimum
operating value for all faults that are to be detected.
CT sizing calculation for distance protection application must be verified based on the maximum fault
current for close in fault and fault at the end of zone 1 reach.
Fault current for close in fault condition must be calculated as a three phase fault on the bus bar with
maximal generation in the system in operation at the same time as the protected line is out of service.
Doc. no. Lang. Rev. ind. Page
ABB AB SA2009-001608 en 4
2. CT requirements for REL670 line distance protection function.
Current transformer used must have rated secondary limiting e.m.f that is greater than or equal to
required secondary e.m.f that fulfils the following conditions:
For close in fault forward and reverse direction
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = >
r
R
L CT
pn
sn k
alreq al
I
S
R R a
I
I I
E E
2
max
1
* *
*
(1)
For faults at zone 1 end
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = >
r
R
L CT
pn
sn kzone
alreq al
I
S
R R k
I
I I
E E
2
1
2
* *
*
(2)
Where:
al
E = rated equivalent secondary e.m.f (V) .
max k
I = Maximum primary fundamental frequency current for close in forward and reverse
faults (A).
1 kzone
I =Maximum primary fundamental frequency current for faults at zone 1 reach (A).
pn
I = CT rated primary current (A).
sn
I = CT rated secondary current (A).
r
I = The protection terminal rated current (A).
CT
R = CT secondary winding resistance (O).
L
R = The resistance of the secondary cable and additional load (O).
R
S = Protection relay rated burden (VA).
S
R
=0,02 VA/channel for I
r
=1A and S
R
=0,15 VA/channel for I
r
=5A.
a = Transient dimensioning over sizing factor for close in fault. This factor is function of the
network frequency and the primary time constant for the DC component in the fault
current for close in fault.
a = 2 :for the primary time constant Tp < 50 ms.
a = 3 :for the primary time constant Tp > 50 ms.
k = This factor is function of the network frequency and the primary time constant for the DC
component in the fault current for a fault at the set reach of zone 1.
k = 4 :for the primary time constant Tp < 30 ms.
k = 6 :for the primary time constant Tp > 30 ms.
Doc. no. Lang. Rev. ind. Page
ABB AB SA2009-001608 en 5
3. CT secondary wiring lead resistance Calculation.
The CT saturation is directly affected by the voltage at the CT secondary terminals. This voltage is
developed in a loop containing the conductors and the relay burden. For three-phase faults, the neutral
current is zero, and only the phase conductor and relay phase burden have to be considered. For earth
faults in solidly earthed systems it is important to consider the loop containing both the phase and the
neutral conductors.
In accordance with IEC 60044-1, the CT secondary winding resistance is defined as the d.c. resistance
in ohms corrected to 75 C. Hence for the evaluation of the CT performance, the resistance of the
conductor running between the CT and the relay terminal must also be corrected to 75 C. The
correction of the resistance to 75 C is done in accordance with the following:
( ) ( )
1 2
0039 . 0 1 *
20
0 0 + =
Cu
=0.021 (3)

= ) ( *
Q
w
L
Cu L
R (4)
Where:
Cu
= Specific resistance of copper at maximum site temperature of 75 C (mm
2
/m)
20
= Specific resistance of copper at temperature of 20 C (0.0178 mm
2
/m).
1
0 = reference temperature for specific copper resistance (20 C).
2
0 = reference temperature for copper resistance used in the calculation (75 C).
L =Maximum single length of the conductor running between CT and the relay (m).
Q =Cross section area of the conductor running between CT and the relay (mm
2
).
L
R =Phase resistance of conductor running between CT and the relay location ().
Doc. no. Lang. Rev. ind. Page
ABB AB SA2009-001608 en 6
4. Current transformer data.
Rated primary current used for the calculation. I
pn
1000 A
Rated secondary current. I
sn
1 A
CT secondary winding resistance. R
CT
2
5. Calculation of required rated equivalent secondary e.m.f E
alreq
5.1 Ealreq for 3 phase close in fault.
DC time constant for close in fault. T
P
45msec.
Required transient dimensioning factor for TP50msec. a 2
Maximum symmetrical fault current for close in fault. I
kmaxP
31 kA
Phase resistance of CT secondary wire up to IED location
according to section 3 formula 4.
R
L
0,35
Protection relay rated burden. S
R
0.02 VA
CT secondary winding resistance. R
CT
2
Required secondary e.m.f according to section 2 formula 1. E
alreq1
147 V
5.2 Ealreq for 3 phase fault at zone 1 limit.
DC time constant for faults at zone 1 limit.
P kz
T
1
37 msec.
Required transient dimensioning factor for TP30msec. k 6
Maximum symmetrical fault current for faults at zone 1 limit.
P kz
I
1
24 kA
Phase resistance of CT secondary wire up to IED location
according to section 3 formula 4.
R
L
0,35
Protection relay rated burden. S
R
0.02 VA
CT secondary winding resistance. R
CT
2
Required secondary e.m.f according to section 2 formula 2. E
alreq2
341 V
5.3 Ealreq for single phase close in fault.
DC time constant for close in fault T
P
45 msec.
Required transient dimensioning factor for TP50msec. a 2
Maximum symmetrical fault current for close in fault. I
kmaxG
45 kA
Loop resistance of CT secondary wire up to IED location
according to section 3 formula 4.
R
L
0,7
Protection relay rated burden. S
R
0.02 VA
CT secondary winding resistance. R
CT
2
Required secondary e.m.f according to section 2 formula 1. E
alreq3
245 V
5.4 Ealreq for single phase fault at zone 1 limit.
DC time constant for faults at zone 1 limit.
G kz
T
1
26 msec.
Required transient dimensioning factor for TP30msec. k 4
Maximum symmetrical fault current for faults at zone 1 limit. I
kz1G
26 kA
Loop resistance of CT secondary wire up to IED location
according to section 3 formula 4
R
L
0,7
Protection relay rated burden. S
R
0.02 VA
CT secondary winding resistance. R
CT
2
Required secondary e.m.f according to section 2 formula 2. E
alreq4
283 V
The highest value of Ealrq1, Ealreq2, Ealreq3 and Ealreq4 shall be selected as final value for the CT
requirement.
Doc. no. Lang. Rev. ind. Page
ABB AB SA2009-001608 en 7
6. Verification of CT data according to different standards.
6.1 Current transformer according to IEC 60044-1 class P and PR.
The CT according to class P and PR must have a secondary limiting e.m.f E
2max
higher than the
maximum value of E
alreq1
E
alreq4
. The value of E
2max
is defined as the product of the accuracy limit factor,
the rated secondary current and the vectorial sum of the rated burden and the impedance of the
secondary winding. The value can be estimated using the following formula:
) ( * *
2
max 2
sn
n
CT sn
I
S
R n I E + ~ (5)
Where:
sn
I = CT rated secondary current (A).
CT
R = CT secondary winding resistance ().
n
S = CT rated output (VA).
The relay requirements are fulfilled if the CT has the following magnetizing characteristics (Ref. to
section 5 above.):
Current transformer class. P,PR
Rated primary current used for the calculation. I
pn
1000 A
Rated secondary current. I
sn
1 A
Rated accuracy limit factor. n 20
Rated burden. Sn 15 VA
CT secondary winding resistance. R
CT
2
Calculated rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. E
2max
340 V
6.2 Current transformer according to IEC 60044-6 class TPS.
The CT according to class TPS must have a secondary limiting voltage U
al
higher than the maximum
value of 0.8* ( E
alreq1
E
alreq4
.
The relay requirements are fulfilled if the CT has the following magnetizing characteristics (Ref. to
section 5 above):
Current transformer class. TPS
Rated primary current used for the calculation. I
pn
1000 A
Rated secondary current. I
sn
1 A
CT secondary winding resistance. R
CT
2
Rated limiting secondary voltage U
al
273 V
6.3 Current transformer data according to IEC 60044-1 class PX and BS class X.
The CT according to class PX /X must have a knee point voltage E
k
/E
KneeBS
higher than the maximum
value of 0.8*( E
alreq1
E
alreq4
.)
The relay requirements are fulfilled if the CT has the following magnetizing characteristics (Ref. to
section 5 above.):
Current transformer class. X,PX
Rated primary current used for the calculation. I
pn
1000 A
Rated secondary current. I
sn
1 A
CT secondary winding resistance. R
CT
2
Rated knee point voltage E
k
,E
kneeBS
273 V