JPEG Image Compression

JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group. JPEG: compression algorithm, NOT a file format. The original JPEG format was JFIF and later SPIFF. Current popular choices include CCube JFIF; Adobe TIFF/JPEG. 4-step process: 1. Transforming RGB to YIQ/YUV, separating intensity from color 2. Identifying redundant data using a Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) 3. Quantizing remaining data 4. Encoding the result to minimize storage requirements

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JPEG Image Compression I

Step I: Transforming RGB to YIQ/YUV, separating intensity from color.

Rationale: pursuing higher compression of color as opposed to luminance.

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JPEG Image Compression II

Step II: Identifying redundant data using a Discrete Cosine Transformation Image divided in groups of 8x8 pixels

Each block is analyzed using a Discrete Cosine Transform

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JPEG Image Compression II

DCT: similar to FT; only real (cosine) part is kept. Identifies average value (dc coefficient) and remaining components (ac coefficients).

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JPEG Image Compression III

Step III: Quantizing remaining data Lossy process. DCT coefficients are divided by a constant value (different for each block) and the results are rounded to the nearest integer. Block parameters stored in quantization table(s). Results in a reduction of coefficients.
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JPEG Image Compression IV

Step IV: Encoding the result to minimize storage requirements Lossless encoding (e.g. Huffmann or arithmetic coding).

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JPEG Image Compression

For examples check out:
http://www.agfanet.com/en/cafe/photocourse/digicourse/lesson6/cont_chapter04.php3

and the JPEG FAQ:

http://www.faqs.org/faqs/jpeg-faq/part1/

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JPEG Image Compression

100% quality -> 84% size reduction 20% quality -> ~96% size reduction

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JPEG Image Compression

100% quality -> 84% size reduction Minimal quality -> ~99% size reduction

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Lossless Coding
Lossless compression is possible because there is significant redundancy in images. Examples of redundancy: spatial correlation among neighboring pixels in still imagery, temporal correlation in video. In lossless compression decoded image is identical to original encoded image.

Input Image

Bitstream

Transformation

Data-to-Symbol Mapping

Lossless Symbol Coding

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Data-to-Symbol Mapping
Mapping data into symbols Run-length coding (RLC): maps a sequence of numbers into a sequence of symbol pairs (run,value). 11111000110101000000 ----RLC----> (5,1)(3,0)(2,1)(1,0)(1,1)

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Lossless Symbol Coding

Symbol Coding: Assigns binary codewords to input symbols. Statistical schemes: Shorter codewords assigned to symbols that occur more frequently (variablelength coding VLC; entropy coding) e.g. Huffman, arithmetic coders. Dictionary-based schemes: Fixed-length codewords for variable-length strings of symbols (e.g. LempelZiv)
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Scheme Selection Criteria

Compression Efficiency: compression ratio CR=(Bits of original input image)/(Bits of compressed bitstream) Coding delay expressed as total time to encode and decode input. Implementation complexity measured in terms of total number of arithmetic operations and memory requirements. Robustness to transmission errors. Scalability in resolution and bit rate.
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Huffman Coding
Premise: 1) if P(sk)>P(sj) then lk<lj. 2) With symbols listed in order of decreasing probabilities the last two symbols are assigned codewords that have the same length and differ in their final bit only.

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Huffman Coding
Ranking symbol probabilities

Iterative definition of tree structure

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Huffman Coding

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Huffman Coding

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Huffman Coding

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JPEG vs. GIF

Color depth: JPEG stores full color info (24 bits/pixel). GIF stores only 8 bits/pixel (intended for inexpensive color displays) Edge preservation: JPEG tends to blur sharp edges (esp. in high compression) GIF does very well with graphics images (e.g. line drawings)
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JPEG vs. GIF (cont.)

B&W imagery: JPEG is not suitable for two-tone imagery GIF is lossless for gray scale images (up to 256 gray values)

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Compression performance
JPEG: 10:1 to 20:1 compression without visible loss (effective storage requirement drops to 1-2 bits/pixel) 30:1 to 50:1 compression with small to moderate visual deterioration 100:1 compression for low quality applications GIF: 3:1 compression by reducing color space to 8 bits LZW coding may improve compression up to 5:1

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LZW Compression Algorithm

Lempel-Ziv-Welch Algorithm:
w = NIL; while ( read a character k ) { if wk exists in the dictionary w = wk; else add wk to the dictionary; output the code for w; w = k; }

Argument: the requires 5 bytes (80 bits) to encode by assigning a single symbol to it we can express it with 9 bits

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