Main functions of BSC (Base Station Controller ) | CDMA

Call Control Function Handles Mobile-to-Land and Land-to-Mobile call setup and release function for the calls incoming to BSC by interworking with BTS and processes G3 FAX and nonvoice circuit data call. Also, performs Markov call processing function for test call setup. Handoff Control Function Handles various handoff types generated during call such as softer handoff, soft handoff and hard handoff. A new physical channel is not allocated for handoff function,but only the softer handoff generated-upon movement between sectors in the BTS is applied and soft and hard handoff between BTSs is reserved as user option. Transparent Message Transfer Performs message handling function for transparent message transfer between BTS-BSC-switching office such as location registration and supplementary service during call. Transcoding Function Performs IS-95 Traffic Data PCM Data conversion for voice traffic packet handling of 20ms cycle per call. For voice traffic, provides 14.4K BPS grade Rate Set 2 vocoder with excellent voice quality as well as 9.6K vocoder. Selecting Function Performs transcoding into PCM data for the best packet selected out of the packets arriving through multipath established up to three channels for soft handoff handling without call interruption. This function is activated when BTS-BTS soft handoff is provided. DTMF Tone Conversion Converts DTMF message transmitted from a fixed subscriber unit into DTMF tone corresponding to the digits when the WLL system needs to provide terminating digits or digits for supplementary service control in DTMF tone format other than message through call channel using V5.2 protocol. IWF for Data Call Handles IWF (Interworking Function) for interworking with public data network for data call service. Packet Routing 1 Performs prompt routing function for traffic packets and control messages between several BTS and BSC systems. Call Resource Management Selects, vocoder elements required for call setup and CDPA resources for data call processing by load distribution and takes back the resources upon call release.Staggered frame control by frame offset value is applied for load distribution.

BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC) in GSM | Global System for Mobile

The BSC (BASE STATION CONTROLLER ) is connected to the MSC (MAIN SWITCHING CENTER ) on one side and to the BTS (BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION) on the other. The BSC performs the Radio Resource (RR) management for the cells under its control. It assigns and release frequencies and timeslots for all MSs in its own area. The BSC performs the intercell handover for MSs moving between BTS in its control. It also reallocates frequencies to the BTSs in its area to meet locally heavy demands during peak hours or on special events. The BSC controls the power transmission of both BSSs and MSs in its area. The minimum power level for a mobile unit is broadcast over the BCCH. The BSC provides the time and frequency synchronization reference signals broadcast by its BTSs. The BSC also measures the time delay of received MS signals relative to the BTS clock. If the received MS signal is not centered in its assigned timeslot at the BTS, The BSC can direct the BTS to notify the MS to advance the timing such that proper synchronization takes place. The functions of BSC are as follows. The BSC may also perform traffic concentration to reduce the number of transmission lines from the BSC to its BTSs.

Functions of BTS (Base Transceiver Station) in GSM

The primary responsibility of the BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is to transmit and receive radio signals from a mobile unit over an air interface. To perform this function completely, the signals are encoded, encrypted, multiplexed, modulated, and then fed to the antenna system at the cell site. Trans-coding to bring 13-kbps speech to a standard data rate of 16 kbps and then combining four of these signals to 64 kbps is essentially a part of BTS, though, it can be done at BSC or at MSC. The voice communication can be either at a full or half rate over logical speech channel. In order to keep the mobile synchronized, BTS transmits frequency and time synchronization signals over frequency correction channel (FCCH and BCCH ) logical channels. The received signal from the mobile is decoded, decrypted, and equalized for channel impairments. Random access detection is made by BTS, which then sends the message to BSC. The channel subsequent assignment is made by BSC. Timing advance is determined by BTS. BTS signals the mobile for proper timing adjustment. Uplink radio channel measurement corresponding to the downlink measurements made by MS has to be made by BTS.

Overview of Base Transceiver Subsytem | CDMA

The base station transceiver subsystem (BTS) is located between the Mobile Station (MS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC) which is the Digital Cellular Network System based on the CDMA digital mobile telecommunications technologies.The BTS performs call control and maintenance functions concering mobile stations. To be in detail, the BTS guides MSs to recognize the BTS initially, data necessary for download to MSs, assigns traffic channels upon the call requests and opens call paths. The BTS is basically classified into two types: the Standard Type for indoor installation and operations and the Outdoor Type for outdoor installation and operations.The Standard Type has LPA. With regard to the expansion of the BTS capacity,the Standard Type is designed to extend to 8Fas in case LPA. The outdoor Type can be extended to 4FAs. A maximum of 48 BTSs can be accommodated into one base station controller (BSC), and maximum of 4BTS can be interworked with one transmission line in the daisy chain for the sake of efficient use of transmission lines. In addition, the BTS performs functions of monitoring power and environments for the Outdoor Type BTS, as follows:

Automatic temperature control device, and humidity detection and control device Use of proper device for ensuring humidity elimination Detection & report of anomolies regarding air conditioners, rectifier and batteries.

Functions of GSM (Global System for Mobile) Mobile Station

The primary functions of MS are to transmit and receive voice and data over the air interface of the GSM system. MS performs the signal processing function of digitizing, encoding, error protecting, encrypting, and modulating the transmitted signals. It also performs the inverse functions on the received signals from the BS. In order to transmit voice and data signals, the mobile must be in synchronization with the system so that the messages are the transmitted and received by the mobile at the correct instant. To achieve this, the MS automatically tunes and synchronizes to the frequency and TDMA timeslot specified by the BSC. This message is received over a dedicated timeslot several times within a multiframe period

of 51 frames. The exact synchronization will also include adjusting the timing advance to compensate for varying distance of the mobile from the BTS. The MS monitors the power level and signal quality, determined by the BER for known receiver bit sequences (synchronization sequence), from both its current BTS and up to six surrounding BTSs. This data is received on the downlink broadcast control channel. The MS determines and send to the current BTS a list of the six best-received BTS signals. The measurement results from MS on downlink quality and surrounding BTS signal levels are sent to BSC and processed within the BSC. The system then uses this list for best cell handover decisions. MS keeps the GSM network informed of its location during both national and international roaming, even when it is inactive. This enables the system to page in its present LA. The MS includes an equalizer that compensates for multi-path distortion on the received signal. This reduces inter-symbol interference that would otherwise degrade the BER. Finally, the MS can store and display short received alphanumeric messages on the liquid crystal display (LCD) that is used to show call dialing and status information. These messages are limited to 160 characters in length. Power Levels: These are five different categories of mobile telephone units specified by the European GSM system: 20W, 8W, 5W, 2W, and 0.8W. These correspond to 43-dBm, 39-dBm, 37-dBm, 33-dBm, and 29-dBm power levels. The 20-W and 8-W units (peak power) are either for vehicle-mounted or portable station use. The MS power is adjustable in 2-dB steps from its nominal value down to 20mW (13 dBm). This is done automatically under remote control from the BTS, which monitors the received power and adjusts the MS transmitter to the minimum power setting necessary for reliable transmission. Charger efficiency The worlds five largest handset makers introduced a new rating system in November 2008 to help consumers more easily identify the most energy-efficient chargers The majority of energy lost in a mobile phone charger is in its no load condition, when the mobile phone is not connected but the charger has been left plugged in and using power. To combat this in November 2008 the top five mobile phone manufacturers Nokia, Samsung, LG Electronics, Sony Ericsson and Motorola set up a star rating system to rate the efficiency of their chargers in the no-load condition. Starting at zero stars for >0.5 W and going up to the top five star rating for <0.03 W (30 mW) no load power. A number of semiconductor companies offering flyback controllers, such as Power Integrations and CamSemi, now claim that the five star standard can be achieved with use of their product. Battery Formerly, the most common form of mobile phone batteries were nickel metal-hydride, as they have a low size and weight. lithium ion batteries are sometimes used, as they are lighter and do not have the voltage depression that nickel metal-hydride batteries do. Many mobile phone manufacturers have now switched to using lithium-polymer batteries as opposed to the older Lithium-Ion, the main advantages of this being even lower weight and the possibility to make the battery a shape other than strict cuboid. Mobile phone manufacturers have been experimenting with alternative power sources, including solar cells and Coca Cola.