NAMA

I/ C NUMBER : CLASS TEACHER : :

NO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ELEMENT
APPRECIATION OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 FURTHER EXPLORATION REFLECTION CONCLUSION REFERENCES

PAGE

3 4-5 6 8-16 18-20 22-24 25-26 27 28 29

2 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

First and foremost, I would like to thank my Additional Mathematics teacher,MrsNormizaBintiMohdShohaimin as she gives us important guidance and commitment during this project work. She has been a very supportive figure throughout the whole project. I also would like to give thanks to all my friends for helping me and always supporting me to help complete this project work. They have done a great job at collecting form 4 end of year result for additional mathematics and sharing information with other people including me. Without them this project would never have had its conclusion. For their strong support, I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents. Also for helping me to find the mark to complete this project. They have always been by my side and I hope they will still be there in the future. Last but not least, I would also like to thank all the teacher and my friends for helping me collect the much needed data and statistics for this. Not forgetting to all the others people who were involved directly or indirectly towards making this project a reality. Thank you.

3 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work whilewe are in Form 5.This year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Educationhas prepared four tasks for us. We are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of interest. This project can be done in groups or individually, and I gladly choose todo this individually. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work, we areto gain valuable experiences and able to:

Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine andnon-routine problems

Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting andmeaningful and hence improve their thinking skills.

Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are appliedin meaningful ways in solving real-life problems

Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematicalthinking, reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected

Experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effectivelearning.

Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing,and to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideascorrectly and precisely

Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem-solving in ways that increase interest and confidence

4 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and inworkplace

Realize that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems and hence develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate,to cooperate, and to share knowledge in an engaging and healthyenvironment

Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively

Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to become more creative and innovative

Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics.We are expected to submit the project work within three weeks from the first day the task is being administered to us. Failure to submit the written report will result in us notreceiving certificate.

5 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

One of the mathematical concept which we must be familiar with is logarithms. Before the days of scientific calculators, logarithms were used to multiply or divide extreme numbers using mathematical tables. For these calculations , ten was the most common base to use. Logarithm to the base of ten is also called the common logarithm. Other bases such as two, five and eight can also be used. The ancient Babylonians had used bases up to 60. Logarithms have many applications in various fields of studies. In the early 17th century it was rapidly adopted by navigators, scientists, engineers and astronomers to perform computations more easily.

6 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

a) Write a history on logarithms. NAPIERS LOGARITHMS The invention and origins of Logarithm was credited to John Napier, who was born in 1550 to Sir Archibald and his first wife, Janet Bothwell. John Napier was an amateur Calvinist theologian who predicted that the end of the world would occur in the years between 1688 and 1700, and designed weapons of mass destruction, intended for use against the enemies of his religion. But none of these were remembered widely. His lasting

7 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

reputation is due to his third hobby: mathematical computation. As a landowner, he never held a job, and his time and energy could be entirely devoted to intellectual pursuits. He developed an interest in reducing the labor required by the many tedious computations that were necessary in astronomical work, involving operations with the large values of the trigonometric lengths given in the tables of his times. His interest in these matters might have been rekindly in 1590 on the occasion of a visit by Dr. John Craig, the kings physician. On his return from Denmark, Dr. John Craig paid the visit to Napier to inform him of his findings while visiting Uraniborg, the astronomical observatory of Tyco Brahe. There were new, ingenious ways to perform some of those tediousprosthaphaeresis, which refers to the use of the trigonometric identity :

The big problem of multiplying many-digit numbers in astronomical calculations was thus reduced to the simpler one of addition and substraction. But what about quotients, exponentiations, and roots ? Napier sought a general method to deal with these computations, eventually found it, and gave it to the world in his book MirificiLogarithmorusCanonis description (Description of the admirable table of logarithms ) of 1614. This is a small volume of 147 pages, 90 of which are devoted to mathematical tables containing a list of numbers, mysteriously called logarithms, whose use would facilitate all kinds of computations, although no explanation was given in this book about how they were computed. Instead, these is a disclaimer in an Admonition in Chapter 2 of The first Booke, which he stated, if his Tables were well received Napier would be happy to explain how the logarithms were constructed; otherwise, let them go into oblivion.

8 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

Figure 1 : From Knott, Napier tercentenary memorial volume, Plate IX facing page 181. It happened that the Descriptio was a huge a editorial success; a book well received and frequently used by scientists all over the world. Then an explanatory book became necessary but, although it was probably written before the Descriptio, it was published only posthumously (Napier died in 1617, one year after Shakespeare and Cervantes ) under the title MirificiLogarithmorvmCanonisconstrvctio, when his son Robert included it with the 1619 edition of theDescriptio. For further reading, the Constrvctio gives a glimpse into Napiers mind and his possible sources of inspiration. BRIGGS LOGARITHMS The first mathematics professorship in England, a chair in geometry, was endowed by Sir Thomas Gresham in 1596 at Gresham College in London, and Henry Briggs (1561-1631) was its

9 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

first occupant. He was quite impressed by the invection of logarithms scheme published by Napier.

Both Napier and Briggs had been separately thinking of ways to solve these deficiencies, and each of them made some proposals to accomplish that. These involved, in either case, the construction of a new set of logarithms from scratch. But they differed about the key properties on which the new logarithms should be based. At the time that Briggs was about to embark on the elaboration of his tables ( Napiers health was failing in his 65th year, so it was up to Briggs to start a new series of computations ) there were two main methods to calculate logarithms, and both of them had been published in the Appendix to Napiers Constrvctio. However, we do not know whether these are due to Napier or are a product of his collaboration with briggs. The first method was based on the extraction of fifth roots and the second on the extraction of square roots. Napier felt that
10 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

though this method *of the fifth root] is considerably more difficult, it is correspondingly more exact. Briggs chose the method of the square root, and started evaluating (by hand, of course, which may take several hours ) the square root of 10. Briggs values can be seen on the previous page, reproduced from Chapter 6, page 10, of the second edition of Arithmeticalogarithmica. Note that he did not use the decimal point, but inserted commas to help with counting spaces. On the logarithm side he omitted many zeros, which can be confucing. It must be pointed out that Briggs made a mistake in his computation of 101/4. His digits are wrong from the twentieth on. This mistake trickles down through his entire table, but because the wrong digits are so far on the right, the error becomes smaller as it propagates, and his last two entries are almost in complete agreement with values obtained today using a computer. THE LOGARITHM ACCORDING TO EULER The present-day notion of logarithms was made by Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) of Basel, who connected them to the function in the 18th century. The son of a preacher and destined to enter the ministry, his ability in mathematics soon convinced his father to let him switch careers, and he went on the became the most prolific mathematics writer of all time. In 1727, the year of Newtons death, he was invited to join the newly founded Academy of Saint Petersburg, in Russia, and soon began producing first-rate research. It was the next year, in a manuscript on the firing of cannon, that the introduced a soon to become famous number as follows: Write for the number whose logarithm is unity, e , but he did not give a reason for this choice of letter. By that time, he had already defined the exponential and logarithmic functions, but the mathematical community at large had to wait until Euler was ready to publish. In 1741 he accepted a position at the Academy of Berlin, where he would remain for twenty-five years, and in 1744 he wrote his enormously influential treatise Introductio in analysininfinitorum. Published in Lausanne in 1748, it became the standard work on analysis during the second half of the eighteenth century. The success of the Introductiorest on the amount and importance of the mathematical discoveries that Euler included in it, making it one of the most significant mathematics books of all times. Its readers might have been bewildered about the fact that there is one logarithm for each base a, but Euler easily showed that all logarithms of y are multiples of each other.

11 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

REFERENCES *1+ J. Navier, Mirificilogarithmorumcanonis description, Edinburgh (1614). *2+ J. Napier, H. Briggs, Mirificilogarithmoruscanonis construction, London (1619). *3+ H. Briggs, Arithmeticalogarithmica, London (1624). [4]L. Euler, Introductio in analysininfinitorum, (1748). *5+ John Blanton, English translation to Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite, SpringerVerlag (1988). [6]E.A. Gonzalez-Velasco, Logarithms, in Journey through Mathematics, pp 78-147, Springer Science + Business Media (2011). b ) Find and explain the applications of logarithm in two different fields of study. Explanation of each application should include the following:

12 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

i)The field of study chosen. ii)Examples of problem solving related to the field of study. Application #1 : : pH Measurement

pH is a measure of acidity and is a surprisingly common measurement. For example, in the chemical industry, the acidity of the reagents in many types of reactor has to be controlled to enable optimum reaction conditions. In addition , in the water industry, the acidity of freshwater for consumption and of effluent for discharge have to be controlled carefully to satisfy legislative requirements. pH is an electro-chemical measurement, invariably made by means of the so-called glass electrode. It is notoriously difficult measurement to make because of factors such as drift and fouling. Understanding the significance of measurements requires an appreciation of electrochemical equilibra and using pH for control purposes is problematic because of the inherent non-linearities and time delays. The formal definition of pH is given by: pH= -log10 [H+] where [ ] denotes concentration of ions in aqueous solution with units of g ions/L. in the case of hydrogen, whose atomic and ionic weights are the same, [H+] has units of g/L or kg m-3.The logarithmic scale means that pH increases by one unit for each decrease by a factor of 10 in [H+]. Pure water dissociates very weakly to produce hydrogen and hydroxyl ions according to H2O <= H+ + OHat the equilibrium approximately 25oC, their concentrations are such that [H+]+[OH-] = 10-14 The dissociation must produce equal concentrations of H+ and OH-ions , so [H+]=[OH-]=10-7 Since pure water is neutral , by definition, it follows that for neutrality :

13 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

pHwater= -log10[10-7]=7 this gives rise to the familiar pH scale of 0-14,symmetrical about pH 7,of which 0-7 corresponds to acidic solutions and 7-14 to alkaline solutions .

To evaluate pH of alkaline solution it is usual to substitute for H+ in the above equation

EXAMPLE:NEUTRALIZATION CONTROL Neutralization is the process whereby acid and base reagents are mixed to produce a product of specified Ph. In the context of waste water and effluent treatment the objective is to adjust the Ph to a value of 7 although, in practice, any value in the range 6-8 is good enough. In many chemical reactions the Ph has to be controlled at a value other than 7, which could be anywhere in the range of 0-14.Neutralization is always carried out in aqueous solutions, Ph is a meaningless quantity otherwise. Note hat a base that is soluble in water is usually referred to as an alkali. Ph is without doubt the most difficult of common process variables to control. For example, the measurement is electrochemical, made with a glass and reference electrode pair as show below, and is prone to contamination, hysteresis and drift. The signal produced, being logarithmic, is highly non-linear. The process being controlled invariably has a wide range of both concentration and flow rate. The range ability of flow gives rise to variable residence times. To achieve satisfactory control, all of these issues have to be addressed.

Futhermore, a simple method for sketching an approximate log-magnitude curve is available. It is base on asymptotic approximations such approximation by straight-line asymptotes is
14 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

sufficient if only rough information on the frequency-respond characteristics is needed. Should the exact curve be desired, corrections can be made easily to these basic asymptotic plots. Expanding the low-frequency range by use a logarithmic scale for the frequency is highly advantageous, since characteristics at low frequencies are most important in practical systems. Example:: Electronic Filters The concept of filters has been an integral part of the evolution of electrical engineering from the beginning. Several achievements would not have been possible without electrical filters. Because of this prominent role of filters, much effort has been expanded on the theory, design, and construction of filters. A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signal with desired frequencies and reject or attenuate others. As a frequency-selective device a filter can be used to limit the frequency spectrum of a signal to some specified band of frequencies. Filters are other circuit use in radio and TV receivers to allow us to select one desired signal out of a multitude of broadcast signal in the environment. A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive elements resistors R, inductor L, and capacitor C. It is said to be an active filter if it consists of active elements (such as transistor and operational amplifiers) in addition to passive elements R, L, and C. There are four types of filters whether passive or active.

2 . A highpass filter passes high frequencies and rejects low frequencies as shown in Figure 8a and 8b .

15 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

3 . A bandpass filter passes frequencies within a frequency band and blocks or attenuates frequencies outside the band, as shown in Figure 9a and 9b .

4 . A bandstop filter passes frequencies outside a frequency band and blocks or attenuates frequencies within the band , as shown in Figure 10a and 10b .

16 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

The volume ,V in cm , of a solid sphere and its diameter , D , in cm , are related by the equation , where m and n are constants . You can find the value of m and n by conducting the activities below . a. 1) Choose six different spheres with diameters between 1 to 8 cm . Measure the diameters of the six spheres using the pair of varnier calipers . Sphere 1 2 3 4 5 6 Diameter (cm)

1.0 2.4 3.8 5.2 6.6 8.0

17 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

2) Find the volume of each sphere without using the formula of volume . ( You can use the apparatus science lab to help you ) Archimedes Principle states that the upward buoyant force exerted on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid body displaces . In other words , an immersed object is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it actually displaces . Using the method water displacement and knowing the water density is 1g/cm , the volume of solid sphere is equivalent to the weight of the water displaced (in grams ) , and thus it can be measured . Diameter (cm) Volume (cm)

Sphere 1 2 3 4 5 6

Sphere 1 2 3 4 5 6

Volume (cm)

1,0 2.4 3.8 5.2 6.6 8,0

0.5236 7.2382 28.7310 73.6223 150.5329 268,0832

0.5236 7,2382 28,7310 73,6223 150.5329 268.0832

3 ) Tabulate the values of the diameter , D , in cm , and its corresponding volum,V, in cm.

18 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

b .Find the value of m and n using logarithms with any two sets of values obtained in table below . Sphere 1 2 3 4 5 6 Diameter (cm) log D log V Volume (cm)

1.0 2.4 3.8 5.2 6.6 8.0

0.0000 0.3802 0.5798 0.7160 0.8195 0.9031

-0,2810 0.8596 1 .4584 1.8670 2.1776 2.4283

0.5236 7.2382 28.7310 73.6223 150,5329 268.0832

Given that the volume, , of a solid sphere is (1) Taking logarithm on both sides yield

Which can be expanded to

(2) Using logarithms with any two sets of values and , we have (3) (4) From Eq. (3) and (4), it is obvious that can be eliminated by taking (3) (4)

Which can be simplified by the Laws of Logarithms

19 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

Dividing both sides with

, we can determine value of (5a)

Although it is not necessary to find

in the reduced form of

( )

* +

(5b)

Let

and

, we have &

With

, the value of

can be determined by manipulated Eq. (1)

20 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

(A) In our daily life, the relation between two variables is not always in a linear form. For example, the relation between the volume, ,and the diameter, D, in Part 2 above. Plot against using suitable scales.

21 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

In which the reduced equation is a linear form of ; ; and .

, where

b)

Using the data from Part 2, plot the graph and draw the line of best fit.

c)

From the graph, find i. The value of and of , thus express in terms of , , because

To obtain the value of

we must know the -intercept,

The value of that is

can be determined by calculating the slope of the graphs,

22 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

Thus volume, , of a solid sphere can be expressed in terms of

as

ii.

The volume of the sphere when the diameter is 5 cm, and

With this value 0.699 on the -axis, we can look up on the linear graph and interpolate the corresponding value 1.816 on the -axis.

iii.

The radius of the sphere when the volume is 180

With this value 2.25527 on the -axis, we can look up on the linear graphs and interpolate the corresponding value 0.845 on the -axis.

23 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

a)

Compare the equation obtained in Part 3 (B) c (i) with the formula of volume of sphere. Hence, find the value of . The formula for volume of sphere is given by

Comparing the formula and Eq. (6), we have ( ) ( ) ( )

b)

Suggest another method to find the value of

24 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

One simple method is to determined the circumference , of a circle with diameter The circumference of a circle is the length around it and the associate formula is given by

To measure the circumference , of a circle with diameter effectively, the shadow of a solid sphere can be projected on a screen using a bright light source as shown below. Then, the diameter of the casted shadow can be scaled linearly according to the actual diameter of the solidsphere, because the formula shows the linear relationship.

25 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

What have you learnt while conducting the project? What moral values did you practice? Express your feelings and opinions creatively through the usage of symbols, drawings, lyrics of a song or a poem. I have learnt many things while conducting the project. I learnt the history on logarithm.

Logarithms were invented way back, in the 1500s or 1600s. At that time, calculators didn't exist. To do multiplications , divisions , and root extraction with numbers having five or more digits required a lot of time and work. Logarithms reduced the needed amount of work by a large amount, way more than half I'd guess. Now that calculators

and computers are common, logarithms are still very, very useful, but in a totally different way. They are very closely related to exponential functions. Also while I was conducting the project, I have learnt and practiced lots of moral values. Some of them are that we should be patient when doing any work or project. This to ensure our work is completed by time

. Sometimes when we does our project , we frequently careless about our duty by

26 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

singing from day to night . How can that be ? We also goes blank when others ask us . But at the end , we realize our mistakes and fact that the clock wont stop a second for us . So, we start struggling hard to finish this work . Besides that , we also notice copperation should included in pair or groups work for us to learn how to give and take

between us in a community . Friendship along with our team mates.

is the most sweetest gains when we get

After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs and some problem solving, I saw that the usage of statistics is important in daily life. It is not just widely used in markets but also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air or the water. Especially in conducting an air-pollution survey. In conclusion, logarithms is a daily life necessity. Without it, surveys cannot be conducted, the stock market cannot be interpretand many more. Therefore, we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of logarithm.

27 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

28 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

Internet en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm
www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/logarithms.html

Human Resources
Teacher : Puan Normiza Bt Shohaimin Mother : Puan Sharada Aini Bt Abu Bakar My friends : Atika , Amrina , Nurzaynee , Azlinda and Azmina .

Textbook
Additional Mathematics Form 4 Writer

Abdul Wahab Ibrahim , Rosita Mat Zain , Susilawati

Ehsan . Additional Mathematics Form 5

29 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e

Writer : Zurina Zainal Abidin , Wong Sui Yong , Mazlan bin Awi.

30 | A D D M A T H S 2013P a g e