Wind Power Systems Course 1

The resource -72 TW. World need 15 TW/2000 Wind potential map at 80 m (source Standford University)

Resursele de vnt ale Romniei la 50 m inaltime pentru diferite condiii topografice

1. A brief history of the development of wind energy from antiquity until today Since antiquity, mankind has been using wind energy; it is thus not a new idea. For centuries, windmills and watermills were the only source of motive power for a number of mechanical applications, some of which are even still used today. Humans have been using wind energy in their daily work for some 4,000 years. Sails revolutionized seafaring, which no longer had to make it with muscle power. In 1700 B.C., King Hammurabi of Babylon used wind powered scoops to irrigate Mesopotamia. First details about horizontal axis windmills are found in historical documents from Persia, Tibet and China (horizontal shaft and blades revolving in the vertical plane).

 The first horizontal axis windmill appeared in England around 1150, in France in 1180, in Flanders in 1190, in Germany in 1222 and in Danmark in 1259. By the end of the nineteenth century, the typical European windmill used a rotor of 25 meters in diameter, and the stocks reached up to 30 meters. Windmills were used for grindring grain and also for pumping water to drain lakes and marshes. By 1800 in Netherlands 90% of the power used in industry was based on wind energy. Industrialization led to a gradual decline in windmills, but in 1940 wind energy still provide 11% of the Dutch industrial energy. When the European windmills slowly started to disappear, they were introduced by settlers in North America (reached it peak between 1920 and 1930).

2. The development of modern wind turbines since around 1900 But the wind turbines that generate electricity today are new and innovative. Their success story began with a few technical innovations: - the use of synthetics to make rotor blades, - developments in the field of aerodynamics, - mechanical/electrical engineering, - control technology, - power electronics . They all provide the technical basis for wind turbines commonly used today!

 In 1891, Poul la Cour of Denmark developed the first wind turbine that generated direct current. Danish engineers improved the technology during World Wars 1 and 2, the wind turbines by the Danish company F.L. Smidth built in 1941-42 can be considered forerunners of modern wind turbine generators. The Danish philosophy was based on an upwind rotor with stall regulation, operating at slow speed. In 1958, Johannes Juul (pupil of Poul la Cour) developed the "Danish Concept," which allowed alternating current to be fed to the grid for the first time. This concept very quickly won over. Today, almost half of all wind turbines operate according to this principle. At the same time, the German Hutter developed a new approach: two slender fibreglass blades mounted downwind of the tower on a teetering hub (high efficiency).

 With the oil crises at the beginning of the 1970s, the interest in wind power generation returned. In the 1980s, the Danes developed small turbines with a nominal output of 20 kW to 100 kW. Thanks to state subsidies, these turbines were set up on farms and on the coast to provide distributed power, with the excess power not consumed locally being fed to the power grid.

3. Current status of wind power - 27.1 GW of wind power capacity installed globally in 2008, reaching at a total of 121
GW by the end of 2008.

The global annual market for wind turbines increased by 37% in 2008, following grouth of 31% both in 2006 and 2007, and 40% in 2005. Over the past four years, the global annual market has more than tripled from 8.3 GW in 2004 to 27.1GW in 2008.

All around the world wind energy is developing rapidly, and following the same development as conventional power sources in the past.

Despite much hype about a global nuclear energy revival, there is little market evidence to support it.

Wind energy and the EU member states Germany (24 GW) and Spain (17 GW) continue to be Europes undisputed leaders, in terms of total installed wind energy capacity. In 2008, three large countries: Italy (3.7 GW), France (3.4 GW) and UK (3.2 GW) overtook Denmark (the third wind energy pioneer country).

Wind energy and the EU member states

Germany, Spain and Denmark-the three pioneering countries, are home to 67.5% of the installed wind power in the EU.

The growth of off-shore wind

With 1.5 GW by the end of 2008, offshore accounted for 2.3% of installed EU wind energy capacity (up from 1.9% in 2007)

Wind energy capacity compared to country size and population

The total wind power capacity installed at the end of 2008 will produce 4.1% of the EU-27s electricity demand in a normal wind year. Wind power in Denmark covers more than 20% of its total electricity consumption,by far the largest share of any country in the world. Five EU countries - Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Ireland,and Germany have more than 5% of their electricity demand produced by wind energy.

Wind turbine development

Wind turbine development Bigger and more efficient 3.6-6 MW prototypes running (Vestas,GE,Siemens Wind, Enercon) 2 MW WT are still the best seller on the market

Enercon GmbH Germany

General data Wind turbine name : Enercon E-126/6000 Nominal power : 6000 kW Rotor diameter : 126 m Hub height: 136 m Turbine concept: Gearless, variable speed, variable pitch control.

Analizarea randamentului global al unui sistem de producere a energiei electrice bazat pe turbin eolian i microhidrocentral Schema lanului de conversie energetic pentru modelul considerat

n modelul analizat turbina eolian este utilizat exclusiv pentru pomparea apei n bazinul superior al centralei hidroelectrice.

Sistemul analizat este alctuit din trei subsisteme: turbina eolian cu generatorul sincron, motorul asincron cu pompa centrifug, sistemul de conducte al apei pompate i bazinul superior de acumulare, sistemul de evi, turbina hidraulic i generatorul electric.

Considerm ca i putere de intrare cea a volumului de aer Va, care se deplaseaz cu viteza i care antreneaz turbina eolian avnd aria efectiv AR: (1.1) 3
P0 = 2 AR w

Puterea generat de turbin difer de puterea prin coeficientul de performan 3 ( ) P = c , A W p R W = cpP 0 (1.2) 2

 valoarea maxim a lui Cp este 0,593 dar din cauza pierderilor aerodinamice care difer n funcie de construcia rotorului, valoarea obtinut n practic pentru Cp este mai mic, fiind cuprins ntre 0.4 i 0.5 pentru turbinele eoliene cu trei pale. Arborele rotoric al generatorului sincron este cuplat la turbina eolian prin intermediul cutiei de viteze, pentru se consider un randament de 0,98.

 Se adopt pentru randamentul generatorului sincron (cu putere mai mic de 10 kV) valoarea de =0,85, dac puterea este mai mare, randamentul poate ajunge la 0.95. Puterea generat la bornele generatorului sincron, innd cont de randamentele elementelor lanului de conversie energetic, va fi:

Pet = c p CV GS P0

(1.3)

Pet = 0,4 0,98 0,85 P0 = 0,33 P0

La turaia nominal, randamentul pompei centrifuge este de 80 % . Randamentul sistemului de transmisie al apei prin conducte este de 80 %, atunci puterea necesar pomprii apei n bazin este dat de relaia:
ST

(1.4)

PBH = MAS PC ST Pet

PBH = c p CV GS MAS PC ST P0

(1.5) (1.6)

 Randamentul lanului conversiei energetice necesar pomprii apei n bazinul superior este dat de relaia:

BH

PBH = 100 P0

(1.7)

BH = 0,4 0,98 0,85 0,82 0,8 0,8 100 = 0,17 100 = 17 %