Vacuum circuit breaker When two current carrying contacts are separated in a vacuum module, an arc is drawn between

them. An intensely hot spot or sparks are created at the instant of contact separation from which metal vapor shoot off, constituting plasma. The amount of vapour in the plasma is proportional to the rate of vapour emission from the electrodes, hence to the arc current. With alternating current arc, the current decreases during a portion of wave and tends to zero. Thereby the rate of vapour emission tends to zero and the amount of plasma tends to zero. Soon after natural current zero, the remaining metal vapour condenses and the dielectric strength builds up rapidly, and restriking of arc is prevented. This principle is used in vauum circuit breakers

Transformer Oil Tests The Oil shall conform to IEC-296 Class-1 Oil.

Type Tests

1. Oxidation Stability. 2. Dissipation Factor.

Routine Tests

1. Specific Gravity of the Oil. 2. Viscosity. 3. Flash Point. 4. Acidity Value. 5. Dielectric Strength. 6. Pour Point. Routine Tests & Type Tests for Transformers

Routine Tests 1. Visual Inspection 2. Power Frequency Voltage withstand test at 36kV for 1min on H.T side. 3. Induced Voltage withstand test at 830V and 100Hz for 1min on L.T side. 4. Measurement of Voltage Ratio (Turn Ratio Test). 5. Measurement of no load losses. 6. Measurement of load losses and impedance voltage. 7. Bird Protection test at 8kV for 1min. 8. Verification of vector group. 9. Tank Pressure Test at 15PSI. 10. Paint Thickness Test (0.120mm Min.). 11. Dimensional Check.

Type Tests 1. Temperature Rise Test 2. Impulse Voltage withstand Test. 3. Short Circuit Test. Standard Types of 11KV MetalClad Switchgear according to WAPDA Specification P-44:96

1. Incoming Panel for connecting the 11KV switchboard to the Power Transformer. 2. Outgoing Panel for connecting supply to 11KV feeder. 3. Bus Coupler Panel for connecting two 11KV sections in Grid stations where two Power transformers are installed and for Grid station auxiliary supply. 4. Industrial Panel for giving 11KV supply to individual consumers. 5. Ring main Panel for giving 11KV supply to individual consumers fed from two different feeders. 6. Consumer Panels for giving connection/ 11KV supply to an individual consumer from the Grid stations through an express or dedicated 11KV feeder Transformer Efficency: Transformer is a static device which transfers the power from one circuit to other through electromagnetic induction. In electrical transformer as there are no moving parts, 1. no friction and 2. windage losses occur

and other losses in transformer are less as magnetic path of a transformer is a closed loop (no air gap exist like induction motor between two circuits). Losses in the transformer are very less compared to any other rotating machine, hence efficiency of transformers will be very high. Efficiency will be of the order of 95% to 98%. Standardization of Panels according to WAPDA Specification P-44:96

1. Panels manufactured by different manufacturers shall be interchangeable. 2. The following components shall be standardized: CTs & PTs Supporting Insulators

Bus Bars Meters 3. At every Panel, the incoming AC/DC circuits shall be connected to the terminal block of the panel from where the supply shall further be distributed through miniature circuit breakers of appropriate rating & characteristics. Transformer Taps: Taps are provided on some transformers on the high voltage winding to correct for high or low voltage conditions, and still deliver full rated output voltages at the secondary terminals. Standard tap arrangements are at two-and-one-half and five percent of the rated primary voltage for both high and low voltage conditions. Transformer & Its Working: A transformer is an electrical apparatus designed to convert alternating current from one voltage to another. It can be designed to step up or step down voltages and works on the magnetic induction principle. A transformer has no moving parts and is a completely static solid state device, which insures, under normal operating conditions, a long and trouble-free life. Construction of transformer is very simple, two or more coils of insulated wire wound on a laminated steel or iron core. When voltage is introduced to one coil, called the primary winding, it magnetizes the iron core. A voltage is then induced in the other coil, called the secondary winding or output coil. The change of voltage (or voltage ratio) between the primary and secondary depends on the turns ratio of the two coils.

General Requirements for 11KV MetalClad Switchgear according to WAPDA Specification P-44:96

The Switchgear shall be designed for indoor use only. each panel will be comprise of a draw-out type circuit breaker and shall be capable of being connected to a switch board on either side. All the associated equipment shall be self contained and self supporting. All live parts such as circuit breakers, bus bars, voltage transformers, current transformers etc. shall be enclosed within grounded metal compartments separated by grounded metal barriers. Automatic shutters shall be provided to prevent exposure of live parts. Busbars & their connections shall be insulated. Mechanical interlocks shall be provided so as to ensure safe operation of the switchgear in the correct sequence. All the secondary circuits, wiring & instruments etc., shall as far as possible be isolated by grounded metal barriers from all primary circuit elements with the exception of short lengths of wire such as at instrument transformer terminals. Switchgears shall be designed & manufactured to secure safety during operation, inspection, cleaning and maintenance & shall be so arranged as to minimize the risk of fire arising or spreading. Metalcald Switchgear WAPDA specification P-44:96

This specification has been prepared by Design Department , Power Wing, WAPDA. These specifications was first introduced in August 1968. Its revised editions were issued in 1979,1985 & 1987. These specifications applies to 11KV A.C three phase metal clad switchgear for indoor application. the switchgear covered by this specification comprises of SF6 & Vacuum Type Circuit Breakers.

Reference Standards The switchgear, including the operating devices and the auxiliary equipment which form an integral part of it,shall be designed, manufactured and tested in accordance with the following International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) Publications:

IEC - 56 HV AC Circuit Breakers

IEC - 298 AC metal enclosed Switchgear & Control IEC - 694 HV Switchgear & Control Gear COmmon Clauses IEC - 185 Current Transformer IEC - 186 Voltage Transformer IEC - 265-1 HV Switches IEC - 51-1 Electrical Measuring Instruments & their Accessories IEC - 51-2 Same as above IEC - 51-3 Same as above IEC - 51-5 Same as above IEC - 51-8 Same as above IEC - 468 Measurement of Resistivity of Metallic materials VCB Trolley (VFT-12, Meiden) Motorized by ZGL