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Chapter3: Chapter3:
LatticePositions,DirectionsandPlanes LatticePositions,DirectionsandPlanes
LECTURE #05
LearningObjective
To describe the geometry in and around a
unit cell in terms of directions and planes.
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Pages 64-83.
Relevant Reading for this Lecture...
Why are Crystal Planes & Why are Crystal Planes &
Directions Important? Directions Important?
Materials structures and
properties are related to them! properties are related to them!
Crystals deform on specific
planes and directions they dont
just break randomly just break randomly
VIDEO
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Why are Crystal Planes & Directions Important? Why are Crystal Planes & Directions Important?
Materials structures and properties are related to
them!
di ti
After
them!
stress
direction
plane
Crystals deform on specific planes and directions
They dont just break randomly
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How do we express Planes and Directions in Crystals ? How do we express Planes and Directions in Crystals ?
We use Miller indices: hkl or uvw are the generic letters we use.
hkl and uvw are called indices. They will be numbers that are related
to coordinate systems.
No commas between the numbers.
h represents the plane perpendicular to the x-axis;
k represents the plane perpendicular to the y-axis;
l represents the plane perpendicular to the z-axis.
u represents the vector parallel to the x-axis;
v represents the vector parallel to the y-axis;
w represents the vector parallel to the z-axis.
x
y
z
Negative values are expressed with a bar over the number
Ex.: -3 is expressed as (bar 3)
Crystallographic directions:
; one step in +x dir.; one step in y dir.; one step in +z dir.
; zero step in x dir.; one step in +y dir.; zero step in z dir.
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[111]
[010]
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PointCoordinates PointCoordinates
Express as fractions of unit vectors
z
c
1,1,1
Express as fractions of unit vectors.
Point coordinates for unit cell corner
are 1,1,1 (or a, b, c)
x
y
a b
000
What about this
position?
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1, , 0 (or , , 0)
2 2
b
a
For the above 1,1,1 coordinate what is its direction?
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Lets Lets Relate Miller Indices to Relate Miller Indices to Vectors Vectors
My crimes have both directions and
magnitude. Vector from Despicable Me
Where is the origin
position in a crystal?
What do you look for?
Representation of a lattice and unit cell
Vector points in a specific direction (hence you need an origin)
Vector has a unit of length or magnitude
We will use vectors to define directions and lengths in crystal systems
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DirectionsinCrystals DirectionsinCrystals
Directionsandtheirmultiplesareidentical
x
z
y
[020]
[030]
[110]
[220]
Ex.:
[220] 2 [110] =
[330]
x
[010]
(Translational Symmetry)
Translation: integer multiple of lattice constants
identical position in another unit cell: (111), (222),
(333), etc.
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HowtoapplyMillerIndicesfor HowtoapplyMillerIndicesforDirections Directions
Drawvector anddefinethetail
astheorigin.
D t i th l th f th
z
1
2
1
2
1 0
0 0 1
1 0
2 0 ] 2 [ 1

Determinethelengthofthe
vectorprojection inunitcell
dimensions
a,b,andc.
Removefractions bymultiplying
bythesmallestpossiblefactor.
[111]
y
[021]
P
Example in class
Enclose insquarebrackets
Incubiccrystals,directionsand
theirnegativesareequivalent
butNOTthesame.
[110]
x
1
2
1
2
0 1
0 0 0
0 1
[0 2 1] 2

Origin (tail)
a b c
Point P (head)
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z
In class example #1:
What are the indices of the line/vector connecting points O and P? What are the
indices of the line connecting points Q and R?
y
P
O
Q
R
x
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z
1
2
1
2
0 1
0 0 Origin O
Point P
In class example #1: SOLUTION
a b c
What are the indices of the line/vector connecting points O and P? What are the
indices of the line connecting points Q and R?
R
y
1 1
2 2
1
[1 2 1] 2


a b c
Q
P
O
x
3 1
2 4
3 1
2 4
0 0 0
1
1
[2 4 3] 4

Origin Q
Point R
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z
In class example #2:
In a cubic unit cell, draw correctly a vector with indices [146].
y
O
x
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z
In class example #2: SOLUTION
In a cubic unit cell, draw correctly a vector with indices [146].
Select your origin. Put it
wherever you want to.
This step is the
opposite of
clearing
fractions!
O
y
[1 4 6]
. 6
These fractions denote
how far to step in the
4
6
1 6
6 6
indices
Div by
1
6
4 2
6 3
=
6
6
1 =
x
, , or directions
(away from the origin).
x y z
NOTE: It would be wise to select the origin so that you can complete the
desired steps within the cell that you are using!
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FamiliesofDirections FamiliesofDirections
Incubicsystems,directionsthathavethesameindicesare
equivalent regardlessof theirorder orsign.
[001]
[100]
z
[010]
x
z
y
[010]
[10
The
0],
famil
[ 100]
y of d
[010],
irections is:
[010
[001], [001]
]
< 100 >
[100]
[001]
We enclose indices in
carats rather than brackets
to indicate a family of
directions
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FamiliesofDirections FamiliesofDirections
Innoncubicsystems,directionsthathavethesameindices
arenot necessarily equivalent.
ORTHORHOMBIC
b
z
CUBIC
b
z
[010]
a = b = c
[010] [001] =
x
y
b
a
c
z
[010]
a = b = c
[010] [001] =
a
a
a
x
y
[010]
TETRAGONAL
a = b = c
[010] [001] =
x
y
a
a
c
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CrystallographicPlanes CrystallographicPlanes
Adapted from Fig. 3.9, Callister 7e.
A specific direction is normal (90
o
) to its
specific, equivalent plane. For example [100]
is normal to (100) but [100] is not normal to
(010)
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MillerIndicesforPlanes MillerIndicesforPlanes
Specificcrystallographicplane:(hkl)
Familyofcrystallographicplanes:{hkl}
(hkl),(lkh),(hlk)etc.
Incubic systems,planeshavingthesameindicesareequivalentregardless
of order or sign AND directions are normal to the planes oforderorsign.ANDdirectionsarenormaltotheplanes
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1. Identify the coordinate intercepts of the plane (i.e., the coordinates at
which the plane intersects the x, y, and z axes).
PROCEDURES FOR INDICES OF PLANES PROCEDURES FOR INDICES OF PLANES
(Miller indices) (Miller indices)
If plane is parallel to an axis (DOES NOT INTERSECT IT), the
intercept is taken as infinity ().
If the plane passes through the origin, consider an equivalent plane in
an adjacent unit cell or select a different origin for the same plane.
2. Take reciprocals of the intercepts.
3. Clear fractions to the lowest integers.
4. Cite specific planes in parentheses, (h k l), placing bars over negative
indices.
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MILLER INDICES FOR A SINGLE PLANE MILLER INDICES FOR A SINGLE PLANE
z
x y z
y
Intercept
1
Reciprocal
1/ 1/1 1/
Clear
0 1 0
INDICES
0 1 0
(010)
x
The cube faces are from the {100} family of planes
(100), (010), (001), ( 100), (010), (001),
( )
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MILLER INDICES FOR A SINGLE PLANE MILLER INDICES FOR A SINGLE PLANE contd contd
z
x y z
y
Intercept
1 1
Reciprocal
1/1 1/1 1/
Clear
1 1 0
INDICES
1 1 0
(110)
x
The {110} family of planes
(110), (011), (101), ( 110), (011), ( 101)
( 110), (110), ( 101), (101), (011), (011)
( )
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MILLER INDICES FOR A SINGLE PLANE MILLER INDICES FOR A SINGLE PLANE contd contd
z
x y z
2 2 0
2 2 0
2/1 2/1 1/
1/2 1/2
y
Intercept
Reciprocal
Clear
INDICES
(220)
x
( )
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CrystallographicPlanes CrystallographicPlanes
example
1. Intercepts 1/2 1 3/4
a b c
/() / /()
z
c
4. Miller Indices (634)
2. Reciprocals 1/() 1/1 1/()
2 1 4/3
3. Reduction 6 3 4
x
y
a b
c
-
-
-
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General Rules for Crystal Directions, Planes, and Miller Indices General Rules for Crystal Directions, Planes, and Miller Indices
x, y, and z are the axes (on an
arbitrary origin).
Insome crystal systems the axes
Unit cell
In some crystal systems the axes
are not mutually perpendicular.
a, b, c and , , are lattice
parameters.
length of unit cell along side of
unit cell.
a
c
o
|

h, k, l are the Miller indices for planes
and directions.
Ex., (hkl) and [hkl]
b
Geometry of a general unit cell
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Comment:HCPCrystallographicDirections Comment:HCPCrystallographicDirections
z
In general we can define
Miller indices just like we
d f th th t l
a a
c
x
do for the other crystals.
However, sometimes in
engineering practice, a
4-indice system is used.
120
(a
1
)
a
a = b c
= = 90; = 120
a a
y It is called Miller-Bravais
indices. There are
equations to convert.
(a
1
)
(a
2
)
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Comment:HCPCrystallographicDirections Comment:HCPCrystallographicDirections
MillerBravais indices(i.e.,uvtw)arerelatedtothedirection
indices(i.e.,UVW)asfollows.
[ ] [ ] UVW uvtw
( )
( )
( )
1
2
3
1
2
3
u U V
v V U
t U V
=
=
+
I WILL NOT TEST YOU ON THIS!!!
I only show it because some of you will end up working with
hexagonal metals like Ti or Mg after you graduate.
( ) t U V
w W
= +
=
Fig. 3.8(a), Callister 7e.
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Comment:HCPCrystallographicDirections Comment:HCPCrystallographicDirections
DIRECTIONS
a
3
a
3
(uvtw) (UVW)
a
1
a
2
a
1
a
2
[ 120]
[ 110]
[100]
[ 210]
[110]
[1010]
[2110] [1120]
[ 1100]
[0110]
I WILL NOT TEST YOU ON THIS!!!
I only show it because some of you will end up working with
hexagonal metals once you graduate.
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Miller Directions
Indices for a direction are enclosed in square brackets.
Negative values are expressed with a bar over the number.
An example of a Miller Direction:
Summary Summary
[111] An example of a Miller Direction:
one step in +x dir.; one step in y dir.; one step in +z dir.
Miller Planes
Intercepts for a specific crystallographic plane are enclosed in
parenthesis.
When identifying the coordinate intercepts of the plane (i.e., the
coordinates at which the plane intersects the x, y, and z axes):
[111]
If plane is parallel to an axis (DOES NOT INTERSECT IT), the
intercept is takenas infinity ().
If the plane passes through the origin, consider an equivalent plane
in an adjacent unit cell or select a different origin for the same
plane.
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