The Harvard System: Referencing PhD Theses, dissertations or Student Projects

Within a bibliography or list of references, the reader needs to know: AUTHOR'S SURNAME, AUTHOR'S INITIALS,. Year of publication. Title of project or dissertation(in italics or underlined). Level of Qualification, Name of University. Example: LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioning problem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.

The Harvard System: Referencing a newspaper article

Within a bibliography or list of references, the reader needs to know: AUTHOR'S SURNAME, AUTHOR'S INITIALS,. Year of publication. Title of article. Title of newspaper (in italics or underlined). Day published, Page number of article (if given). For electronic resources add: [online] after the title of the article, and Available from: (URL). Accessed [date] at the end of the reference. Example: HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August. Available from: http://web.lexis-nexis.com/xchangeinternational [Accessed 8 August 2004]. BORGER,J., 2005. Mayor issues SOS as chaos tightens its grip. Guardian [online] 2 September. Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/katrina/story/0,16441,1561314,00.htm l [Accessed 2 September 2005]

The Harvard System: Referencing (e-)journal articles

Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which some are exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen. Within a bibliography or list of references, the reader needs to know: AUTHOR'S SURNAME, AUTHOR'S INITIALS,. Year of publication. Title of journal article. Title of journal (in italics or underlined). Volume number. Part number (in brackets). Page number of article.

For e-journals
Add: [online] after the Title of Journal, and Available from: (URL). [Accessed date]. at the end of the reference: AUTHOR'S SURNAME, AUTHOR'S INITIALS,. Year of publication. Title of journal article. Title of journal (in italics or underlined) [online]. Volume number. Part number (in brackets). Page number of article. Available from: (URL). [Accessed date]. Examples: NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. Management Computing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52. CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptual framework for future research. Social Science and Medicine [online], 59(2), pp 223-243. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004]. BALDWIN, C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternative medicine: a concept map. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6882-42.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004]. SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. Journal of Nuclear Medicine [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from: http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 2 September 2005].

The Harvard System: Contributions/chapter in an edited book

Within a bibliography or list of references, the reader needs to know: AUTHOR'S SURNAME, AUTHOR'S INITIAL,. Year of publication. In: Title of contribution. AUTHOR or EDITOR of Publication (with initials, surname with ed or eds of relevant). Title of Book (in italics or underlined). Edition (if not the first). Volume number (if part of a series). Place of publication: Publisher. Year of publication of Book. Page numbers of contribution. Example: SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.

For electronic resources:

Add: [online] after the Title of Book, and Available from: (URL). [Accessed date]. at the end of the reference. i.e. AUTHOR'S SURNAME, AUTHOR'S INITIAL,. Year of publication. Title of contribution. In: AUTHOR or EDITOR of Publication (with initials, surname with ed or eds of relevant). Title of Book (in italics or underlined)[online] . Edition (if not the first). Volume number (if part of a series). Place of publication: Publisher. Year of publication of Book. Page numbers of contribution. Avaliable from: (URL). [Accessed date]. Example: WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK and S. LINKOGLE, eds. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. London: Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com/ [Accessed 25 May 2004] NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.

The Harvard System: (E-)Book or report

The principle of referencing is that the reader can locate the source of information solely from the reference that you have provided. The reader needs to know: AUTHOR'S SURNAME, AUTHOR'S INITIALS., Year of publication. Title (in italics or underlined). Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher. Examples: HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide to improving your understanding of written French. Chicago: McGraw-Hill. SOMERVILLE, I.,1992. Software engineering. 4th ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

For electronic resources:

Add: [online] after the Title of Book, and Available from: (URL). [Accessed date]. at the end of the reference. AUTHOR'S SURNAME, AUTHOR'S INITIALS., Year of publication. Title (in italics or underlined) [online]. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher. Available from: (URL). [Accessed date]. Example: HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide to improving your understanding of written French [online]. Chicago: McGraw-Hill. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com [Accessed 25 August 2004]. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework for diabetes: delivery strategy [online]. London: Department of Health. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].

Publications compiled by an editor

If the book has an editor then ed. or eds. is added after the name/s.

Example: BIGSBY, C., ed. 1997. The Cambridge companion to Arthur Miller . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. HOLT, G., HARDY, S., and BOURAS, N., eds. Mental health in learning disabilities : a reader. 3rd ed. Brighton: Pavilion.

Publication part of a series

Include that information after the title. Example: GOULDEN, C., 2001. At the margins: drug use by vulnerable young people in the 1998/99 youth style survey. Home Office Research Study 228. London: Home Office. GOULDEN, C., 2001. At the margins: drug use by vulnerable young people in the 1998/99 youth style survey [online]. Home Office Research Study 228. London: Home Office. Available from: http://www.drugs.gov.uk/ReportsandPublications/YoungPeople/ 1033739599 [Accessed 2 September 2005].

The Harvard System: Referencing a foreign language publication

You may choose to reference the original title of a foreign language publication in the usual way. However, you may want to translate the title of the book or article or include the original foreign language title for a translation. If so, use square brackets for the added title. Any elements not in the Roman alphabet should be transliterated or romanised if necessary: GORKI, M., 1955. The artamonous [Delo artamonovykh]. Translated from the Russian by Alex Brown. London: Folio Society. MOMMENS, V., Louis, R., D'Orio, V., 2004. Prise en charge des exacerbations d'asthame [French] [Treatment