CARBOHYDRATES 1. Sucrose 2. Lactose 3. Maltose 4. 5. 6. 7.

Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin

MONOSACHARIDE COMPOSTION Glucose + Tructose Glucose + Galactose Glucose + Glucose Glucose Glucose (found in liver) Glucose Glucose

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION Transplant sugar in plants In milk, energy source Digestive breakdown product of starch Energy storage in plants Energy storage in animals Plant structure, cell wall Exoskeleton in crabs, lobsters, insects BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION Long term energy storage Protective cuticle to prevent loss of water in plants Plasma membrane, structure and properties

LIPID Fats and Oils Waxes

MONOSACHARIDE COMPOSTITION 3 fatty acids + glycerol Long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohol Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

Phospholipids

Starch- made of amylose and amylopectin Saturated= single bond Unsaturated= double bond (fruits. Vegetables) Glycerol= hydrophilic polar (water loving)

Triacylglycerol= hydrophobic (no water) Metabolism= totality of all the chemical reaction a. Catabolism= cut form bigger to small (chewing) b. Anabolism = from smaller to big (photosynthesis plants) Glucose= monomer of carbohydrates

Acidity: more Hydrogen Hydrolysis= add water molecule to break a bond (shorter polymer) Dehydration= removes a water molecule forming a new bond (longer polymer) Glycosidic Linkage= linkage in carbon bonds Ester Linkage= Fat monomer HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)= good cholesterol Sources: Palm oil, olive oil, vegetable oil LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)= bad cholesterol, single bonded, saturated Sources: fats from animals, red meat, beef, horse meat, pork

Simple Lipids= Oil a. Components: Triacylglycerol b. Fatty acids= tails H H C H C H C H C H

DISEASES: Arteriosclerosis= thickness of fat Atherosclerosis= brittleness Stroke= head Hypertension= lower

H H H H Dehydrogenation= if double bond process through this process, it will be single bonded. Phospholipids a. Head= Choline, Phosphate, Glycerol (Hydrophilic) b. 2 Tails= Fatty Acids (Hydrophobic) c. Source= Phospholipid bilayer (found in the cell wall) (2 Layers) Acc. Singer and Nicolson = proposed a model of phospholipid bilayer. = Fluid Mosaic Model = found in soap Steroid= makes bones brittle Protein = building blocks of protein is Amino Acid NH2

Amino GROUP (NH2) SUGAR BASES STRANDS HELIX DNA Deoxyribose A,T,G,C 2 RNA Ribose A,U,G,C Single

Carboxyl Group

FUNCTION OF PROTEINS Enzymatic Protein Selective acceleration of chemical reaction Support Storage of amino acid Transport other substances Coordination of an organisms activities Response of cell to chemical stimuli Tag/identification of cell Speeds up/catalyse hydrolysis of polymer in food Silk fibers, collagen, elastin, keratin Ovalbumin (protein of egg) Hemoglobin (4 iron, pechay, kangkong) Insulin, (pancreas) regulate the concentration of sugar in blood. Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell

Structural Proteins Storage Proteins Transport Protein Hormonal Protein

Receptor Proteins MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Defensive Protein Contractile and Motor Proteins

Protection against diseases movement

Antibodies Actin and myosin are responsible for the movement.

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS P- hehylalamine V- aline T- ryptophah M E T-ionine H- istioline I- soleucine L- ysine L-eucine Peptide Bond- linkage in proteins. ex. Milk, Nuts

LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE 1. 2. 3. 4. Primary Structure- Amino Acid + Peptide Bond Secondary Protein- a-helix and beta pleated sheet Tertiary bonds Quaternary Structure- collagen, hemoglobin

Sickle- Cell Disease- when the cell only brings 2 irons instead of 4. Pattern: a. Normal: Val, His, Leu, Thr, Pro, Glu, Glu b. Abnormal: Val, His, Leu, Thr, Pro, Val, Glu Denaturation= loses the body structure Renature= tightens X-ray crystallography= Linus Pauling, Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins Nucleotide=monomer of nucleic acid = building blocks of nucleic acid Components: a. Phosphate Group PO4 b. Pentose Sugar = 5 Carbon sugar/ribose c. Nitrogenious Base 2 BASES = Purine: Adenine and Guanine = 2 rings = Pyrimidines: single ring. Rhyamine, Urasil, Cytosine Phosphodiester Linkage= nucleotide to nucleotide Anti-parallel-different direction Hydrgoen bond- joins one strand/bases Semi-conservative model= DNA replication Nucleotide- phosphate, sugar base Nucleoside- nitrogenous base, sugar