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Lecture 1: Molecules–the Simple Solid (PDF)
2氢分子中的振动和旋转态(PDF)
Lecture 2: Vibrational and Rotational States in Hydrogen (PDF)
3金属中的自由电子气(PDF)
Lecture 3: Metal as a Free Electron Gas (PDF)
4固体中的振动(PDF)
Lecture 4: Vibrations in Solids (PDF)
5格波的比热(PDF - 1.4 MB)
Lecture 5: Specific Heat of Lattice Waves (PDF - 1.4 MB)
8一维单原子晶体中的格波(PDF)
Lecture 8: Lattice Waves in 1D Monatomic Crystals (PDF)
9一维双原子链中的格波(PDF)
Lecture 9: Lattice Waves in 1D with Diatmomic Basis (PDF)
10 &11离散晶格的比热(PDF - 1.1 MB)
Lecture 10 & 11: Specific Heat of Discrete Lattice (PDF - 1.1 MB)
12周期结构的固体中的电子(PDF)
Lecture 12: Electrons in a Periodic Solid (PDF)
13周期结构的固体中的电子(PDF)
Lecture 13: Electrons in a Periodic Solid (PDF)
14周期结构的固体中的电子(PDF - 3.2 MB)
Lecture 14: Electrons in a Periodic Solid (PDF - 3.2 MB)
15周期结构的固体中的电子(PDF - 3.1 MB)
Lecture 15: Electrons in a Periodic Solid (PDF - 3.1 MB)
16近自由电子能带(PDF - 1.2 MB)
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Rajeev J. Ram
6.730
PSSA
• Molecules
Syllabus • Approximate models for molecular bonding
• Vibrational and rotational modes
• Electron Scattering
• Electron-phonon scattering; mobility
• Electron-photon scattering; absorption and gain
Suggested Text :
Solid State Physics , N.W. Aschroft and M.D. Mermin, Saunders College Publishing, 1976.
This text is not required, but if you wish to purchase a textbook that covers some of the material in
the first two-thirds of the class I would suggest this text because it is the one used in 6.732.
Problem Sets :
All homework sets are due at the beginining of class on the assigned due date. You may work
together on the problem sets but you are required to write up your own solution and code.
Students will make oral presentations on the homework.
FINAL : GRADES:
There will be a final examination for 40% Group Project (30% written report and 10%
the class.
presentation)
40% Problem Sets (25% written and 15% presentation)
6.730 20% Final Examination
PSSA
Band Formation in 1-D Solid
Simple model for a solid: the one-dimensional solid, which consists of a single, infinitely long
line of atoms, each one having one s orbital available for forming molecular orbitals (MOs).
6.730
PSSA
Band Formation in 1-D Solid with s & p orbitals
me
M1
r M2
R1
R2
6.730
PSSA
Approximate Models: Simplifying H2
Born-Oppenheimer Approximation
The electrons are much lighter than the nuclei (me/mH≅1/1836), their
motion is much faster than the vibrational and rotational motions of the
nuclei within the molecule.
Î A good approximation is to neglect the coupling terms between the
motion of the electrons and the nuclei: this is the Born-Oppenheimer
approximation. The Schrödinger equation can then be divided into two
equations:
6.730
PSSA
Born-Oppenheimer Approximation
me
M1 r M2
R1
R2
Electronic Part:
Nuclear Part:
6.730
PSSA
Normalization of Electronic Part: LCAO cont.
where
6.730
PSSA
Approximate Electronic Energy
6.730
PSSA
Approximate Electronic Energy
6.730
PSSA
Nuclear and Electronic Energy Together
(Energy - IH) / IH
6.730
PSSA
First Excited State Energy: Antibonding
6.730
PSSA
First Excited State Energy: LCAO
(Energy - IH) / IH
6.730
PSSA
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Rajeev J. Ram
Review Lecture 1: H2
me
M1
r M2
R1
R2
Approximate Models: Simplifying H2
Born-Oppenheimer Approximation
The electrons are much lighter than the nuclei (me/mH≅1/1836), their
motion is much faster than the vibrational and rotational motions of the
nuclei within the molecule.
Î Works since vibrational and rotational energy of molecule is typically
much less than the binding energy
Nuclear Part:
(Energy - IH) / IH
me
M1
r M2
R1
R2
M1 r M2
R1 Born-Oppenheimer
R2
Vibrational and
rotational motion
Center-of-Mass and Relative Nuclear Motion
Center-of-mass Relative
Eigenstate: Eigenenergy:
me me
M1 M1
M2 M2
center-of-mass
Relative Nuclear Motion
M1 r M2
R1
R2
Approximations
• Born-Oppenheimer
Nuclei inside electron cloud act as if they
are embedded in an elastic medium (Veff)
• Effective potential (Veff) is parabolic
Vibrations of simple harmonic oscillator
• Rigid rotor
Vibrations only displace nuclei slightly from
equilibrium bond length
Total Energy of the H2 Molecule
• Nuclear motions of the ions contribute a very small part to the binding
energy.
• The potential between the nuclei is of the same form as the molecule.
Rajeev J. Ram
Generalizations from Molecules to Solids
• Nuclear motions of the ions contribute a very small part to the binding
energy.
• The potential between the nuclei is of the same form as the molecule.
• Microscopic theory: J, E, σ
Approach:
In the end calculating resistance boils down to calculating the
electronic energy levels and wavefunctions; to knowing the
bandstructure
In steady-state:
Again assume that the heat and change in internal energy are the same:
(heat capacity)
(specific heat)
(hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
Specific heat is independent of temperature…NOT TRUE !
To get this correct we will need to (a) quantize electron energy
levels, (b) introduce discreteness of lattice and (c) the heat
capacity of lattice
Quantum Free Electron Gas
Crystal as Infinite Well Potential
(hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
Quantum Free Electron Gas
Periodic Boundary Conditions
Estimating Electron Number
spin
Limit for Large Crystals
Zero-Temperature Limit
Zero-Temperature Limit
Fermi Energy and Temperature
Zero-Temperature Limit
Electronic Energy
(hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
Approach:
In the end calculating resistance boils down to calculating the
electronic energy levels and wavefunctions; to knowing the
bandstructure
Outline
• Review Lecture 3
• Sommerfeld Theory of Metals
• 1-D Elastic Continuum
• 1-D Lattice Waves
• 3-D Elastic Continuum
• 3-D Lattice Waves
Microscopic Variables for Electrical Transport
Drude Theory
In steady-state:
Again assume that the heat and change in internal energy are the same:
(heat capacity)
(specific heat)
(hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
Specific heat is independent of temperature…NOT TRUE !
To get this correct we will need to (a) quantize electron energy
levels, (b) introduce discreteness of lattice and (c) the heat
capacity of lattice
Outline
• Review Lecture 3
• Sommerfeld Theory of Metals
• 1-D Elastic Continuum
• 1-D Lattice Waves
• 3-D Elastic Continuum
• 3-D Lattice Waves
Low Temperature Specific Heat of the Free Electron Gas
Sommerfeld Approximation
Conductivity of the Free Electron Gas
Sommerfeld Approximation
(hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
Approach:
In the end calculating resistance boils down to calculating the
electronic energy levels and wavefunctions; to knowing the
bandstructure
• Review Lecture 3
• Sommerfeld Theory of Metals
• 1-D Elastic Continuum
• 1-D Lattice Waves
• 3-D Elastic Continuum
• 3-D Lattice Waves
1-D Elastic Continuum
Stress and Strain
uniaxial loading
Lo
L
Stress:
Lo apply load L
5kN
5kN 75mm
20mm
3-D Elastic Continuum
Poisson’s Ratio Example
5kN
5kN 75mm
20mm
3-D Elastic Continuum
Poisson’s Ratio Example
5kN
5kN 75mm
20mm
3-D Elastic Continuum
Shear Strain
Shear stress
G is shear modulus
3-D Elastic Continuum
Stress and Strain Tensors
Lo
L
Dynamics of 3-D Continuum
3-D Wave Equation
Outline
• Review Lecture 4
• 3-D Elastic Continuum
• 3-D Lattice Waves
• Lattice Density of Modes
• Specific Heat of Lattice
Specific Heat Measurements
(hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
3-D Elastic Continuum
Poisson’s Ratio Example
Shear stress
G is shear modulus
3-D Elastic Continuum
Stress and Strain Tensors
Lo
L
Dynamics of 3-D Continuum
3-D Wave Equation
Ge at 1.9 K
Bolometer signal
Time (microseconds)
number of states in dω :
Specific Heat of Solid
How much energy is in each mode ?
Approach:
Bose-Einstein distribution
Total Energy of a Lattice in Thermal Equilibrium
number of states in dω :
Specific Heat of a Crystal Lattice
Specific Heat Measurements
(hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
Aside: Thermal Energy of Photons
Specific heat :
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
• Overview of Lattice Vibrations so far
• Models for Vibrations in Discrete 1-D Lattice
• Example of Nearest Neighbor Coupling Only
• Relating Microscopic and Macroscopic Quantities
Continuum Models
1-D Wave Equation
(hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
The Atomistic Perspective
Arrangement of Atoms and Bond Orientations
The Atomistic Perspective
Arrangement of Atoms and Bond Orientations
equilibrium
strained
where
Harmonic Matrix:
Dynamics of Lattice Atoms
equilibrium
strained
Strain in a Discrete Lattice
Example of Nearest Neighbor Interactions
Strain in a Discrete Lattice
Example of Nearest Neighbor Interactions
Harmonic matrix:
Dynamical matrix:
Strain in a Discrete Lattice
Example of Nearest Neighbor Interactions
k= - π/a k=π/a k
Strain in a Discrete Lattice
Example of Nearest Neighbor Interactions
This implies that the wave form of the vibrating atoms must also be identical.
Strain in a Discrete Lattice
Example of Nearest Neighbor Interactions
ω
A: k=-0.7π/a
n-5 n-4 n-3 n-2 n-1 n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5
But: note that point B represents a wave travelling right, and point A one travelling left
Strain in a Discrete Lattice
Example of Nearest Neighbor Interactions
ω
c Consider point C at the zone boundary
λ=2a
n-5 n-4 n-3 n-2 n-1 n n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5
Strain in a Discrete Lattice
Example of Nearest Neighbor Interactions
Linear dispersion, just like the sound waves for the continuum solid
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
• Review Lecture 8
• 1-D Lattice with Basis
• Example of Nearest Neighbor Coupling
• Optical and Acoustic Phonon Branches
Strain in a Discrete 1-D Monatomic Lattice
General Expansion
equilibrium
n-3 n-2 n-1 n n+1 n+2 n+3
Harmonic Matrix:
equilibrium
strained
Strain in a Discrete Lattice
Example of Nearest Neighbor Interactions
Strain in a Discrete Lattice
Example of Nearest Neighbor Interactions
Can collect system of equations for each atom in the basis as a matrix…
Plane Wave Solutions & the Dynamical Matrix
Strain in a Discrete Lattice
Example of Nearest Neighbor Interactions
equilibrium
n-1 α1 α2 n n+1
optical branch
acoustic branch
k
Lattice Waves at k=0
Example of Nearest Neighbor Coupling
Lattice Waves at Small k
Example of Nearest Neighbor Coupling
Lattice Waves Near Zone Boundary
Example of Nearest Neighbor Coupling
Dispersion Relation for 3-D Lattices
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
Harmonic Matrix:
Dynamical Matrix:
Lattice Waves in 3-D Crystals
M1 M2
y
x αsA αsB
Example: ‘1-D’ Diatomic Lattice with Bond Stretching and Bending
Potential Energy
M1 M2
y
x αsA αsB
Example: 2-D Lattice with Bond Stretching
Potential Energy
a1 α1
a2
α2
Example: 2-D Lattice with Bond Stretching
Elements of the Dynamical Matrix
Example: 2-D Lattice with Bond Stretching
Dynamical Matrix
Example: 2-D Lattice with Bond Stretching
Dispersion Relation
Longitudinal Waves:
Transverse Waves:
Example: 2-D Lattice with Bond Stretching
Dispersion Relations
Example: 2-D Lattice with Bond Stretching
Dispersion Relations
Specific Heat of Solid
How much energy is in each mode ?
Approach:
E
ψ (x) U ( x ) = 12 mω 2 x 2
2
n=3 E 3 = 72 h ω
n=2 E 2 = 52 h ω
n =1 E1 = 32 h ω
n=0 E 0 = 12 h ω
x
Hamiltonian for Discrete Lattice
σ denotes polarization
Commutation Relation for Plane Wave Displacement
ω
ωm
ω
ωm
Specific Heat with Discrete Lattice
Density of Modes from Dispersion
Cu
Specific Heat of Solid
How much energy is in each mode ?
Approach:
Outline
This implies that the wave form of the vibrating atoms must also be identical.
Solution of 3-D Lattice Equation of Motion
Phonon Dispersion in FCC with 2 Atom Basis
http://debian.mps.krakow.pl/phonon/Public/phrefer.html
Approaches to Calculating Electronic Bandstructure
Pseudopotential Approximation:
• Superposition of plane waves
coupled by pseudopotential
k.p:
• Superposition of bandedge (k=0) wavefunctions
4β
“s” band
Tight-binding (LCAO) Band Theory
LCAO Wavefunction
Energy for LCAO Bands
Energy for LCAO Bands
k=0
k≠0
k=π/a
k = 2πp /( Na )
LCAO Wavefunction for 1-D Lattice
Single orbital, single atom basis
remember H2 ?
lowest energy (fewest nodes)
H2
highest energy (most nodes)
Bloch’s Theorem
Outline
2N electrons each
for px,py,pz
2N electrons
Tight-binding and Lattice Wave Formalism
k=0
k≠0
k=π/a
k = 2πp /( Na )
Energy Band for 1-D Lattice
Two orbital, single atom basis
2N electrons each
for px,py,pz
2N electrons
Energy Band for 1-D Lattice
Two orbital, single atom basis
Energy Band for 1-D Lattice
Two orbital, single atom basis
At k=0:
pure s
pure p
Energy Band for 1-D Lattice
Two orbital, single atom basis
Solutions
At k=π/a:
pure s
pure p
For k away from zone center and zone boundary, bands are mixture of s and p
but will have a dominant s-like or p-like character….
At k=0:
Energy Band for 1-D Lattice
Single orbital, two atom basis
At k=π/a:
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
Hamiltonian matrix….
Overlap matrix….
Tight-binding for 3-D Crystals
Consequently…
Orbital Overlaps for 3-D Crystals
Es= - 10.11 eV
Ep= - 4.86 eV
a = 5.5 A
2D Monatomic Square Crystals
Dispersion Relations
W
Γ X
X Γ W
2D Monatomic Square Crystals
Dispersion Relations at Γ=0
2D Monatomic Square Crystals
Dispersion Relations at Γ=0
2D Monatomic Square Crystals
Variations with Lattice Constant
W
X Γ W
Γ X
a = 8.3 A
X Γ W
2D Monatomic Square Crystals
Dispersion Relations
a = 5.5 A
W
X Γ W
Γ X
a = 2.8 A
X Γ W
2D Monatomic Square Crystals
Fermi Energy
a = 5.5 A
conductor Al
Mg
insulator
W
conductor
Γ Na
X
Outline
Es= - 10.11 eV
Ep= - 4.86 eV
a = 5.5 A
2D Monatomic Square Crystals
Dispersion Relations
W
Γ X
X Γ W
2D Monatomic Square Crystals
Variations with Lattice Constant
W
X Γ W
Γ X
a = 8.3 A
X Γ W
2D Monatomic Square Crystals
Dispersion Relations
a = 5.5 A
W
X Γ W
Γ X
a = 2.8 A
X Γ W
2D Monatomic Square Crystals
Fermi Energy
a = 5.5 A
conductor Al
Mg
insulator
W
conductor
Γ Na
X
Hamiltonian matrix….
Overlap matrix….
Tight-binding for 3-D Crystals
Consequently…
Energy Band for 1-D Lattice
Two orbital, single atom basis
Hamiltonian Matrix
Orbital Overlaps for 3-D Crystals
Diamond and Zincblende
Orbital Overlaps for 3-D Crystals
- + +
- -
= + +
= +
Orbital Overlaps for 3-D Crystals
+ -
- + -
- +
- +
= -
+ + +
= +
Orbital Overlaps for 3-D Crystals
Diamond and Zincblende
109o
Zincblende LCAO Bands
Reduced Hamiltonian Matrix
Zincblende LCAO Bands
Nearest Neighbors
Zincblende LCAO Bands
Reduced Hamiltonian Matrix
Silicon Bandstructure
Outline
S
D E + -
LUMO= 2S*
- +
&S &S
2|E|
+ +
S DE - -
HOMO= 1S
Sketch Calculated (Hartree-Fock level)
Î HOMO and LUMO are the frontier orbitals of a molecule.
Î those are important orbitals because they are largely responsible for many chemical and
optical properties of the molecule.
Courtesy of &ULVSLQ;DYLHU'HSWRI3K\VLFV Note: The S orbitals together give rise to an cylindrical
/LQNçSLQJ8QLYHUVLW\ distribution of charge. Electrons can circulate around this torus
can create magnetic effect detected in NMR
LCAO and Nearly Free Electron Bandstructure
Free Electron Dispersion Relation
Ge
E
Ge
E
Fourier transform
Sample eigenvector…
Eigenvectors for Nearly Free Electron Bands
Eigenvectors for Nearly Free Electron Bands
Eigenvectors for Nearly Free Electron Bands
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
Ge
E
Ge
E
Since these are free electron energies, we can relate this easily to
the wave vectors…
Eigen-values…
Eigen-vectors…
Periodic Perturbation of Free Electron Bands
Solutions
or
Proof of Bloch’s Theorem
Step 1: Translation operator commutes with Hamiltonain…
so they share the same eigenstates.
Therefore,
So how do we figure out the velocity and trajectory in real space of electrons ?
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
or
Proof of Bloch’s Theorem
Step 1: Translation operator commutes with Hamiltonain…
so they share the same eigenstates.
Therefore,
So how do we figure out the velocity and trajectory in real space of electrons ?
Momentum and Crystal Momentum
Momentum and Crystal Momentum
So long as the wavefunction has the same short range periodicity as the
underlying potential, the electron can experience smooth uniform motion
at a constant velocity.
Energy Surface for 2-D Crystal
Ehrenfest’s Theorem:
Consider some external force that perturbs the electron in the lattice…
Since the lattice translation and Hamiltonian commute with each other…
Semiclassical Equation of Motion
Lets consider a specific external force…an external uniform electric field…
http://www.physics.cornell.edu/sss/ziman/ziman.html
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
Therefore,
http://www.physics.cornell.edu/sss/ziman/ziman.html
Properties of the Translation Operator
…we see that the eigenvalue on the left is just the bandstructure (energy)
This suggests the operator on the left is just the crystal Hamiltonian !
No wonder
Electron Wavepacket in Periodic Potential
Wavepacket in a dispersive media…
So long as the wavefunction has the same short range periodicity as the
underlying potential, the electron can experience smooth uniform motion
at a constant velocity.
Wavefunction of Electronic Wavepacket
The eigenfunction for k~k0 are approximately…
It appears that the Hamiltonian only acts on the slowly varying amplitude…
Effective Mass Theorem
If we can consider an external potential (eg. electric field) on the crystal…
Proof that…
What is the Momentum of Wavepacket
Summary
Without explicitly knowing the Bloch functions, we can solve
for the envelope functions…
Outline
http://www.physics.cornell.edu/sss/ziman/ziman.html
Properties of the Translation Operator
where
For example…
Donor Impurity States
Example of Effective Mass Approximation
n-type Si
Donor ionization energy… EC
ED
Egap~ 1 eV
EV
Donor Impurity States
Example of Effective Mass Approximation
E
Acceptor Impurity States
Example of Effective Mass Approximation
EA
EV
p-type Si
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Lecture 21:
Outline
http://www.physics.cornell.edu/sss/ziman/ziman.html
Semiclassical Equations of Motion
where
Dynamical Effective Mass (3D)
Ellipsoidal Energy Surfaces
a = 5.5 A
conductor Al
‘Mg’
insulator
W
conductor
Γ Na
X
4 conduction bands
Si: [Ne] 3s2 3p2
4 e- per silicon atom
2 silicon atoms per lattice site
total: 8 electrons at each site
4 valence bands
Finite Temperatures
Free Electron Fermi Surfaces (2D)
T=0
For free electrons energy surfaces are simple spheres (circles)…
Valence (# of electrons) determines radius of energy surface… 1st zone
2nd zone
3rd zone
Fermi Surfaces (3D)
2D
When k near to BZ boundary:
E contours become distorted
Fermi Surfaces (3D)
+1 e-
n-type Si
EC
ED
Semi- n-Doped
Conductor Semi-
T=0 Conductor Egap~ 1 eV
EV
Electron and Holes
Semi-
Conductor
T=0
Motion of Valence Electrons
k-space
Real space
Vacancy ends up moving in the direction of the
electric field as if it had a positive charge
k-space
hole dispersion
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
where
Dynamical Effective Mass (3D)
Ellipsoidal Energy Surfaces
Real space
Vacancy ends up moving in the direction of the
electric field as if it had a positive charge
W
X Γ W
Γ X
a = 8.3 A
X Γ W
a = 5.5 A
W
X Γ W
Γ X
a = 2.8 A
X Γ W
basis
orbital
a a a
s like -orbital
(k)
p-like orbital
l=2 z
m=2
55º
m=1
24º
m=0
m = −1
m = −2
Spin-Orbit Coupling
L, Bl
+Zq
-q +Zq
-q
L, Bl µs L, Bl
-q +Zq +Zq
S S -q
µs
Spin up: Spin down:
High Energy Low Energy
2P3/2
2P B L S J = L + S = 3/2
2P1/2
B L S J = L + S = 1/2
1S
Spin-Orbit Splitting in Hydrogen
L, Bl
-q +Zq
S
µs
Spin up:
High Energy
µs L, Bl
+Zq
S -q
Spin down:
Low Energy
Angular Momentum Addition Rules
Example: l = 1, s = ½
j = 3/2 j = 1/2
Spin-orbit Coupling Wavefunctions
Spin-orbit
splitting
Another Approach to Bandstructure: k.p
Lets only consider two bands (valence and conduction) and assume
they are spherical…
k.p Effective Mass
Example
Experimental Data
Outline
E=2
Microstates and Counting
The larger the systems, the stronger the dependence on E
Example
reservoir
system
…we only care about the most likely microstate for S+R
reservoir
system
reservoir
system
and
reservoir controls
system distribution
System + Reservoir in Equilibrium
reservoir
system
Consider that the system is a single energy level which can either be…
occupied:
unoccupied:
Normalized probability…
Two Systems in Equilibrium
reservoir
system 1 system 2
In equilibrium…
Counting and Fermi Integrals
3-D Conduction Electron Density
Counting and Fermi Integrals
3-D Hole Density
Counting and Fermi Integrals
2-D Conduction Electron Density
Exact solution !
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
Boltzmann Approximation:
Approximations for Fermi Integrals
3-D Carrier Densities
Sommerfeld Approximation:
Unger Approximation:
where
Approximations for Fermi Integrals
3-D Carrier Densities
Approximations for Inverse Fermi Integrals
E1 E1
E2 E2
E3 E3
Detailed balance:
In equilibrium, each scattering process balances with its inverse
Rate Equations
Equilibrium Quasi-equilibrium
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
E1 E1
E2 E2
E3 E3
Equilibrium Quasi-equilibrium
Inhomogeneous Semiconductors in Equilibrium
0.06
17
1 10
Electron Concentration (cm-3)
16
6 10
0.03
16
4 10 0.02
16
2 10 0.01
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Microns Microns
Boltzmann approx.
Inhomogeneous Semiconductors in Equilibrium
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type I
Type III
http://www.utdallas.edu/~frensley/technical/hetphys
Tight-binding Calculation of Band Alignments
GaAs InAs
Example GaAs/InAs
GaAs: InAs:
GaAs InAs
GaAs/InAs: (LCAO)
(experiment)
Experimentally Determined Band Alignment
InAs
Energy (eV)
http://www-ocs.colorado.edu/SimWindows/simwin.html
6.730 Physics for Solid State Applications
Outline
• Review of Quasi-equilibrium
• Occupancy Functions
• Fermi’s Golden Rule
• Bloch electron scattering
Occupancy Functions and Quasi-Fermi Functions
E1
E2
E3
Carrier density…
Current density…
Energy density…
E1
E2
E3
where…
…Fermi…
General Scattering Potential
Outline
Phonon absorption…
Electron-Phonon Matrix Element
final inital
Energy and Momentum Conservation