Geography is concerned with the study of two interconnected branches of inquiry: Physical geography study of origin, distribution, and

d significance of the major physical features of the earth such as landforms, climates, the oceans, and the natural resources Human or cultural geography study of mans imprints upon the earth; distribution of population, various settlement patterns, and the feature resulting from mans productive activities in earning a living From Greek word geographia which means earth description. Golden Age of Greece: Herodotus Father of History and Geography because he always placed historic events in their geographic setting. Geography is the science of the earth and its life. (Webster) Geography: captioned as land and people. Man is the architect of the earths surface. Cultural environment man-made features including different types of settlement, features resulting from transportation and production Geographic environment comprise of physical environment and cultural features In a nutshell, geography is a study of the earth as the home of man. Nature of human habitat results from the interaction of two elements: physical or natural and cultural or human. 1. Include the features of water, land, soils, mineral resources, climate and weather and the natural plant and animal life. 2. Are population, cultural heritage, economic activities, and major works or accomplishments. Hydrosphere Lithosphere Atmosphere Biosphere Regional geography elements of a place or region which is distinct Topical geography one earth feature or human activity e.g. soil quality, railroad transportation Physical geography location of earth features such as land, water and climate; relationship to one another and to human activities; and the forces that create and change them

Geomorphology land and water forms, development of irregularities e.g. glaciations, river floodplains, underground caves, shorelines, coral reefs, sand dunes, volcanic features and the erosion cycle. Climatology climate: wind movements, cloud formation, temperature changes and precipitation. Meteorology weather changes Mathematical geography accurate measurement of the earth: exact location of a city in latitude and longitude. Oceanography ocean and its phenomena, current wave, temperature differences and tides. Biogeography geographical distribution of plants, known as plant geography and phytogeography, and of animals as zoogeography. Background of Botany, Zoology and Ecology (relationship of plants and animals and their habitat. Medical geography relationship between disease-causing organisms and their physical environment.

Human geography / Anthropology primary concern with man and his works. Closely allied with social sciences: Economics, Political Science, History, Sociology, Anthropology Cultural geography cultural traits: customs, traditions, taboos, religions, dialects, and dwellings. Population geography numbers and distribution of people. Related to Demography, statistical study of population. Topics are ethnic groupings, religious compositions, and rate of population growth. Political geography relationship between political units: provinces or states, nations, or unions of nations. Topics are how boundaries are drawn, how well it is observed, problems or disputes that it created. Historical geography how geographic patterns of man and his works change through time. Urban geography study of cities. Latest and growing kind of human geography. Sir Patrick Geddes synthesis and mother of all sciences. Emmanuel Kant basis of history. 3 Division of Human Knowledge Natural sciences physical earth is the central theme of geography. Social sciences man as the architect of the earths surface. Humanities artistic works: painting, sculpture, literature, music, and dance. Thus, geography provides the medium for the blending of the 3 division of human knowledge. Solar system consists of sun and nine planets revolving it.

Gravitational force exerted by sun: pulling all the planets to revolve around him. Centrifugal force exerted by the planets: fly away from any center of rotation. Asteroids group of planetary fragments Comets and meteors Sun source of solar radiation or sunlight allows life to exist on earth. Only self-luminous body within solar system. Makes one complete rotation every 25 earth days. Milky Way Earth is pear-shaped or an oblate ellipsoid. Crust outermost layer Igneous rock primary rock, formed when melted rock cools and hardens or erupts at the earth surface as lava. Sedimentary rock covers much of the earths surface. Developed from older rocks or of plants or animals Metamorphic rock formed from igneous and sedimentary rocks that underwent change by heat. Mantle beneath crust (a thick layer) Core central region Rotation turn towards east thru an axis (24 hours). Revolution orbit around the sun (365 and days). *Earths axis is inclined 23 and degrees. *Rotation and revolution are both counterclockwise. Sundial tells time by the position of the shadow. *Earth is divided into 24 equal segments called zone. th International Date Line (180 meridian) where new day is born Seasons division of the year into dry or wet or spring, summer, autumn, and winter. December 21 or 22: Summer solstice in Southern Hemisphere and Winter solstice in Northern Hemisphere June 21 or 22: Summer solstice in Northern Hemisphere and Winter solstice in Southern Hemisphere March 21 and September 22: days and nights are equal in length Vernal equinox in Northern Hemisphere and Autumnal equinox in Southern Hemisphere; and vice versa Winter > Spring > Summer > Autumn High Sun periods (middle part of the earth) on two days during the year, sun at noon appears directly overhead period before, during and after these days and the rest are Low Sun periods.

25% - land 75% - water (70% oceans and seas and 5% inland water like lakes an rivers) Lithosphere Europe, Asia and Africa biggest landmass Suez Canal man-made that separates Africa from Asia nd Panama Canal man-made that separates North and South America (2 biggest landmass) rd Antarctica 3 biggest landmass Australia smallest continent Continents large landmasses surrounded by water Islands other big and small landmasses surrounded by water Greenland largest island New Guinea Borneo Madagascar Baffin Sumatra Honshu Great Britain Major Landforms: Plains low-level areas Plateaus (plains up in the air) table lands with high altitudes, above 2000 feet Mountains about 3000 feet at the minimum (vertical zonation of the landscape Hills miniature mountains Minor Landforms: Valleys elongated depressions usually with an outlet between the range of hills Peninsula nearly surrounded by water so greatest part of the boundary is a coastline Deltas flood plains (alluvial plains) Cape a piece of land jutting into the seas Canyon a deep valley with high steep sides Cliff a perpendicular or steep rock of considerable height Isthmus a narrow land connection between two larger expanses of land Fjord a u-shaped valley that leads to the sea Desert a dry, barren region, usually treeless and sandy Tundra a treeless plain covered with ice or snow (Arctic and sub-Arctic region) Volcano opening in the earths surface

Hydrosphere Pacific Ocean largest Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Sea smaller than ocean Caribbean Sea largest Mediterranean Sea Okhotsh Bering East China Japan North Sea Black Sea Red Sea Baltic Sea Strait a narrow water connection between two larger bodies of water Gulf an inlet of the sea Bay an indentation of the sea into land River a natural stream of water flowing Lake a body of water entirely surrounded by land, usually man-made Rapids a part of a river where the current moves very swiftly over large rocks Spring a flow of water from the ground which is the source of stream Falls a body of water which descends by force of gravity Atmosphere air that surrounds the earth and extends as far as 1000 miles Atmo means gas or vapor Nitrogen makes up about 21% of air Troposphere one nearest the earth, below 6 miles, where clouds float. Winds, storms and other weather features take place here Stratosphere next higher region, where temperature remains steady Mesosphere Ionosphere 50 miles *Air gets thinner the farther it is from the earth Weather local and temporary condition Climate associated with place. It includes the daily, seasonal and yearly variations in the weather Latitude is a factor in climate Low latitude between Tropic of Cancer (23 degrees North) and Cancer

Middle latitude between Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle (66 degrees North) and Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle High latitude regions from the Arctic and Antarctic Circles to the poles (sunlight and darkness for the whole 24 hours) Elements of Climate 1. Temperature quantity of heat present (comes from the Sun) 2. Precipitation descent of all forms of moisture from the atmosphere 3 aspects: annual, seasonal, dependability of precipitation 3. Humidity presence of water vapor in the air 4. Atmospheric Pressure mass weight of a column of air above a given point 5. Wind air in horizontal motion (moving air) Factors of Climate 1. Latitude 2. Altitude elevation 3. Distribution of land and water bodies 4. Orographic Barriers high mountains mark the boundary between regions Windward side more pleasant climate and moisture Leeward side rain shadow of mountain 5. Pressure and Wind Low pressure area of rising warm air High pressure area where heavy cold air sinks 6. Ocean Currents Warm/ cold ocean currents warm or cool the winds 7. Storms place where storm is present has more precipitation Mga Yaman: Solar system Minerals Water Land Forest 7 Continents: Asia 29.5% land area Africa 20.2% North America 16.2% South America 11.4% Antarctica 9.5% Europe 7.4% Australia 5.1%

Robinson Projection has minor but not major distortions. The sizes and shapes near eastern and western edges, outline of continents are accurate but areas near the poles are flat. Insular location bodies of water Vicinal location bodies of land Greeks first to reproduce earth in the form of globe Crates made the earliest globe Martin Behaim creator of the oldest existing globe in the Germanic museum Great circle a circle extending around the earth Grid system a system of line used to find the location of any place on the surface of the earth Gerhard Kramer Mercator General purpose map combination of political and physical map Thematic map shows only one or a few kinds o information Physical Thematic distribution of rocks, minerals Cultural Thematic population Climate map rainfall, temperature, winds Population map population density Economic map resources, crops, products, industries Vegetation map forest, desert, oceans, grasslands Historical map exploration, events Travel map road, railroads, and routes Ocean map tides, currents Community map streets, buildings Special map parks, monument Map essentials 1. Title 2. Map Legend 3. Map scale 4. Direction 5. Latitude and Longitude Map projection orderly system of parallels and meridians used as a basis for drawing map on flat surface Cylindrical projection Conical projection Plan or Azimuthal projection Polar case tangency of pole Equatorial case equator Oblique other place

Oil Black gold Sugar White gold GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System Map from Latin word mappa which means napkin, table cloth Mesopotamia shown on the first map created in a form of a baked clay preserved in Semitic Museum Phoenicians use chart for trading Anaximander earliest creator of Greek map Erastothenes included British Isles Ptolemy of Alexandria created one of the most famous map Prince Henry The Navigator