TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................................... i PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... vi PRESENTATION ............................................................................................................ vii TEAM OF STUDENT RESEARCHERS ........................... Error!

Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... viii DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ xi GENERAL OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ xi SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................. xi RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................... xii GROUP DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... xii TRANSACT WALK ........................................................................................................ xii KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW .................................................................................. xii FOCUS GROUP DICUSSION ......................................................................................... xii PERSONAL INTERVIEWS ............................................................................................ xii COMMUNITY FORUM ................................................................................................. xiii OBSERVATION ............................................................................................................ xiii SECONDARY DATA .................................................................................................... xiii SAMPLING TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................... xiii METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................... xiii RESEARCH LIMITATIONS .......................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................ 1 BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE UPDATED COMMMUNITY PROFILE .................... 1 1.1.NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT: .................................................... 1 LOCATION ....................................................................................................................... 1

RELIEF.............................................................................................................................. 1 DRAINAGE ...................................................................................................................... 1 CLIMATE ......................................................................................................................... 1 VEGETATION .................................................................................................................. 1 GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 1 SOIL .................................................................................................................................. 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ........................................................................................... 2 1.2 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS......................................................................... 2 POPULATION SIZE, DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION .................................................. 2 POPULATION DYNAMICS ............................................................................................. 2 LABOUR FORCE ............................................................................................................. 2 AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO ........................................................................................... 2 ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO ............................................................................... 2 HOUSEHOLD SIZE .......................................................................................................... 2 MIGRATION..................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................... 3 RELIGION ........................................................................................................................ 3 ETHNICITY ...................................................................................................................... 3 KINGSHIP......................................................................................................................... 3 VALUES AND NORMS ................................................................................................... 3 TABOOS ........................................................................................................................... 3 MARRIAGE SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 4 GENDER ISSUES ............................................................................................................. 4 EDUCATIONAL STATUS ............................................................................................... 4 HEALTH STATUS ............................................................................................................ 4 HOUSING ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... 5

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EMPLOYMENT STATUS ................................................................................................ 5 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ................................................................................... 5 LABOUR ISSUES ............................................................................................................. 5 MARKEKING ................................................................................................................... 6 FINANCING AND FINANCIAL INSTITUITION ............................................................ 6 INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY................................................................................... 6 MAJOR COMMECIAL/SERVICE ACTIVITIES .............................................................. 6 HOUSEHOLD INCOME ................................................................................................... 6 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION ........................................................................ 7 ENERGY ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 HISTORICAL AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE ........................................................... 7 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 7 MODERN POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION ................................................ 7 INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL INSTITUITIONS ............................................................................................................... 8 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOs) ................................................... 8 LINKAGES ....................................................................................................................... 8 COMMUNITY INITIATED PROJECTS ........................................................................... 8 ONGOING PROJECTS ..................................................................................................... 8 FESTIVALS OF KOPELLA COMMUNITY ..................................................................... 8 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 8 DECISION MAKING PROCESS ...................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................... 9 SUMMARY OF REVIWED UPDATED PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS EMMATING FROM THE COMMUNITY PROFILE.............................................................................. 9 2.1 NATURAL RESOUCES AND ENVIROMENT ..................................................... 9

PROBLEMS: ..................................................................................................................... 9

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POTENTIALS: .................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS......................................................................... 9 PROBLEMS: ..................................................................................................................... 9 POTENTIALS: .................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................... 9 PROBLEMS: ..................................................................................................................... 9 POTENTIALS ................................................................................................................. 10 2.4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................. 10 PROBLEMS: ................................................................................................................... 10 POTENTIALS: ................................................................................................................ 10 2.5 HISTORICAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT ......................................................... 10 PROBLEMS: ................................................................................................................... 10 POTENTIALS: ................................................................................................................ 10 REVIEWED AND UPDATED PRIORITIES PROBLEMS ............................................. 11

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 12 ANAYSIS OF NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS ................................................................. 12

CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................ 15 POTENTIALS OF N.G.Os AND C.B.Os ......................................................................... 15 DEDUCTIONS ................................................................................................................ 15

CHAPTER FIVE (5) ........................................................................................................ 16 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES ..................................................................... 16

CHAPTER SIX (6) .......................................................................................................... 17 SWOT ANALYSIS ON COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES ............................... 17

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CHAPTER SEVEN (7) .................................................................................................... 19 PROPOSAL FOR INTERVENTION: .............................................................................. 19 7.0.1 7.0.2 7.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................... 20 BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM ............................................................. 20 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION ............................................. 20

7.2 GOAL: ....................................................................................................................... 21 7.3 7.5 OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................... 21 PROPOSED PROJECT BUDGET ........................................................................ 24

SUMMARY OF PROPOSED BUDGET.......................................................................... 29 LOCATION OF PROJECT .............................................................................................. 31 PROJECT DURATION ................................................................................................... 31 CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY ......................................................................................... 31 7.6 SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES ................................................................................ 31

CHAPTER EIGHT (8) ..................................................................................................... 32 8.0 8.1 8.2 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................... 32 RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................ 32 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................ 33

LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................... 33 MATHEMATICAL ILLUSTRATION OF POOR FARMING HAEVEST LOSSES ....... 34 AGE AND SEX STRUCTURE ........................................................................................ 35 POPULATION DYNAMICS ........................................................................................... 36 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT 2010/2011 ............................................................................. 37 HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE...................................................................................... 39

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 39

PREFACE The outline of this report provides relevant information on all aspects of the people of Kopella in a comprehensive and concise manner for easy understanding. Both written and oral information that form the reliable source of information, which forms part of the community profile. The report comprises of eight chapters; summary of reviewed and updated problems and potentials, analysis of needs aspirations, analysis of demands and potentials of N.G.Os, Private Sector and C.B.Os, community development issues, SWOT analysis on development issues, proposal for intervention and conclusion, recommendation, appendix and references.

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PRESENTATION This is a community profile of Kopella in the Bawku West District of Upper East Region of Ghana compiled by group five hundred and twenty-four (524) and submitted to the University for Development (UDS) as part of the integrated approach to the community assessment in the Upper East Region. It is the final stage of the Third Trimester Field Practical Programme (TTFPP) for the award of a Bachelors degree.

TEAM OF STUDENT RESEARCHERS NAME STUDENT ID ABDULLAH MARUF ISSAHAKU ABDUL-AZIZ MOHAMMED NEENA RIZIKATU BAYARI ENZULA ERIC MUMUNI IDDRISU AGBEMENYA SELORM KUUCHI MARY ANTOINETTE OWUSU SEFAH MIZACK OTTO RICARD PHILEMON ALWUNGE AYINNOGMA IDS/6701/09 IDS/7477/09 IDS/7640/09 FAS/2949/09 FAS/3645/09 IBS/0087/09 ICD/1414/09 AGT/3931/09 NU/0263/09

MARTHA IMS/O633/10

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We give our profound gratitude to the Almighty God, the giver of knowledge and good health for divine protection bestowed on us throughout the programme. We also humbly wish to express our heartfelt appreciation to the chief ( Naaba Aweni Avoka) and his elders, the assemblyman-past and present ( Hon. David Ayeebo and Hon. Anaane Robert), head teacher of Kopella D/A Primary School ( Mr. Godwin ) and the entire community of Kopella for their valuable services in the achievement of this comprehensive report. The acknowledgement is also highly indebted to our coordinator; Mr. Solomon Sarpong and all our lecturers, most especially, those who equipped us with the basic prerequisite tools and skills for a practical research of this nature. The active cooperation and contributions of the integrated team of students also led to the success of this work and God richly bless all members in their respective academics and lives.

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DECLARATION We group 524 of Kopella community herein, declare that, this piece of work is original and our collective effort. This research work has not been produced anywhere and hence its originality. We wish to place on record that apart from references to other academic materials which are been duly acknowledged in the report, this work is solely produced by group 524, TTFP 2010. We therefore declare this research as an original and brain child of the group.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The integrated group 524 undertook several tasks throughout the two (2) years to come up with a work piece of this kind. The research into the community profile, problems and potentials identified in the first year brought out evident findings and base on these findings, the proceeding research work. The group in collaboration with the community is proposing an intervention on the felt needs of the people of Kopella. The second years report entails a cross-section of last years work, highlighting a summary of the reviewed community profile, also summary of the updated problems and potentials and finally to capture a carefully developed proposal to the under study. It ends with very important recommendations to the problems and potentials of the community that are of great impact.

INTRODUCTION The University for Development Studies integrated Third Trimester Field Practical (TTFP) under the PNDC law 279 (1992), which mandates the university to blend its academic work with that of the community in order to provide constructive interaction between the two fold for the total development of northern Ghana in particular and the country as a whole to produce students who will be practically oriented in community base and problem solving attitude without compromising their academic work excellence. With this, students from the faculty of Applied Science (FAS), Integrated Development Studies, Mathematical Science, Education, Law and Business Studies, Agricultural science and the school of Medicine and Health sciences have been sent to rural communities of the Northern Ghana to understudy the social structure, problems and potentials and to formulate specific interventions. This is a precise and concise record of activities under-taken by group 524 TTFP 2010 third batch in Kopella community in Bawku West of Upper East Region of Ghana from May 9 to June 22, 2011.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES 1. To help students develop favourable attitudes towards working in rural communities. 2. Exposing students practically to the nature and dimensions of development problems of plaguing rural communities. 3. Providing useful services to Ghanaian communities through the exchange of knowledge and its application to address the felt needs and aspirations of communities. 4. Generating data for further research into problem solving development issues and purposes.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. To assist students to apply methods and skills to the preparation of participatory development planning, proposals/plans as determined by the felt needs of communities/target groups.

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2. To introduce students to the practice of techniques and strategies of development problem solving.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Every research requires the collection of quality and reliable data. Thus, the following methodologies were employed to carry out the research proposal: Group Discussion, Transact walk, Key informant interview, Focus group discussion, Personal interview, Community forum, Observation, Secondary data and Sampling techniques.

GROUP DISCUSSION Members of the group met to discuss issues pertaining to the project proposal. Analysis of data and other things were carried out using this method. TRANSACT WALK This method of data collection was adopted to observe structural and geographical entities. Thus, it was used in order to have a fair knowledge of the physical features of the community especially the dam site. KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW This was used to update the history, health status, educational problems, potentials and finally the interventions. These people who had specialized knowledge in our relevant areas study were contacted. FOCUS GROUP DICUSSION By this method, the chief, elders, clan heads, assemblyman (past and present), unit committee, men and women and social groups of the community provided relevant information on the developmental problems, potentials and possible intervention areas. PERSONAL INTERVIEWS Individuals were contacted for vital information on areas such as socio-political organizations, socio-demographic characteristics, economic development, health and nutrition.

xii

COMMUNITY FORUM This method was adopted to present to the community the previous years development problems and potentials, it was as well used to update these problems and potentials and to identify possible interventions. OBSERVATION Both participatory and non-participatory methods of observation were employed to gather data on profiles, problems and potentials of the community. SECONDARY DATA The group used this method throughout the research work. Information was gotten from the Bawku West District Assembly. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES The main sampling techniques that were used are simple random sampling and stratified sampling techniques. These were used to obtain information on income distribution, agriculture, etc. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS The following methods of data analysis were used in developing our project proposal. Simple ranking Pair wise ranking Problem tree analysis Gender analysis SWOT analysis Stakeholder analysis RESEARCH LIMITATIONS Throughout the research work in the community, we encountered diverse constraints including: Language barrier Financial constraints

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CHAPTER ONE

BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE UPDATED COMMMUNITY PROFILE 1.1.NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT: LOCATION Kopella is a community in the Bawku West District which is located 34.5 km south-eastern part of the district capital; Zibilla. RELIEF Generally, Kopella has two main topographic reliefs: gentle undulating planes and hill range geomorphology.

DRAINAGE The drainage system of the community is quite good which enables rain water to drain into Azuzulya-buliga valley which empties into the White Volta.

CLIMATE Kopella is within the tropical Sahel savannah zone and experiences both rainy and dry seasons annually. The maximum rainfall starts in early August to mid October. The maximum and minimum temperature recorded in the community between March and December is 45C and 12C respectively.

VEGETATION The vegetation zone of Kopella community is Sahel savannah made up of short drought and fire resistant deciduous trees with open savannah grasslands.

GEOLOGY The community is overlain with Birimian rocks which comprises of meta-sedimentary and volcaniclastic rocks.

SOIL The predominant types of soil found in the community are sandy and clayey. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Deforestation, bush burning and soil erosion remain the most common environmental problems confronting the community.

1.2 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS POPULATION SIZE, DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION The population is currently about 620 with a growth rate of 3.5%, density of 27 persons per square kilometer, and of the 620 populace, 295 are males and 325 are females representing 47.6% and 52.4% respectively. There has been a decrease 0f 0.3% in males population and 0.3% increase in population of females.

POPULATION DYNAMICS The factors that affect the population dynamics include birth and death rate and migration.

LABOUR FORCE The labour force of the community is 286 of the population representing 46.1% of the total population. This means the labour force has reduced by 0.2% as compared to last years, which was 278, representing 46.3%.

AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO Kopella has an age dependency ratio of 1:2. ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO The community has an economic dependency ratio of 2:1.

HOUSEHOLD SIZE The community has an average household size of 9.

MIGRATION Forty-one (41) of the youth representing 6.7% of the population migrated to urban centers this year (2011) as compared to last year (2010) which was 35 representing 5.5%. This means that as at June this year, migration has increased by 0.7%.

1.3 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT RELIGION There are three main religious groups in Kopella, which include African Traditional Religion (ATR), Christianity and Islam. However, ATR dominates all the religious groups in the community.

ETHNICITY Kopella community is made up of four (4) ethnic groups namely; the Kusasi, Moshie and Fulanis. The majority is however the Kusasi who are custodians of the land. The main language spoken is Kusaale.

KINGSHIP The people of Kopella trace their kinship ties through the patrilinear system. They practice extended family system, endogamy and exogamous system of marriage.

VALUES AND NORMS Kopella like any other human settlement has certain cherished values and norms they uphold and these include: respect, obedience, hospitality, good human relationship, loyalty, truthfulness, hardworking and honouring social gatherings.

TABOOS The following are predominant taboos in Kopella community: One does not farm near the shrine area. First male born of a Kusasi man does not eat fowl.

 A widow does not have sex until the final funeral rites of the late husband. A man does not have any kind of affair with a woman or the wife in the bush Etc. MARRIAGE SYSTEM The people of Kopella community practice both endogamous and exogamous system of marriage as well as polygyny form of marriage.

GENDER ISSUES On the issues of gender, men are considered the bread winners of the family as well as the head of the family. Succession of chieftaincy title comes from the men and not the women.

EDUCATIONAL STATUS Educational status of the community is considered moderate. However there is more illiterate population than the literates. About 66.7% and 33.3% of the total population are illiterates and literates respectively. Most of the literate population fall within middle, primary, Junior High, Senior High leavers and few tertiary.

HEALTH STATUS The health status of the community can be described as fairly encouraging since most of the community members are registered with the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). However, the commonest disease affecting the people is malaria.

HOUSING The commonest housing type is sandcrete with aluminum roofing sheets and sandcrete with thatch roof. Some of the facilities in these houses are kitchen, bathrooms and storerooms.

1.4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS Potential labour force stands at 278 as at 2010 and inching a change of eight (8) as at 2011 to 286 representing a percentage change of 0.2%. Most of the people are employed in the agricultural sector with minor or employment in sheabutter and pito production.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Crop, livestock farming and poultry farming represent the dominant agricultural activities. Land ownership to carry out these agricultural activities takes the form of individual, family and community land tenure. Moreover, the farming systems mostly practiced include subsistence, backyard, mixed and rotation. Major crops grown also include maize, rice, millet guinea corn, sorghum, beans and groundnuts with common animals reared: cattle, guinea fowls, goats, sheep, pigs, donkeys and chicken. Diseases that commonly affect the crops include smut mosaic, Rossetti, leaf spot, Root rust, stem rot, fruit rot and leaf curl. Diseases also commonly infect animals include Foot and Mouth, Tuberculosis, Trypanosomiasis, Rinder pest, Anthrax, swine fever, Enteritis, Fowl pox, Newcastle and coccidiosis.

LABOUR ISSUES Labour is basically man-powered with a little animal ploughing. However, labour is acquired by one or two of the following: family, cooperative association and hiring.

STORAGE OF PRODUCE Farm produce are stored locally in silos built with mud and roofed with thatch and also in fertilizer bags.

MARKEKING Crops and animals are marketed by the people mainly in Kopella or Binaba market days. Crops which are mainly cereals are sold by measuring in what is called a bowl. Prices of these commodities vary seasonally.

FINANCING AND FINANCIAL INSTITUITION Source of capital for various economic activities is largely dependent on sale of surplus farm produce and animals with same credit facility from AGAOKOWDEP.

INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY Kopella can be described as largely agro-based economy, with minor support from wood and service industry. The agro-base industry comprises of pito brewing and sheabutter productions, Wood-base consist of charcoal burning and the service industry is made-up of dress-making. Self-financing has however remain the sole means of sources of capital for financing in these industries.

MAJOR COMMECIAL/SERVICE ACTIVITIES No major commercial activities are recorded in Kopella. However, dress making and hairdressing are the major service activities recorded by the group. Tourism was identified to have a good potential- about eight (8) to nine (9) kilometers (km) from Kopella is a very fascinating mountain range and forest grove.

HOUSEHOLD INCOME Farming, petty-trading and employment from the formal sector (teaching) remain the only source of income in the community. The household income and expenditure pattern is found at the appendix. However, the distribution of these incomes among the various household spreads according to the occupational structure of the community. From a sample of twenty (20) households an average annual income of 1539.34 Gh. Cedi was realized for 2011 as against an annual income of 1140.25 Gh. Cedi reflecting a percentage change of 25.92%. From the income

distribution, inequitable distribution of wealth existed between the few rich and the vast poor in the community; therefore poverty level of majority of the people is high.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION Transport is by foot, bicycles, motor bikes and donkey cart. There is a major feeder road that links the community with Binaba and surrounding places. Communication remains a major problem; there is no postal office, telephone booth or a bus terminal. However, there are fluacting mobile network services.

ENERGY Sources of energy for the community are firewood, charcoal and sunlight.

1.5 HISTORICAL AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND It has been revealed from oral tradition that, the name Kopella was coined from two Kusale words: KO and Pella, water and white respectively. Thus, Kopella means literally water which is white.

TRADITIONAL POLITICAL SYSTEM The chief, who is the highest political authority in the community with support from his elders together make decisions for the development of the community.

MODERN POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION The District Assembly, Area Council, Assemblyman, Unit Committee and community members constitute the modern political structure of the community. They take and implement decisions regarding the development of the community.

INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL INSTITUITIONS There exists an ideal relationship between the modern and traditional system of the community. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOs) The World Food Programme (WFP), World Vision International and Catholic Relief Services (CRS) as well as Agaogo Kopella Women Development Programme (AGAOKODEP) are the non-governmental organizations that exist in the community. They contribute in areas of health, social and educational infrastructure and needs of the community.

LINKAGES The WFP in collaboration with Ghana Education Service provides daily supplementary diet as lunch to school children of Kopella Primary School. World Vision and CRS provide boreholes for the community.

COMMUNITY INITIATED PROJECTS The only community initiated project in the community is AGAOKODEP which provides small scale micro financing credit facility to its members.

ONGOING PROJECTS The CHPS centre of the community is as at the completion of this research is on a face lift.

FESTIVALS OF KOPELLA COMMUNITY The people of Kopella celebrate a festival called Boukou festival.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Information is disseminated through the gong-gong beater.

DECISION MAKING PROCESS Major decisions are taken by the chief and his elders who then channel it the modern political system through the assemblyman.

CHAPTER TWO

SUMMARY OF REVIWED UPDATED PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS EMMATING FROM THE COMMUNITY PROFILE. 2.1 NATURAL RESOUCES AND ENVIROMENT PROBLEMS: Prolong period of dry season Deforestation

POTENTIALS: Fertile soil for commercial growing of cereals and legumes. Economic trees such as sheanut and dawadawa.

2.2 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS PROBLEMS: Inadequate and qualified teachers in the primary school. High illiteracy rate Inadequate supply of health equipment and facilities

POTENTIALS: High populace within the labour force age group Large population of farmers as compared to other occupations.

2.3 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS: Early marriage High level of teenage pregnancy Lack of public KVIP

POTENTIALS: There is a CHPS centre with a nurse There is a traditional herbalist.

2.4 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS: Lack of access to grinding-mill Low prices of farm produce Poor and inadequate transportation system Poor storage facilities for farm produce

POTENTIALS: Vast arable land for commercial growing of cereals and legumes. Available sheanut for large scale production of sheabutter Mass rearing of guinea fowl.

2.5 HISTORICAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT PROBLEMS: Undocumented community history Minimal or no participation of local governance system of the community.

POTENTIALS: Absence of chieftaincy dispute. Peaceful co-existence between modern and the traditional governance systems.

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REVIEWED AND UPDATED PRIORITIES PROBLEMS ABBREVIATIONS PROBLEMS 1. Lack of a dam 2. Absence of a JHS 3. Absence of electricity 4. Lack of foot bridge 5. Insufficient borehole 6. Lack of fertilizer depot 7. Market shades DM AJHS AE LFB IB LFD MS

8. Credit for fertilizer and farm CFFI inputs 9. Machine to scale sheanut 10. Infrastructure guinea fowl for MSS

rearing IRGF

D M DM *

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IB

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CFF I DM

IRG F DM

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AJH AFH AJH AJH AJH AJH AJH AJH 8 S S * * * S AE IB * S AE IB S AE * S AE IB S AE IB S AE IB 7 5

* * *

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11

MS LFB

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* * * * LFB * CFF I LFB * *

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MSS * CFF I IRG F * *

CHAPTER THREE

ANAYSIS OF NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS The needs of the community are: Dam Junior High School Electricity Foot bridge Market shades Employment Aspirations of the community include: To help reduce rural-urban migration. To improve the educational status of the community. To enhance commercial activities of the community. To facilitate easy movement of people during rainy season. To provide shades to both buyers and sellers in the communitys market. To reduce unemployment rate as well as poverty. Therefore, the needs and aspirations of the community identified are analysed using the SWOT analysis. The whole concept of the SWOT analysis is to rule out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the community.

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In this research, the group came out with the various sectors on the needs and aspirations of the community; this is summarized in the table below.

13

SECTOR Agriculture

STRENGTHS Fertile soil Access to land Available labour

WEAKNESSES Environmental degradation Deforestation Lack of mechanization Unavailable fertilizer. High illiteracy rate Lack of finance Inadequate classrooms and textbook Inadequate teachers. No electricity No market shades Lack of technician to work on the solar panels

OPPORTUNIES

THREATS Migration Pest and diseases drought

N.G.Os N.G.Os Development partners. School drop-out Pressure on amenities Under staffing,

Education

Social infrastructure

enough land for future development motivation P.T.A Easy access to the CHPS centre Availability of mobile communication system. Availability of solar panel light

N.G.Os District assembly

Politisation of projects Late disbursement of funds

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CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS OF DEMANDS AND POTTENTIALS OF N.G.Os AND C.B.Os The private sectors, N.G.Os and C.B.Os demand the community achieves certain items that will bring about development. They demand from the community: Participation in active agriculture Educate their children by sending them to school Invest their money in order to improve their standard of living.

POTENTIALS OF N.G.Os AND C.B.Os Availability of funds Willingness to help the community

DEDUCTIONS From the demands and potentials of the N.G.Os, there will be high productivity of agricultural produce and consequently food security since they will be to provide farmers with the necessary farm inputs. They also demand that a dam should be constructed in order to: Reduce poor farming harvest Produce affordable food Generate income in order to reduce poverty

The private sectors/N.G.Os demand that parents send their wards to school to reduce illiteracy rate and help them occupy formal position in society. They also demand that the community members use their money to generate high income in order to reduce poverty rather than using it in smoking, drinking etc.

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CHAPTER FIVE (5)

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES The community development issues were identified by the group after several focus group discussions with the community members. The following development issues were considered:

Educational infrastructure Health and nutrition Water and sanitation Social infrastructure

16

CHAPTER SIX (6)

SWOT ANALYSIS ON COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES The development issues of the community as mentioned in chapter five (5) are analysed in the SWOT diagram/analysis below:

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DEVELOPMENT ISSUES Educational infrastructure

STRENGTH
Adequate classroom Enough land for future development School feeding programme Availability of CHPS centre Availability of a traditional healers Availability of medicinal plants Regular cleaning of surroundings. Adequate water supply Contribution in the maintenance of boreholes Easy access to the CHPS centre Availability of mobile communication system Availability of solar powered street light

WEAKNESS
High level of school drop-outs Weak P.T.A

OPPORTUNITY
N.G.O support MPs common fund District Assembly support N.H.I.S. Immunization

THREAT
Shortage of staff Inadequate desks and textbooks No teaching reference books N.H.I.S does not cover all diseases suffered by the people Late disbursement of health equipments

Health and Nutrition

High carbohydrate concentration in diets Under- staff of nurses at the CHPS centre

Water and Sanitation

No K.V.I.P Poor maintenance culture of boreholes

N.G.O support

No community and sanitation agency

Social Infrastructure

No electricity No market shades No technician to work on the solarpowered street light

N.G.O support District Assembly support

Late disbursement of funds. Politicization of projects

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CHAPTER SEVEN (7)

PROPOSAL FOR INTERVENTION

PROJECT TITLE:

FACILITY TO PROMOTE AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN KOPELLA

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7.0.1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The TTFPP requires the group writes a proposal on the core problem identified in the community. In the first year, the group identified low agricultural activity as the core problem. However, this core problem has been changed because bodies from the agricultural sector of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) such as the extension officers from the district intervened and educated them on the methods and practices of farming to achieve high productivity. This year, the group in collaboration with the community members has identified lack of dam facility as the core problem. The presence of the dam would help promote agricultural activities in the community all year round to prevent the problem an employment, harvests, rural-urban migration and to increase the income level of the people of the community to reduce poverty.

7.0.2 BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM The TTFPP is an essential part of the four year bachelors degree programme in the University for Development Studies (UDS). Kopella has been studied by the group from the year 2010 to 2011 in the third trimester in each academic year. The work of each year builds onto the other in an active manner. The first year dealt with the profile of study of the community, problems and potentials of the community. The main emphasis of the second year is to update the first years report as well as to identity an intervention in the form of a proposal that can solve the core problem identified.

7.1

PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION The studied community is located in the Bawku West District of Upper East region of Ghana with a total population of about six hundred and twenty (620) people.

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The people identified the need for a dam facility as their most pressing need. Several attempts have been made to solve this problem by farming near the White Volta and fetching water from the boreholes to water their farms during the dry season. But this is not enough to increase their agricultural yields since the people have to fetch water from boreholes to water their farms and also cut down trees along the White Volta to farm which results in deforestation. This has resulted in a situation where the people have to depend on rain water for agricultural activities. This makes it difficult for people to market their farm produce because of poor farm harvest which leads to low income and therefore increase poverty level in the community. This situation makes the youth to move to nearby communities and urban areas for alternative sources of income. This further leads to low agricultural activities of the people to engage in active farming to prevent the problem of poor farming harvest as a result to increase the income level of farmers. It will also help the farmers to grow more farm products on large scale and sell them to achieve more income to reduce poverty. Also, it will help the youth to stay in the community to prevent rural-urban migration. This will reduce poor farming harvest losses from 36.4% to 19.1% as reduction of poverty from 67%to 21%. 7.2GOAL: Provision of a facility for Kopella community to increase agricultural productivity 7.3 OBJECTIVE To provide a dam facility for Kopella by close of 2012 at a cost of 17,568.13 Gh. Cedi To increase agricultural activities in the community at the close of 2012. To reduce poor farming harvest losses from 36.4% to 19.1% the end of 2012. To reduce rural-urban migration of the youth from 6.2% to 0.4% by the end of 2012. To reduce poverty rate from 67% to 21% by the end of 2012. To promote large scale farming by the end of 2012.

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OPERATIONALISATION OF THE PROPOSAL ACTIVITIVE PLANNING MARIX TO PROVIDE AN IRRIGATIONAL DAM FACILITY FOR THE PEOPLE OF KOPELLA ACTIVITY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS (OVI) Dam site identified and demarcated by dam engineer Map Equipment at site MEANS OF VERIFICATION (MOV) observation TIME FRAME (TF) INPUTS OUTPUTS RESPONSIBILITY

Feasibility studies by dam engineer

January 2012

Dam engineer

Site identified and demarcated

Map of site Mobilization of equipment to site

Observation Observation, Registration of equipment by assemblyman Observation

January, 2012 February, 2012

Dam engineer Bull dozer, excavator, shovel, pick axe , head pan, etc Bull dozer, wheel barrow, rakes, cutlasses, etc Clay, sand, silt, cement, PVC, water, flat rocks, grasses, etc Dam attendant and Community members.

Map drawn Equipment at site

District assembly and community members District assemble Project manager

Clearing of site

Bull dozer and labourers Construction of dam for irrigation

February, 2012

Site cleared

Project manager Project manager

Construction of dam

Observation

March to April, 2012

Dam constructed

Regular checks and maintenance

Daily inspection by dam attendant

Maintenance log book

Life time

Sustainable usage of the dam

District assemble and community members

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LOGICAL FRAME WORK ANALYSIS

NARRATIVE SUMMARY PROJECT GOAL: To promote agricultural productivity OBJECTIVE: Provide an irrigational dam by the close of 2012 at a cost of 17568.13 GH. Cedi OUTPUT: An irrigational dam constructed. OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS (OVI) Improvement of agricultural activities all year round MEANS OF VERIFICATION (MOV) Observation Key informant Interviews Group research Interviews Observation Project report Site visit ASSUMPTIONS The community is willing to use the facility and the District Assembly and other N.G.Os are ready to support Farmers are eager to take up dry season farming. Community willing to provide communal labour District Assembly N.G.Os C.B.Os Community donors Qualified dam technician strict monitoring and evaluation

Provision of an irrigational dam by 2012 for use by the community. An irrigational dam constructed and ready for use by the community Site plan and engineering design of the dam.

INPUT: PVC, clay, sand, cement, silt, flat stones, bull dozer, grasses, etc

Project report Field survey Observation

The logical frame work analysis (LFW) is a matrix that shows how the various items under the narrative summary could be achieved, given the assumptions in the forth column. It is interpreted from the bottom to the construction of the dam will be in reality once the baseline survey, technical expertise, equipment, labour, funds, etc are made available with the assumptions been true that, the community willing to use the facility, District Assembly and other N.G.Os ready to support, farmers eager to take up dry season farming, etc. with the provision of the irrigational dam, it will help improve the agricultural productivity, minimize rural-urban migration, reduce poverty and as well as raise the living standard of the community. As the living standard of the beneficiary have been improved with willingness and eagerness to use the facility, availability of funds, peaceful co-existence, etc then the provision of irrigational dam for Kopella community would be successfully achieved.

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PROPOSED PROJECT BUDGET

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7.5

PROPOSED PROJECT BUDGET INPUT DESCRIPTION UNIT QUA NTY RATE (GH. C) TOTA L COST GRAND TOTAL COST (GH 1200.0 0 1200.00

ACTIVITY

Engineering survey

Site engineering

N/A

400

Construction of dug-out Clear working area of dam and borrow small trees and shrubs and dispose. Ha 0.05 1200.0 0 Clear and de-stump trees of girth within the immediate surround of dam. N/A Strip topsoil and push downstream for reuse. m2 47 0.75 35.25 20 3.50 70.00 60.00

Excavate key tree trench to remove soft spot as directed by engineer m2 Fill and compact key trench with clay material to form cut40 3.00 100.00

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off wall. m2 Excavate, push to place water and compact in-situ material for dam embankment. m2 Provide and lay laterite on crest of dam wall as per drawing. m2 Provide and place 300mm nominal size riprap at upstream of dam wall. m2 54 3.00 162.00 1,179.05 In-letconduit-outlet structure Excavate for foundations of out-let structures m2 3.60 3.50 12.60 6 3.30 19.80 177 3.00 531.00 40 3.00 120.00

Provide 500mm thick blinding concrete for base of outlet structures m2 Provide formwork for inlet and outlet structures. m2 35 4.58 160.30 0.45 470.00 211.50

Provide mass in situ concrete

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1:3:6/9mm in aggregates in inlet/outlet structures (including collars) m3 Provide mass in-situ concrete 1:2:4/19mm in aggregation inlet and outlet structures. m3 Provide 10mm via m/s reinforcement in pre-cast concrete for inlet-outlet structures. Supply and install 150mm via PVC pipe class C for inlet conduit. Rate includes joining and transportation. m 30 45.00 1350.0 0 Backfill and compact around conduit structure. m3 3.60 0.30 1.08 kg 35 25.00 875.00 1.00 500.00 500.00 1.20 470.00 564.00

Supply an install 150mm flanged C-I sluice valve complete with opening device. N/A 1 1500.0 0 Provide 1500mm via adaptor for joining both sides PVC to metal valve. N/A 2 105.00 210.00 1500.0 0

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5,384.48 SPILLWAY: Width-5m, SPILLWAY CHANNEL: 30m Strip along spillway dyke of topsoil 200mm thick and dispose off. m2 Excavate in spillway channel to design bed level and spillway control structure foundation. Excavate suitable fill material, haul, place, spread, water and compact in layers of 300mm to form spillway protective dyke. m3 Provide formwork for spillway control structure. m2 25 5.00 125.00 150 3.50 525.00 m3 150 3.50 525.00 25 0.40 10.00

Provide mass concrete 1:3:6/19mm in aggregates in control wall. m3 8 211.00 1,688. 00 Provide in situ mass concrete 1:3:6/38mm in aggregates in

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slabs. m3 Provide boulder pack 300mm thick 4.0m length after the downstream slab of the spillway control structure. m2 Provide mass concrete 1:3:6/25mm aggregates in spillway channel for a length of greater than 60m. m3 Provide reinforced concrete 1:2:4 in 19mm aggregate on the side walls of spillway channel. m3 30 211.00 6,330. 00 9,804.60 TOTAL 17,568.13 0 470.00 70 7.00 490.00 0.6 186.00 111.60

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SUMMARY OF BUDJET PROPOSAL DESCRIPTION TOTAL COST (GH. C) GRAND (GH. C) Engineering survey Site clearance Headwork Embankment Inlet-outlet conduit Spillway Water supply and drainage works (P.E 17,568.13 10% 1,756.81 19,324.94 1,200.00 130.00 1,049.05 5,384.48 9,804.60 TOTAL COST

Pipe network Sprinkler material) equipment

Pump House Washout structures Drainage, main drain Ancillary works TOTAL Contingency of Budget

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LOCATION OF PROJECT The project constructing an irrigational dam is to be located in Kopella in Bawku West District of Upper East Region of Ghana. It is 34.5 km south-east of the district capital, Zebilla. PROJECT DURATION The project is expected to last at least four (4) months; January, 2012 to April, 2012.

CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY It is expected that modern technology would be used in executing the project.

7.6

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES

Various organizations are expected to contribute their quota towards realizing the goal of the project. At the community level, the chief and his elders should mobilize labour when necessary. The community members are also to ensure that they observe strict rules to maintain the sustainability of the dam. The ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) should also ensure that right materials are used for the project. The District Assembly should impose reasonable levy on the farmers who access the dam.

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CHAPTER EIGHT (8) 8.0 CONCLUSION

This report consists of updated profile, problems and potentials as well as a proposal to be adopted and implemented in solving the most felt need of the community under study. In this regard, an irrigational dam facility is proposed to boost the agricultural activities in the community which is their major occupation. If this project proposal is undertaken, will help solve the problem of low agricultural productivity, rural-urban migration, minimize poverty, improve standard of living, create a sustainable employment, etc.

8.1

RECOMMENDATION

Due to the single rain-fed agricultural system of the area which results in unemployment in dry season, the group wishes to recommend the establishment of an irrigational dam facility to keep the working class of the community busy all year round. Furthermore, the group recommends that the Ghana Education Service (GES) to provide a Junior High School (JHS) with trained teachers, furniture and textbooks. Also, the government through the District Assembly, Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other benevolent organizations should help to provide a grinding mill, a well structured marketing system for sheabutter extractors and farmers. Additionally, the group recommends the Volta River Authority (VRA) to provide electricity to the community. Last but not least, the group recommends that the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) in conjunction with the District Assembly to provide credit facilities and fertilizer depot to farmers.

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8.2

APPENDIX

LIST OF ACRONYMS ATR African Traditional Religion

AGAOKOWDEP Agaogo, Kopella Womens development Project BA B.Sc CBOs CHPS CRS GES JHS KG Kg Km LFA MOFA MOV M NGO NHIS OVI Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Science Community Based Organization Community-bases Health Planning and Services Catholic Relief Services Ghana Education Service Junior High School Kindergarten Kilogram Kilometer Logical Frame work Analysis Ministry of Food and Agriculture Means of Verification Metre Non-governmental Organizations National Health Insurance Scheme Objective Verifiable Indicators

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PNDC PTA PVC SWOT TTFPP UDS VRA WFA Ha

Provisional National Defense Council Parents Teachers Association Polyvinyl Chloride Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats Third Trimester Field Programme University for Development Studies Volta River Authority World Food Programme hectare

MATHEMATICAL ILLUSTRATION OF POOR FARMING HAEVEST LOSSES

CROP PRODUCED

NUMBER FARMERS

OF AVERAGE QUANTITY PRODUCED 15 12 9 20 18 7 13

AVERAGE LOSSES RECORDDED 6 4 2 9 8 1 4

INTERVIEWED Milet Maize Guinea corn Sorghum Beans Groundnut Cowpea 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

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Pepper Okro TOTAL

5 5 45

17 10 121

5 5 44

Source of inf: Field Report, 2011. Percentage poor farming harvest losses

AGE AND SEX STRUCTURE AGE GROUP 04 59 10 14 15 19 20 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 40 44 MALE 43 50 47 28 21 12 11 10 10 FEMALE 58 54 31 29 18 12 11 19 17 TOTAL 101 104 78 55 39 24 22 29 27

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45 49 50 54 55 59 60 64 65+ TOTAL

10 14 9 8 22 295

19 12 10 8 29 325

29 26 19 16 51 620

Source: Field Report, 2011.

POPULATION DYNAMICS The table below shows the active and inactive group. AGE 0 14 15 64 65+ TOTOL Source: Field Report, 2011. AGE DEPENDENCY RATIOLabour force : Age dependency 46.1 : 53.9 Age dependency = POPULATION 283 286 51 620 INTERPRETATION Inactive Active inactive

= = 53.9%

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ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO =

= = 2:1

POPULATION DENSITY =

= = = 26.95 27 persons per square land area.

HOUSEHOLD SIZE =

8.86

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SCHOOL ENROLLMENT 2010/2011 CLASS KG 1 KG 2 Primary 1 Primary 2 Primary 3 Primary 4 Primary 5 Primary 6 TOTAL BOYS 12 10 64 51 51 46 20 27 280 GIRLS 18 15 69 64 64 53 25 34 338 TOTAL 30 25 133 115 115 99 45 61 618

Source: Field Report, 2011.

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HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE COMPONENT AVERAGE EXPENDITURRE (GH. C) Food Clothing Funeral Agriculture Labour School health Transport Source: Field Report, 2011. 14.00 30.00 45.00 245.00 150.00 150.00 12.00 8.00

REFERENCES Cambridge advance learners dictionary Previous Report (First year Report), 2010. District Assemble: Bawku West District School Register: Kopella Primary School.

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