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INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Certain combinations of the exponential functions ex and e-x arise so frequently in mathematics and its applications that they deserve to be given special names.
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

In many ways, they are analogous to the trigonometric functions, and they have the same relationship to the hyperbola that the trigonometric functions have to the circle.
For this reason, they are collectively called hyperbolic functions and individually called hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine, and so on.

Hyperbolic Functions

DEFINITION

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

sinh x = cosh x = tanh x =

e x e x 2 e x + e x 2 sinh x cosh x

csc h x = sec h x = coth x =

1 sinh x 1 cosh x cosh x sinh x

The graphs of hyperbolic sine and cosine can be sketched using graphical addition, as in these figures.

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HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Note that sinh has domain R and range R, whereas cosh has domain R and range [1, ) .

The graph of tanh is shown.

It has the horizontal asymptotes y = 1.

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS

The most famous application is the use of hyperbolic cosine to describe the shape of a hanging wire.

It can be proved that, if a heavy flexible cable is suspended between two points at the same height, it takes the shape of a curve with equation y = c + a cosh(x/a) called a catenary.
The Latin word catena means chain.

APPLICATIONS

HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES

Another application occurs in the description of ocean waves.

The velocity of a water wave with length L moving across a body of water with depth d is modeled by the function gL 2 d

The hyperbolic functions satisfy a number of identities that are similar to well-known trigonometric identities.

v=

tanh L

where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

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HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

We list some identities here.

sinh( x) = sinh x cosh( x) = cosh x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1 1 tanh 2 x = sech 2 x sinh( x + y ) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y cosh( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

This figure shows that cosh is not one-to-one. However, when restricted to the domain [0, ], it becomes one-to-one.

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Definition 2

The inverse hyperbolic cosine function is defined as the inverse of this restricted function.

y = sinh 1 x y = cosh x y = tanh x

1 1

sinh y = x cosh y = x and y 0 tanh y = x

The remaining inverse hyperbolic functions are defined similarly.

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

INVERSE FUNCTIONS

sinh-1

cosh-1

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INVERSE FUNCTIONS

tanh-1