Written Comments on This Highway Research Record Are Invited

Edited and Published by the Secretary, IRC Highway Research Board, New Delhi - 110 011 Printed at : Aravali Printers & Publishers Pvt. Ltd., W-30, Okhla Industrial Area Phase-II, New Delhi-110020

ISSN 0970-2598

CONTENTS
Page No.
1 2 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 12

INTRODUCTION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. PAVEMENT ENGINEERING AND PAVING MATERIALS 1. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS

SUMMARY A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME

1. Development of Low Energy (Warm) PMB and CRMB Mixes.

2. Study on Use of Emulsion Based Warm Mix Asphalt Using Half Warm Aggregates for Bituminous Road Construction 3. Studies on Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in Construction and Maintenance of Roads 4. Verification of Flexible Pavement Design by IRC:37-2001 Using Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS-APTF)

5. Development of Improved Materials, Mixes and Design Methods Achieving Reduced Pavement Thickness 6. Chrome Shavings as Stabilizing Additive and Alternate Filler in Bituminous Mixes Zycosoil Nanotechnology Multilayer Waterproofing Treatment of Soil & Asphalt Concrete in Road Construction at Tarsali-Dhaniyavi Road, Dist.-Vadodara 7.

B. ON-GOING / COMPLETED PROJECTS

1. 2. 3. Zycosoil as an Additive for Bituminous Road Works Zycosoil Nanotechnology Application in Leh Road, BRO Zycosoil Nanotechnology in Road Construction

12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17

4. Resource Mapping of Road Construction Materials in Kerala - Thiruvananthapuram District 5. Study on the Use of Waste Plastic for Road Construction in Urban Areas Study to Prevent Reflecting Cracks on Bituminous Overlay over Cracked Concrete Pavement Using Geotextile. Asphaltoseal (Asphalt to Seal Mastic Pad) Use of Laterite Stone in the Road Construction Use of Waste Plastic in Construction of Roads

6. 7. 8. 9.

10. Zycosoil Nanotechnology Multilayer Waterproofing Treatment of Soil & Asphalt Concrete in Road Construction; Bharthana-Bharthali Road Tal.-Karjan, Dist.-Vadodara i

2. RIGID PAVEMENTS

18 18 19 19 19 20

SUMMARY A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME

1. Investigation of Causes of Longitudinal Cracking in Concrete Pavements on National Highways 2. Utilization of Waste Foundry Sand in Pavement Quality Concrete and Dry Lean Concrete CaSo4 - Derived from Tannery Fleshing- for Use in Cement Formulation (Binary/ Ternary Cementitious Mix) 3.

3. PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND PERFORMANCE A. PAVEMENT EVALUATION Summary

21 21 21 22 22 22 23

A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME

1. Evaluation of NDMC Roads/ Lanes for Needed Strengthening and Remedial Measures

2. Road Inventorisation and Pavement Condition Survey on the Selected Road Stretches using Vehicle Mounted Digital Video Imaging System Integrated with GPS 3. Functional and Structural Evaluations of DND Flyway and Mayur Vihar Link Road towards Determining the Maintenance and Strengthening Requirements

B. ONGOING / COMPLETED PROJECT

23 23

1. Development of Management System for Maintenance Planning and Budgeting of High Speed Road Corridors (Supra Institutional Project)

B. PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE

25 25 26 26 26 27 28 28 28

SUMMARY A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME

1. Study on the Performance of Highways Developed Under KSTP 2. 3. 4. Pavement Performance Studies on Coir Geo-textile Reinforced Rural Roads In Tamilnadu Urban Pavement Maintenance Management System for Tiruchirappalli City Performance Evaluation of Coir Geotextiles in Rural Roads of Kerala

B. ON-GOING / COMPLETED PROJECTS

1. Applications of Rhinophalt Preservative and its Performance Evaluation on Three Toll Roads (Trial Stretches) in Rajasthan and Gujarat States ii

2. Design, Construction and Performance Evaluation of New Materials and Mixes towards Development and Upgradation of Standards / Specifications

29 29 29

3. Development of National Document/ Guidelines on the Use of Weigh-in-Motion System in India for Axle Load Monitoring 4. Zycosoil Nanotechnology Multilayer Waterproofing Treatment of Soil and Asphalt Concrete in Road Construction

II.

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

31 31 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 41

SUMMARY A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME

1. Design of Remedial Measures at Lukhbir Slide on NH 31 A 2. Guidelines for Landslide Management on Indian Roads and Highways 3. Site Stabilisation for Platform at Diglipur (North Andaman) 4. Geotechnical Study of Jugsalai Cinder Dump Area for Construction Purposes 5. Development of Non Nuclear Density Gauge for Determination of Dry Density of Compacted fills 6. 7. 8. 9. Experimental Test Track Construction Using Jarofix Waste Material Feasibility Study of a Patented Commercial Soil Stabiliser Feasibility Studies on Vedanta IPP Coal Ash Samples for Road & Embankment Construction Feasibility Study on Usage of Super Fine Copper Slag in Land Filling and Road Construction

10. Feasibility Study of Cinder Waste Material for Road Construction 11. Suitability of Granular Materials for Capillary Cut-Off 12. Feasibility Study on Utilisation of Phosphogypsum as Road Construction Material 13. Design and Construction of Embankment and Pavement Layers using Copper Slag B. COMPLETED PROJECTS

1. Engineering of Structures Against Natural and Other Disasters

2. Design and Construction of Roads in Submerged/ Flood Affected Areas of Rann of Kutch, Gujarat 3. Design of Approach Embankment Using Pond Ash in Waterlogged Area near Yamuna River, Delhi 4. 5 C. Pilot Project for Construction of PMGSY Roads Using Jute Geotextiles Use of Coir Geotextiles in Road Construction R & D ACTIVITY REPORT BY CONSULTANCY FIRMS / CONTRACTORS / CONCESSIONARIES

1. Design & Construction of Base Course and Sub grade Pavement Layers with Soil Stabilized Base Course (SSB) for Lighter and Durable Highway Crust iii

III. BRIDGE ENGINEERING SUMMARY A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME
1. Distress Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of a PSC Girder Bridge on Maskararo River, Chilkana - Gandved Route near Saharanpur (UP) 2. Assessment of Noise and Vibrations Induced by Movement of Heavy Vehicular Traffic on the Munirka Flyover on Outer Ring Road, Delhi

43 43 44 44 44

B. ON-GOING / COMPLETED PROJECTS

1. Structural Health Assessment and Management of Bridges 2. Behaviour of Shear Deficient Beams Strengthened by Externally Embedded Reinforcement 3. Development of One Prototype of the Bridge Inspection Unit

45 45 47 48 49 50 50 51 53 53 53 54 54 54 55 56 57 57 58 58 59 60 60 62 63

4. Development of Structural Health Monitoring Schemes for Civil Engineering Infrastructure in India Using Smart Sensing Technologies 5. Mathematical Modeling for Repaired Concrete Structures 6. Study on Corrosion Susceptibility of Steel Reinforcement Protected with Anti-Corrosive Coatings/ Special Treatments on Ordinary and High Performance Concrete (B-42 Research Scheme) 7. Creation of Complete Range of Independent Facility for Testing of Expansion Joints at CSIR-CRRI, New Delhi (B-34 Research Scheme)

IV. TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION 1. PLANNING & MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME

1. Assessment of Drivers Driving Characteristics Using Advance Driving Simulator 2. Driving Effect on Visual Fatigue and Blood Pressure of the Drivers 3. Analysis of Driver Behaviour and Crash Characteristics during Adverse Weather Conditions 4. Traffic Studies for Junction Improvement of Major Road Corridors in Ahmedabad

5. Effect of Headway Due to Type of Lead Vehicle for Urban and Non-Urban North-East Region A Case Study in Two City in North-East Region 6. 7. 9. Mobility Plan for West Kallada Grama Panchayath in Kollam District Road Development Plan for an Emerging Town A Case Study of Kottarakkara Traffic Improvement Plan for Kottayam Town

8. Route Network Planning of Inland Water Transport for Kerala Phase 1 Central Kerala

10. Shortest Path Analysis and Service Area Allocation for Ambulance Services in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation A GIS Approach 11. Integration of Public Transport - A Case Study of Thiruvananthapuram City 12. Predictive Accuracy of Urban Transport Studies A Case Study of Trivandrum and Cochin in Kerala 13. Transport Infrastructure Development Plan for Harippad Town in Alappuzha District, Kerala iv

14. Traffic Forecasts for Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) System for Thiruvananthapuram City 15. Role of IPT Modes in Medium Size City in Kerala A Case Study of Kozhikode 16. Study on Gender issues of Mobility of Working Women 17. Urban Speed Management Using ITS

63 64 65 65 66 67 68 69

18. Pre-Feasibility Study for Constructing a Green Field Highway between Nedumbassery and Vytilla in Kochi 19. Widening, Strengthening and Extension of Existing Tippu Sultan Road 20. Micro-Simulation Based Driving Cycle in Delhi City for Sustainable Transportation System (EMPOWER Scheme) 21. Effect of Headway Due to Type of Lead Vehicle for Urban and Non-Urban North-East Region A Case Study in two City in North-East Region

B ON-GOING / COMPLETED PROJECTS

Feasibility Study on Requirement of Pedestrian Underpass/ Vehicular Underpass between Palanpur-Deesa-Radhanpur Section of NH-14 & NH-15 Comprehensive Traffic and Transportation Studies of Goa

69 69 70 71 72 72 73 74 74

1. 2.

3. Travel Time Related Performance Measures for Evaluation of Sustainable Road Transportation System 4. Preparation of Inventory of Roads for two Block Panchayaths in Kannur District 5. Constraints in Developing West Coast Canal in Kerala Case Study of National Waterway No. III 6. Constraints in Developing West Coast Canal in Kerala Phase II Case Study of Selected Stretches in North Kerala (Kozhikkode, Kannur and Kasargode Districts) 7. 8. Study on Stage Carriages in Kerala Computation of PISCO Development of Toolkit on Analysis of Urban Traffic Systems/ Urban Traffic System

Design and Evaluation (Sponsored by World Bank-GEF-UNDP Assisted Sustainable Urban Transport Project (SUTP), Institute of Urban Transport (India), Ministry of Urban Development

2. SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT

76 76 76 77 78 79 79 80 81 81

SUMMARY A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME

1. 2. 3. 4. Performance Assessment & Product Behaviour Observation of Crash Tested Road Safety Barrier (Plastic) Model Cosmos Road Liner 2000 S in Indian Varied Climate & Traffic Pattern Safety Auditing of Public Transport Systems in Kerala Identification of Accident Prone Locations and Improvement Measures in National Highways 17 and 212 Segments in Kozhikode District Analysis of Driver Behaviour and Crash Characteristics during Adverse Weather Conditions

5. Road Safety Audit of Dasve Road Network in Lavasa to Comply the Pre-Conditions Set by Environmental Impact Assessment Expert Appraisal Committee 6. Measurement of Air Quality and Noise Level at Proposed IISER Campus at Vithura in Thiruvananthapuram District 7. Feasibility Study for the Setting up of Monorail between Pallipuram (Techno City) and Neyyattinkara in Thiruvananthapuram District v

B. ON-GOING / COMPLETED PROJECTS

83 83 83 83 84 84 85 85 86 87

1. Comparative Study of National Expressway -1 with NH 8 for Accident Analysis from Amdavad to Vadodara 2. Micro Level Study of Accident Hazards on National Highway No. 8 from Amdavad to Vadodara 3. Micro Level study of Accident Hazards on National Expressway-1 from Amdavad to Vadodara 4. Development of Most Economical Design Standards for Anti-Glare Screen Barrier 5. Road SafetyAudit Study on Vadodara-Padra-Jambusar Road 6. Air Pollution Surveys on Road Network Connecting DarlaghatRopar and DarlaghatNalagarh 7. Variability in Vehicle Fuel Consumption Under Controlled Conditions 8. Study of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Environment of Delhi Region

C. R&D ACTIVITY REPORT BY CONSULTANCY FIRMS/ CONTRACTORS/ CONCESSIONaires

1. 2. Travel During Night Study on Ambient Air Quality and its Contribution to Climate Change in Kerala

87 87 89

V.

RESEARCH WORK DONE IN ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS RELATED TO THESIS WORK A. PAVEMENT ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS

89 89 91 91 92 93 94 95 98 98 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 105

SUMMARY
1. 2. Urban Pavement Maintenance Management System for Tiruchirappalli City Prioritization of Highway Pavements for Maintenance Management at Project Level

3. Network Level Pavement Maintenance Management Using Road Network Evaluation Tool (Ronet) 4. Sustainable Design for Upgradation of National Highway Pavement 5. Decision Support System for Maintenance Management of Low Volume Rural Roads 6. Development of Pavement Deterioration Model for the Road Networks of Trivandrum City

7. Investigating the Role of Activity Characteristics, Spatial Variation and Timing Dimension in Trip and Tour Frequency Models 8. Stress Strain Analysis on Composite Structure of Two Viscoelastic Layered Structures 9. Experimental Study on Properties of Pervious Concrete and its Applicability in Pavement 10. Fatigue Behaviour Study of Subgrade Soil with Performance Enhansers.

11. Experimental Investigations on Modification of Subgrade Characteristics by Chemical Addictives and Effect of Coir Geotextile on Pavement Distress in Overlays 12. Experimental Investigations and Modeling of Rutting in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures 13. Study on Temperature Susceptibility and Aging Behaviour of Paving Grade Bitumen with Different Filler Material 14. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Development of Master Curves for Bitumen Processed in India 15. Experimental Investigation and Constitutive Modeling of the Transitory Behavior of Asphalt 16. Rheology of Modified Binders 17. Recycled Asphalt Pavement and Foamed Bitumen vi

 18. Rheological Investigations on Foamed Bitumen and Development of Half-warm Foamed Bitumen Mixes 19. Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt using Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen and Modified Aggregates 20. Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt Using PMB 40 and PMB 70 21. Performance Study Of Bituminous Concrete Using Treated Aggregates

105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 112 113 114 115 115 117 118

22. Laboratory Investigation of Warm Mix Asphalt Using Chemicals and Comparision with Hot Mix Asphalt (Bituminous Concrete) 23. Predictive Accuracy of Urban Transport Studies - A Case Study of Trivandrum and Kochi City in Kerala 24. Measurement of Dynamic Modulus using Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT) 25. A Methodology for Pavement Design Evaluation and Back Analysis using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation 26. Reliability Analysis of Pavement Rutting Models 27. Application of Study on Structural Characteristics of Bituminous Mix with Added Fibres 28. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Long Lasting Pavements 29. Development of Partial Safety Factors for Flexible Pavements 30. Evaluation of Flexible Pavement by Kenpave Software for the Blended Soils

31. Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Coir Geotextiles on Adherence Property of Bituminous Mixes 32. Mix Design of Pervious Concrete An Experimental Study Using Crushed Stone and River Sand as Fine Aggregate

B. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

120 120 121 122 122 123 123 124 124 125 126 126 128

SUMMARY 1. Effect of Wheel Load on Underground Tunnels C. BRIDGE ENGINEERING

SUMMARY
1. Development of Techniques for In-Situ Stress Assessment in Concrete Structures 2. Application of Pushover Analysis to RC Bridges 3. Experimental Study of RC Beams Strengthened with CFRP Fabric under Pure Torsion 4. Analysis of Anchorage Zone Stresses in Post Tensioned Girder Bridges 5. Effect of Overweight vehicles on RC T Girder Bridge

D. TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION

SUMMARY
1. Study of Traffic Impacts of Construction Work Zones Using Simulation vii

2.

Capacity Analysis of Three Legged Signalized Intersection Using Cellular Automata

128 129 130 131

3. Evaluation of Roundabouts versus Unsignalized and Signalized Intersections in Trivandrum City 4. Travel Time Reliability Study at Urban Corridors on Selected Route Pairs in Trivandrum City 5. 6. 7. Impact of Traffic Composition on PCU Values of Road Vehicles

Study of Flow Characteristics at Signalised Intersections Under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions 132 Model Based Analysis and Control of Indian Traffic 133 133 134 135

8. Analysing the Relation between Land Use and Travel Demand Using 3s Technology 9. Application of Multi-criteria Decision Making Methods in Mode Choice Analysis - A Case Study 10. Highway Assignment Modeling in Cube Voyager Software for Feasibility Study of Proposed Coastal Road in Navi Mumbai Area

11. Estimation of Road User Cost of Highway Construction Zones 12. Impact of Land Use on Trip Generation- A Case Study 13. Algorithms for Reliability based Optimal Routing and Traffic Assignment in Stochastic

136 136 137

Ransportation Networks 14. Application of Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) Packages Under Indian Traffic Conditions 15. Urban Speed Management for Tiruchirappalli City Using ITS 16. Adaptive Traffic Signal Control as an ITS Measure for Urban Arterials in Chennai City 17. Land Use and Transportation Planning (Ph.D.) 18. Application of Multicriteria Decision Making Methods in Mode Choice Analysis - A Case Study 19. Impact of PMGSY Roads on Socio-Economic Aspects and Travel Characteristics 139 139 140 140 141 143

A Case Study of Tiruchirappalli District 20. Development of GIS Based Framework to Plan and Monitor PMGSY Roads 21. GIS Based Safe Bus Stop Location in Trichy City 22. Simulation of Vehicle Queuing at a Toll Plaza 23. Modelling Heterogeneous Traffic in VISSIM 24. Dynamic Traffic Assignment Simulation and Evaluation of Advanced Traveler Information 143 144 145 146 146

Systems 25. Dynamic Traffic Assignment for Multi Vehicle Class Traffic 26. Activity Based Trip Distribution Models for Indian Conditions viii 147 147

27. The Impact of Built Environment on Pedestrian Motor Vehicle Collision along Tiruchirappalli City Urban Road Network

147

28. Algorithms on Stochastic Networks 29. Estimation of Dynamic Origin-Destination Matrices for General Networks 30. Corridor Signal Optimisation under Heterogeneous Traffic Using Cluster Analysis 31. Capacity Analysis of Signalised Intersections Under Heterogeneous Conditions Using Area

148 148 149 149

Occupancy Concept 32. Facilities for Pedestrians and Physically Challenged in Rural Highways 33. Development of Fuzzy Logic Based Performance Evaluation Model for Bus Transit 34. Intercity Passenger Travel Demand Modelling and Mode Choice Analysis for Mysore- 150 151 153

Mangalore City Pair 35. Study of Traffic Characteristics Under Varying Degrees of Lane Following 36. Congestion Analysis of Heterogeneous Traffic Using GPS-Fitted Probe Vehicles 37. Data Fusion Based Spatial Traffic Parameter Estimation and Prediction 38. Development of Traveller Information and Route Guidance System Using GPS-GIS Integration 39. Traveller Preferences for Advanced Traveller Information System in Trivandrum City 40. A Lumped Parameter Model-Based Approach for Estimation Of Traffic Density 41. Travel Time and Congestion Analysis Under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions 42. Microsimulation Study of the Effect of Vulnerable Road Users on Traffic Flow Characteristics 43. Road Safety with Emphasis on Non-Motorized Traffic 44. Analysis of Road Accidents Based on Accident Severity Index (ASI) Method and GIS: 153 154 155 156 157 159 160 162 162 163

A Case Study of Trivandrum City 45. Studies on Safety Performance of Two-Lane Rural Highways Under Mixed Traffic 46. Prediction of Roadside Pollutant Concentration 164 165 167 168 169

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF ORGANISATIONS APPENDIX: Proforma Sheet for reporting R&D Work for the General Report
ix

General Report On ROAD RESEARCH IN INDIA 2011-2012 INTRODUCTION

Highway Research Record No.39 describes the General Report on Road Research Work done in India during the year 2011-2012. This document has been prepared by compiling the progress of research work reported by 18 Research Organisations and Academic Institutions in the country. The names of reporting organizations have been listed at the end of the report. As the General Report on Road Research is intended to provide information on research works carried out under various research projects, works reported on routine investigations and laboratory/ field testing have been omitted from the document. As per the classification, the entire material has been divided into four sections, namely, Pavement Engineering & Paving Materials; Geotechnical Engineering; Bridge Engineering and Traffic & Transportation Engineering. The projects in each section are further classified into two broad categories namely (i) Projects Reported First Time, i.e., New Projects and (ii) Ongoing Projects/ Completed Projects. The research works carried out as a part of Master and Doctoral thesis in the Academic Institutions have also been reported separately in Section V of the report. The research work in each section has been reported as per the standard Proforma for the three broad categories of projects. The proforma along with other related information are given in Appendix. Each sectional report begins with a brief overview in the form of summary followed by a few salient points towards channelising the discussions during the presentation of the report in the IRC Annual session.

General Report On

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In the General Report on Road Research Work Done in India for the year 2011-2012, published as Highway Research Record No. 39, the research work done by 18 organisations on various aspects has been reported. The report has been compiled by CRRI. The R&D work reported under the following four major areas and the research work done in Academic Institutions related to the thesis work is reported under Section V: 1. Pavement Engineering and Paving Materials 2. Geotechnical Engineering 3. Bridge Engineering 4. Traffic & Transportation Engineering

1. Pavement Engineering and Paving Materials 1.1 Flexible Pavements

1.3 Pavement Evaluation Research work reported in this area includes projects on structural and functional evaluation of pavements and pre-mature distress / failure investigations for pavements. On-going projects include development of management system for maintenance planning and budgeting of high speed road corridors (supra institutional project); development of national document/ guideline on the use of weigh-in-motion system for axle load monitoring. Projects reported for the first time include evaluation of NDMC roads / lanes for needed strengthening and remedial measures; road inventorisation and pavement condition survey on the selected road stretches using vehicle mounted digital video imaging system integrated with GPS; functional and structural evaluations of DND flyway and Mayur Vihar Link Road towards determining the maintenance and strengthening requirements. 1.4 Pavement Performance This sub-section on pavement performance covers projects related to laboratory characterization of materials / mixes and design of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), Microsurfacing and Hot Asphalt Mixes using waste plastic; construction supervision and quality checking during execution of road sections laid with Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), Microsurfacing and Waste Plastic Modified Hot Mix Asphalt and time series Periodic Performance Monitoring of road sections laid with SMA, Microsurfacing and Waste Plastic Modified Hot Mix Asphalt and finally refinement / revision of present Codes of Practice viz. IRC: SP: 79-2008 for SMA, IRC: SP: 81-2008 for Microsurfacing and Development of Specifications for Waste Plastic Modified Hot Mix Asphalt. On-going projects reported include application of Rhinophalt preservative for studying/evaluating its performance on three toll roads in Rajasthan

The research topics covered in this section include development of low energy (warm) PMB and CRMB mixes, half warm emulsion based bituminous mixes, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), validation of flexible pavement design procedure, development of improved materials and mixes for thinner pavements, utilization of tannery solid waste, plastic waste and zycosoil in bituminous mixes, resource mapping of road construction materials, and prevention of reflective cracking on bituminous overaly using geotextiles. Laboratory performance of polymer modified bitumen warm asphalt mixes is better than conventional polymer modified bitumen mixes indicate suitability of these mixes for road construction under heavy traffic. Half warm asphalt mixtures manufactured using cationic bitumen emulsion investigated in laboratory have properties identical to traditional hot asphalt mixture. Mechanistic analysis revealed that cumulative damage in fatigue will be less in modified pavement as compared to unmodified pavement. Use of Zycosoil resulted in faster working, good finishing & glossy water repellent surface. 1.2 Rigid Pavements In this section longitudinal cracking of concrete pavements on National Highways, utilization of foundry sand as fine aggregates in concrete road construction, use of CaSO4 derived from tannery fleshings in cement formulation has been discussed. Full depth longitudinal cracking has led to the premature structural failure of rigid pavements on many National Highways. An investigation into the possible reasons of such cracks is reported. Foundry sand, a waste of foundry industries, is being investigated for its possible use as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in cement concrete road construction.

road research in india 2011-12 and Gujarat states; and design, construction and performance evaluation of new materials and mixes towards development and upgradation of standards / specifications. 2. Geotechnical Engineering The projects reported in the Geotechnical Engineering area relate to Landslide Hazard Mitigation and Management on Indian Roads and Highways, Site Stabilization work, Use of jute geotextiles in PMGSY roads to study efficacy of Jute Geotextile (JGT) and utilization of various solid industrial wastes in road works. Waste materials have been evaluated in the laboratory as well in the field by constructing experimental test sections. Performance observations are being taken up. The issues related with road infrastructure development in disaster prone areas have also received attention of researchers. Early warning system for landslides by simple and economical instrumentation like steel pedestals and DGPS, design and construction of roads in submerged/ flood affected areas of Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, formulation of guidelines for road construction in such areas have been reported. Design and construction of embankments in waterlogged areas by using fly ash, a novel construction methodology involving back-dumping of pond ash directly into water pond was also devised. CRRI- GTE Division is developing a non nuclear, non destructive type of equipment for determination of dry density of compacted soils. Research work has been performed on soil stabilization using commercially available materials, use of fly ash, copper slag, cinder waste, and phosphogypsum in subgrade and embankment construction. Based on laboratory data, it was found that in case of all the four types of soils as mentioned above, the unconfined compressive strength of soil stabilized with 2, 4 and 6 Per cent cement gives higher strength as compared to with 2, 4 and 6 Per cent commercial stabiliser for 7, 14 and 28 days curing period. The fly ash, bottom ash and pond ash samples can be used in embankment and road works. The study indicated that 10-15 Per cent of fine aggregate can be replaced by super fine slag. The optimum bitumen content was obtained as 4.8 Per cent and 5.5 Per cent respectively for DBM and BC mixes. The bituminous samples with superfine copper slag satisfied the design requirements as per MORTH specifications. A combination of waste recycled products and cinder can satisfy density requirements of the materials for the embankment construction. It was observed that both deflection and roughness characteristics of copper slag embankment was comparable to soil embankment. By providing geo-textiles the CBR value of weaker sub grades could be enhanced. Thereby, the pavement layer thickness can be considerably reduced and this facilitates the construction of roads in poor sub-grade

soil areas. SoilTech MK-III- engineered a SSB Layer with much more strength then WMM (a ideal base course with more than 3000 Mpa strength). SoilTech MK-III-economized the project substantially. The ecological contribution of SoilTech MK-III used roads is excellent and over 50% then the conventional crust reducing man, machine and material consumption. 3. Bridge Engineering In this Chapter, the projects related to various aspects of bridges such as structural health monitoring, techniques for distress diagnostics, effect of corrosion on performance, remaining life assessment, strengthening techniques etc. are reported. Most of these projects are useful for Bridge Management, consisting of inventorization, condition assessment of the existing bridge with the help of inspection or NDTs, distress diagnostics, load carrying capacity evaluation of existing bridges with the help of analytical or experimental or a combination of both considering an appropriate degradation model, loading and environmental conditions, and choosing a suitable rehabilitation and strengthening techniques. All these aspects require in-depth knowledge, expertise as well as technology for which research is being carried out at a fast pace. Further, there is an immediate attention required for effective implementation of BMS in our country for prioritizing the maintenance of bridges in a road network. Indigenous design and development of tool for inspection of bridges such as Mobile Bridge Inspection Unit and Creation of Bridge Expansion Joint Test facility are of great interest to professionals. Also, the studies to assess the impact of noise and vibration levels after construction of transportation structure on built environment, their cause and remedial measure needs to be well taken at the planning stage of the infrastructure development. 4. Traffic & Transportation 4.1 Planning and Management Research works reported in the area of Traffic Engineering, Transportation Planning and Management were briefly summarised in this section. In this section there are eight completed projects and eighteen new projects were reported. In this area most of the projects works were related to comprehensive traffic and transportation studies, route network planning, integration of Public Transportation, Urban speed management using ITS technologies. The salient area covered in this area are listed as follows:

General Report On Deesa-Radhanpur section of NH-14 & NH-15 were studied and the the objective of this study is to the requirement of Pedestrian Underpass/ Vehicular Underpasses between Palanpur-Deesa-Radhanpur section of NH-14 (@ km. 356/300 (Chadotar), km. 361/400 (Chandisar) & km. 397/400 (Bhildi). This study identified the Provision of the VUP and PUP at the respective lcoations. This will ehnace the safety of local traffic well as national highway traffic. A study on Comprehensive Traffic and Transportation Studies of Goa proposed the short term and long term solutions after conducting the traffic and transportation studies to reduce the congestion and the accidents on Goa road network and further to suggest the phase wise development based on based the forecasted travel demand. A study on Travel Time Related Performance Measures for Evaluation of Sustainable Road Transportation System is to identify various performance Measures for evaluating sustainability of road Transportation System and analyse the variability of travel time under various uncertainties from demand side and supply side of the system. This study evaluated the influence of traffic volume,the road incidents and signal failure on travel time with the help of Microsimulation modeling techniques. Study on Preparation of Inventory of Roads for two Block Panchayaths in Kannur District were carried out this study focused on developing an authentic spatial data base on Grama Panchayath roads together with supporting information required for the development of plan documents and rural road management system in GIS platform.

Assessment of Drivers Driving Characteristics relationship between driver distraction level and different distraction stimuli with the frequency and types of risk taking practices while driving were studied. This study identified that professional drivers and more experienced drivers were taking more risks e.g. high speeding, signal violations as compared to learner and newly experienced drivers. Study on analysis of Driver Behaviour and Crash Characteristics during Adverse Weather Conditions were carried out, the main objective of this study is to capture drivers visual and measurable fatigue during fog driving under simulated environment and realistic setting. The study mainly focused on crash modelling in fog, which will provide insight about possible damages and injuries in fog related crashes. Traffic Studies for Junction Improvement of Major Road Corridors in Ahmedabad were studies for identified 34 intersections as identified by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. The main objective this study is to conduct appropriate traffic studies to quantify the traffic problems and traffic characteristics at identified intersections and preparation of typical junction improvement plans conceptual for identified Intersections. This study identified the three priorities for improving the intersections based on the base year and horzon year traffic demand and provided conceptual intersection improvement plans. The study on Route Network Planning of Inland Water Transport for Kerala, the objective of this study is to assess the utilization of the waterway network for transport and to identify new routes for boat trips so as to establish an efficient and integrated transportation system for Kerala. The study on Integration of Public Transport was carried out for a Thiruvananthapuram City. The objective of the study is to develop a methodology for optimizing the public transport services by providing effective coordination for transfer of passengers arriving by trains, to reach their destination in and around the City of Trivandrum. This study was formulated to find the optimum frequency of buses to meet the travel demand considering various factors like waiting time, number of passengers and operator cost. The study on Traffic Forecasts for Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) system for Thiruvananthapuram city was carried, the objective of the study is to identify major travel corridors for operating PRT system in Thiruvananthapuram city, estimate expected ridership between different stations and forecast ridership for various horizon years. Feasibility Study on requirement of Pedestrian Underpass/ Vehicular Underpass between Palanpur-

The reported construction of green field highway between Nedumbassery and Vytilla in Kochi will be feasible because of the heavy commuters and goods traffic in and around Kochi. Study related to widening, strengthening and extension of Tippu Sultan Road in Kozhikode has been carried out to provide connectivity to the Malabar region of other regions of Kerala. Development of microsimulation based driving cycle for application to fuel consumption and emission in real world condition has been undertaken. Application of headway and driving cycle to understand traffic condition in Silchar and Shilong city is being carried out. The use of GIS and GPS for the development of a pavement management system is being explored for Tiruchirappalli city. A test section was laid using Jarofix, a waste of zinc metallurgical industry. It has been concluded that mixture of Jarofix and soil can be used for embankment and subgrade

road research in india 2011-12

construction. Utilization of laterite stone is being investigated for road construction in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra. Data management and information system, landslide mitigation measures, road user cost models and bridge maintenance and management system has been developed. 4.2 Safety and Environment In the area of Safety and Environment relate Road Safety Audit, Identification of Accident Prone location on National Highways, Variability in vehicle fuel consumption, Measurement of air quality Hazard on National Highway and study of Non methane hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment at commercial residential and the signalized intersection in India. In this section there are seven completed projects and eight new projects were reported. The salient areas covered in this area are briefly discussed. Study on Performance Assessment & Product Behaviour Observation of Crash Tested Road Safety Barrier (Plastic) Model in Indian Varied Climate & Traffic Pattern. The main objective of this study is to attract the kind attention of key decision makers to specify, standardize the technical specification of Road Safety Barrier (Plastic) prior deployment on road sites, study & underline the salient features to draw differential benefits. Safety Auditing of Public Transport Systems in Kerala was reported and the objective of this study is to analyse the accidents pertaining to K.S.R.T.C., private, and institutional buses, to study safety practices of different type of public transport buses and to analyse the safety attitude of bus drivers. The study on Identification of Accident Prone Locations and Improvement Measures in National Highways 17 and 212 Segments in Kozhikode District, the objective of this study is to collect the accident details pertaining to the past three to four years, to analyze the accident causative factors, to evolve a suitable methodology to confine the accident prone locations and to carry out a microlevel analysis of the accident prone locations under safety auditing. Study on Analysis of Driver Behaviour and Crash Characteristics during Adverse Weather Conditions

were reported. The main objective of this study is to capture drivers visual and measurable fatigue during fog driving under simulated environment and realistic setting and to to investigate and analyze drivers choice of headway and speed in fog under simulated environment and realistic setting. This study is in progress. Study on Road Safety Audit of Dasve Road Network in Lavasa to Comply the Pre-Conditions set by Environmental Impact Assessment Expert Appraisal Committee, the objective of this study is to conduct the road safety audit of Dasve road network in Lavasa and suggest the road safety measures and contingency plans to deal with the road traffic mishaps/accidents. This study is in progress. Measurement of air quality and noise level at proposed IISER campus at Vithura in Thiruvananthapuram district was studied and reported. The aim of the project is to assess the ambient air quality and noise levels in and around the proposed IISER construction site as the part Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. Study on Micro Level Study of Accident Hazards on National Highway No. 8 from Amdavad to Vadodara was reported. This study identified 14 accident prone locations on the stretch and then by actual site visit of the locations remedial measures are suggested to minimize the accidents. Variability in vehicle fuel consumption under controlled conditions was studied and reported. In this study variability in steady speed fuel consumption is up to 8.2 Per cent with the various steady speeds was identified for both Petrol and Diesel driven light duty vehicles almost uniform variability in value of fuel consumption was observed. Optimum fuel consumption was observed consistently for both vehicle types to be either at steady speed of 40 or 50 km/h. Study of Non methane hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Delhi region was completed. This study shows that the proportion of propane is highest in traffic area i.e. 98 Per cent followed by ethane (2 Per cent). Butane shows a negligible concentration in this area. The study results show that the only expected source of propane is traffic in the ambient air. The results

General Report On viii) Fatigue life of SMA mix prepared with PMB 40 was 5.19 Per cent greater than that of SMA mix prepared with PMB 70. ix) WMA binder treated with Zycosoil and Densicryl showed very negligible draindown values. This indicates that separation of fines and bitumen noticed during transportation and placing of the mixture is restricted to a large extent. x) In pavement design, the application of reliability methods in pavement design is underutilized, particularly in codes and design guides that depend heavily on empirical data and the criterion for selecting the reliability level is primarily governed by the importance of the road section. Study shows the importance of incorporating parametric uncertainty in the determination of pavement reliability through the estimation of partial factors, the drawbacks of assigning such reliability levels without the explicit consideration of the design uncertainties is highlighted. xi) From the lab investigations it was observed that the temperature of the mix influences the skid resistance xii) It was seen that skid resistance under dry and wet conditions for mixes with added fibers higher than that of control mix. xiii) The study shows that although the concept of perpetual pavements advocates the increase of HMA thickness to keep the critical strains within the threshold limits, the provision of a stable foundation and the high stiffness base materials are equally significant from a financial perspective. xiv) The minimum cement content for any pervious cement concrete is 230 kg/m3. Addition of 50 Per cent more cement content resulted in a minimum of 66 Per cent increase in the compressive strength. The lowest compressive strength exhibited is 5.67 N/mm2. xv) By decreasing the height of the soil above the tunnel, the surcharge pressure coming over the tunnel decreases, but if a road comes over a tunnel due to the reduction of soil thickness above the tunnel, wheel loads has more significance. 5.2 Traffic & Transportation A total of 46 Research projects related to thesis for post-graduation/ PhD reported in the area of Traffic & Transportation area. Mainly these studies focused on, Traffic Engineering and management

show that in residential area also concentration of ethane is maximum. This could also be attributed to the LPG leakage in houses. LPG is normally used in residential areas for cooking purposes. Residential sampling site like Maharani Bagh have underground LPG pipelines even any small leakage during handling and usage can increase
concentration of ethane in ambient air. 5. Research Work Done in Academic Institutions related to Thesis Work 5.1 Pavement Engineering and Materials The research work done under various thesis projects have concluded the following: i) Delay in the maintenance application increases the maintenance cost approximately two times for every year of delayed maintenance. This leads to increase in Vehicle operating cost. ii) Recycled Asphalt Pavement can be partially or completely reused in fresh construction. iii) Study of pervious concrete has revealed that compressive strength of pervious concrete is 39 Per cent less than normal concrete. Split tensile strength is 15 Per cent less than normal concrete. Modulus of rupture of pervious concrete is 22 Per cent less than normal concrete. The average coefficient of permeability was found to be 0.155 cm/ sec. iv) From experiments, Geotextile placed at bottom of overlay performed better than geotextile placed at one-third from bottom in the overlay followed by geotextile placed at middle in the overlay. v) From the results of aging index, for VG 20 grade bitumen, lime added at 2 Per cent shows maximum increase in viscosity after aging process, but cement added at 1 Per cent has less effect on viscosity with aging. vi) For VG 10 grade bitumen, fly ash added at 2 Per cent shows maximum increase in viscosity after aging process, but lime added at 1.5 Per cent has less effect on viscosity with aging. vii) Analysis of the 100 sample database for their penetration at 25 C and viscosity at 60 C revealed that samples having good temperature and shear susceptibility always had higher penetration for a given viscosity range. For instance, samples having R value of 0.9 and above, shows a higher penetration value of 60 within a viscosity range of 1600-2400.

road research in india 2011-12 related studies, Transportation Planning, Advanced Modeling techniques and vulnerable road user studies. These are briefly in the following: Traffic Engineering Management Related Studies: The studies include capacity analysis of three legged signalized intersection, Evaluation of Roundabouts versus Unsignalized and signalized intersections, Impact of Traffic Composition on PCU Values of Road Vehicles, Estimation of Road User Cost of Highway Construction Zones, Adaptive Traffic Signal Control as an ITS Measure for Urban Arterials, Traveller preferences for Advanced Traveller Information system, Travel time and congestion analysis under heterogeneous traffic conditions and Analysis of road accidents based on Accident Severity Index (ASI) Transportation Planning Related Studies: Application of dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) packages under Indian traffic conditions, Algorithms for reliability based optimal routing and traffic assignment in stochastic transportation networks, Travel Time Reliability Study at Urban Corridors on Selected Route Pairs, Highway

Assignment Modelling in Cube Voyager Software for Feasibility Study of Proposed Coastal Road, GIS Based Safe Bus Stop Location , Land use and Transportation Planning, Development of GIS Based Framework to Plan and Monitor PMGSY Roads, Dynamic traffic assignment simulation and evaluation of Advanced traveler information systems. Advanced Modelling Techniques: These studies include Application of Multicriteria Decision Making Methods in Mode Choice Analysis and Development of Fuzzy Logic Based Performance Evaluation Model for Bus Transit. The Micro simulation Based Studies includes Modelling Heterogeneous traffic in VISSIM and Simulation of Vehicle Queuing at a Toll Plaza. Vulnerable Road User Studies: Mainly focused on the Impact of Built Environment on Pedestrian Motor Vehicle Collision, Facilities for Pedestrians and Physically Challenged in Rural Highways, Micro simulation Study of the Effect of Vulnerable Road Users on Traffic Flow Characteristics, Road Safety with Emphasis on NonMotorized Traffic

General Report On

I. PAVEMENT ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS

1. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS SUMMARY
The research topics covered in this section include development of low energy (warm) PMB and CRMB mixes, half warm emulsion based bituminous mixes, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP),validation of flexible pavement design procedure, development of improved materials and mixes for thinner pavements, utilization of tannery solid waste, plastic waste and zycosoil in bituminous mixes, resource mapping of road construction materials, and prevention of reflective cracking on bituminous overaly using geotextiles. Laboratory performance of polymer modified bitumen warm asphalt mixes is better than conventional polymer modified bitumen mixes indicate suitability of these mixes for road construction under heavy traffic. Half warm asphalt mixtures manufactured using cationic bitumen emulsion investigated in laboratory have properties identical to traditional hot asphalt mixture. Mechanistic analysis revealed that cumulative damage in fatigue will be less in modified pavement as compared to unmodified pavement. Use of Zycosoil resulted in faster working, good finishing & glossy water repellent surface.

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. PMB, CRMB and emulsion based warm and half warm mix asphalt mixes 2. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) 3. Validation of flexible pavement design using Heavy Vehicle Simulator 4. Utilization of tennary solid waste in road construction 5. Utilization of Zycosoil in bituminous road construction 6. Reflective cracking prevention using geotextiles

road research in india 2011-12 A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME 1. Development of Low Energy (Warm) PMB and CRMB mixes. Date of Start : 01/04/2011 Date of Completion (Targeted) : 31/03/2013 CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110 025 (R) Scope and Objectives Development of low energy PMB and CRMB mixes. Mechanistic characterization of low energy mixes. 2.

Study on Use of Emulsion Based Warm Mix Asphalt Using Half Warm Aggregates for Bituminous Road Construction Date of Start : 01/10/2011 Date of Completion (Targeted/Actual): 31/12/2014 I.  CSIR-Central Road Research Institute New Delhi 110 025 (R) II. Yala Construction

Scope and Objectives The objective of this study is to investigate performance of half warm mixes (emulsion based) on a National Highway in India to draft guidelines for large scale constructions and to reduce carbon footprint. Methodology Evaluation of Materials, Design of Mix, Construction of Experimental Section using hot mix plant with minor modifications and periodic performance evaluation for three years. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data The study presented in the present paper is aimed to design half warm mixes using half warm aggregate and bitumen emulsion heated to a moderate temperature of 70+10C. The results of performance parameters such as rutting, resilient modulus, creep deformation, and retained strength upon immersion in water are also investigated. A pilot field study has also been conducted dealing with construction of 1 km long test section for study of the performance of half warm dense mixes using bitumen emulsion on a National Highway (NH-27, km 160.00 to 160.932 near Gondal, Rajkot) in Gujarat. Half warm asphalt mixtures manufactured using cationic bitumen emulsion investigated in laboratory have properties identical to traditional hot asphalt mixture. Performance properties like rutting resistance, indirect tensile strength ratio resilient modulus and static creep test results are acceptable. The WMA mixture appears to have good coating, and workability at a temperature of 80-90C WMA mixture can be manufactured laid with conventional construction equipment. The energy saving due to reduced fuel consumption is high. WMA can be stored if laying is not feasible due to adverse weather, Paving window is wider. Reduces global warming.

Methodology Laboratory Study of Materials, Design of Mixes, Performance testing, Inferences, observations. Interim Conclusions/Supporting Data Polymer modified warm mix asphalt leads to significant reduction in temperature related to pavement construction such as mixing, lay down, and compaction of bituminous mixtures. Results of void analysis indicate that polymer modified bitumen mix containing 2 Per cent warm mix additive can be compacted at 15-25C lower temperature to achieve design voids in mix. Indirect tensile strength ratio indicate better performance of polymer modified warm mix asphalt compared to traditional hot polymer modified mix. The modified mix with 2 Per cent surfactant has higher resistance to permanent deformation and higher creep recovery at high temperature indicating better performance of warm polymer modified mixes. Laboratory performance of polymer modified bitumen warm asphalt mixes is better than conventional polymer modified bitumen mixes indicate suitability of these mixes for road construction under heavy traffic.

Reports/Publications Laboratory performance of polymer modified warm mix asphalt. IRC Journal Accepted. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Dr. P. K. Jain, Chief Scientist & Head, Flexible Pavement Division, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile 9910113992, Phone 011-26311117, Fax 011-26845943, E-mail ID: pramodj.crri@nic.in

10 Significance/ Utilisation Potential

General Report On 110025, Mobile 9910113992, Phone 011-26311117 Fax 011-26845943, E-mail ID: pramodj.crri@nic.in 4. Verification of Flexible Pavement Design by IRC:37-2001 Using Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS-APTF) Date of Start: July 2011 Date of Completion: February 2012 CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110 025 (R,I) Scope and Objectives To assess the performance of flexible pavement test segment designed as per IRC:37-2001, using the APTF facility and thereby verify the design recommendations for the set of parameters. Methodology The methodology involves: Design of a flexible pavement test segment as per IRC:37-2001 Construction of test strip as per design Instrumentation for performance data Data compilation and analysis Inferences Observations

Technology shall be useful in saving of energy in rural construction. Reports/Publications Use of Emulsion Based Warm Mix Asphalt Using Half Warm Aggregates for Bituminous Road Construction, Interim Report. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Dr. P. K. Jain, Chief Scientist & Head, Flexible Pavement Division, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile 9910113992 Phone 011-26311117 Fax 011-26845943, E-mail ID: pramodj.crri@nic.in

3. Studies on Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

(RAP) in Construction and Maintenance of Roads Date of Start : 01/01/2012 Date of Completion (Targeted) : 31/12/2015 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110 025 (R)

Scope and Objectives Characterization (Physical and Chemical) of oxidised binder in RAP To develop method for rejuvenation of oxidized bitumen To develop process for use of RAP in road construction Evaluation of RAP sections by APTF Estimation of carbon credit To develop design guidelines for use of RAP in construction and maintenance of bituminous roads

Significance/ Utilisation Potential The study is expected to help understanding by the concerned about the design method in vogue, the type/s of distress and deterioration and the occurrence period. The actual failure pattern and the life of pavement in terms of time or standard load repetitions help in improving the design by understanding the mechanism properly. Limitations of Conclusions/Recommendations for further work Considering the design life of pavement segment and the actual life derived and the distress mode/s, the level of support provided by the design procedure is established. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Dr. P. K. Jain, Chief Scientist & Head, Flexible Pavement Division, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile 9910113992, Phone 011-26311117, Fax 011-26845943, E-mail ID: pramodj.crri@nic.in

Methodology Characterization of RAP from different sources, recovery of bitumen, chemical characterization of oxidized bitumen. Development of rejuvenating agent, mix design with rejuvenating agent, foam bitumen, and bitumen emulsion, evaluation of mechanistic characteristic of treated RAP. Design analysis and preparation of guidelines. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Dr. P. K. Jain, Chief Scientist & Head, Flexible Pavement Division, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi

road research in india 2011-12 5. Development of Improved Materials, Mixes and Design Methods Achieving Reduced Pavement Thickness Date of Start : 01/01/2012 Date of Completion (Targeted) : 31/12/2015 CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110 025 (R) Scope and Objectives Improvement of available materials and mixes for various layers of pavements Determination of mechanistic properties of modified materials and mixes Development of new design templates for reduced thickness Validation of new designs by APTF evaluation

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Mechanistic analysis revealed that cumulative damage in fatigue will be less in modified pavement as compared to unmodified pavement.

Reports/Publications Effect of Elastomeric Polymer Modification on Fatigue and Rutting Performance of Bituminous Pavement. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Dr. P. K. Jain, Chief Scientist & Head, Flexible Pavement Division, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile 9910113992, Phone 011-26311117 Fax 011-26845943, E-mail ID: pramodj.crri@nic.in 6. Chrome Shavings as Stabilizing Additive and Alternate Filler in Bituminous Mixes Date of Start : July 2012 Date of Completion (Targeted): March 2017 I.  Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi (S) II.  CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R,I) III.  CSIR Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai (C,I) Scope and Objectives The scope and objective of the project focuses on the utilization of tannery solid waste as an ingredient in the formulation of road construction materials (road). The main objective includes: i. ii. Collection of chrome shavings waste from tanneries, and its processing. Preparation of modified bituminous mixes using Chrome Shavings (CS).

Methodology Firstly various laboratory testing such as fatigue test, resilient modulus, static creep etc, will be done to see the improvement in the mechanistic properties of modified materials and mixes for various layers of pavements. Based upon above laboratory test results mechanistic analysis will be performed to check the scope for reduction of thickness based upon critical strains value. Finally validation of proposed new structure will be done with the help of APTF facility and producing the results in the form of new design templates. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data Polymer modified binder improve the tensile strength of the bituminous mix under dry and moist conditions. Modified mix also has higher retained Marshall Stability and tensile strength ratio, which indicates improved resistance towards moisture susceptibility. The Creep Modulus of Modified mix indicates improved rut resistance of modified pavement at higher pavement temp. Utilization of modified bitumen in bituminous layer reduces the permanent deformation by 45 Per cent, 60.5 Per cent and 74.4 Per cent at 25, 35 and 45C temperature. The final rut achieved in slabs made with PMB 40 binder indicates lower rutting susceptibility of modified mix as compared to unmodified mix made with VG 30 binder. The phase angle of unmodified mix is about 20 Per cent higher as that of modified mixture which leads to more dissipation of energy during flexural fatigue test and finally less resistance to fatigue failure.

iii. Laying of experimental road sections to verify its durability and long lasting characteristics. Methodology i. Collection of solid waste from various tanneries and processing, Identification and quantum of solid generated from various tanneries. Chrome Shavings as Bitumen Modifier and Alternate Filler in Bituminous Mixes Design of Micro-surfacing mix Design of perpetual pavement mixes like Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) and Bituminous Concrete (BC)

ii. Design of Mixes on:

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General Report On Date of Start: January 2011 Date of Completion (Actual): May 2012 Gujarat Engineering Research Racecourse, Vadodara (R,C) Scope and Objectives To observe the effectiveness of application of Terrasil Nanotechnology in sub-grade, metalling layer waterproofing treatment & Zycosoil in hot bitumen mixes on bridge approach. Methodology In earthwork in high embankment, the waterproofing is done in various layers of earthwork by spray technique. In metalling one layer waterproofing is done with spray technique & Zycosoil additive is added in hot bitumen binder & mix prepared for carpet & seal coat. Institute,

iii Analysis of test results and submission of research report. Significance/ utilization Potential Every 100 tons of leather generate 2.5-3.5 tons of CS as waste, which is currently under utilized for leather board making or widely wasted in the name of landfill which ultimately pollutes the soil as well as ground water owing to its chromium content. Since, this project proposes to utilize CS as filler in bituminous mix for road construction, the disposal problem of CS will be solved. Secondly, the CS upon mixing with bitumen, gets embedded or encapsulated and hence its contact with water is prevented and therefore, the chances of leachability of chromium is more unlikely. This apart, the use of CS in bitumen mix replaces the sand to certain level which to some extent prevents the sand quarrying and thereby restores the natural resources. Moreover, the waste material CS, when finds new application its collection and processing would provide opportunity for new industry, more employments. Additionally, the waste would bring added revenue to the tanning industry. Hence, this project will have potential impact on the development of society, economy and environment. Limitations of Conclusions/ further proposed work Apart from utilizing waste for social, economic and environmental benefit, the following outputs are expected in this project. i. ii. iii. Publication Process/ Product development And/ or patent

Significance/Utilisation Potential Significance could be generated after three years successful post monsoon evaluation. Limitations of Conclusions/ further proposed work Treatment is completed, evaluation become due in Nov. 2012 onwards. Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Race course Vadodara, Phone: 0265-2313412 Fax : 0265-2313416 e-mail ID: rorrd12006@rediffmail.com B. ONGOING / COMPLETED PROJECTS 1. Zycosoil as an Additive for Bituminous Road Works Date of start: Jan- 2009 Date of completion (Targeted): March- 2013 Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Vadodara Present status and Progress Status: On-going Year of last Report: August 2009 (in Govt. of Gujarat) also Published in General Report on Road Research work done in India during 2008-09 IRC HRB No. 36

Reports/ Publications Zero Emission Research Initiative for Solid Wastes (for leather sector) ZERIS Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025. Address: Mathura Road, New Delhi-110025., Mobile: +919841293435, Phone: 01126848917, Fax: 011-26845943, e-mail ID: director. crri@nic.in, directorclri@gmail.com, kamarajcrri@ gmail.com 7. Zycosoil Nanotechnology Multilayer Waterproofing Treatment of Soil & Asphalt Concrete in Road Construction at TarsaliDhaniyavi road, Dist.-Vadodara

road research in india 2011-12 Progress: Govt. of Gujarat has instructed this office for extension of this scheme with laboratory study using more samples from other regions of Gujarat. Accordingly the testing of samples from all the regions was completed. Evaluation and analysis of testing part and report are under progress. Further information / copy of report can be obtained from Road Research Division-1, Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Race course, Vadodara390007, Phone : 0265 2313413-14-15, Fax : 0265 2313416 E-mail ID: rorrd12006@rediff.com 2. Zycosoil Nanotechnology Application in Leh Road, BRO Date of Start: March 2011 Date of Completion: April 2012 M/s Zydex Industries, Vadodara, Gujarat Present Status and Progress Status: Ongoing/Completed: On-going continued long term evaluation Year of Last Report: Year 2011 Progress: One post snowfall evaluation completed Scope and objectives Zycosoil additive mixed with hot asphalt binder for improving asphalt-aggregate bonding, eliminating moisture sensitivity (anti-stripping) and to improve compaction and workability. Methodology Zycosoil added in hot asphalt binder @ 0.15% by weight of binder and mixed thoroughly with circulating pump. The hot modified asphalt binder (VG 10) was mixed with heated aggregates in drum mix plant at site. Significance / Utilisation potential Laying and compaction of asphalt concrete was found to be better and no sticking was observed on the compactors roller. It took 4 passes as against 8 passes in conventional material, for same amount of compaction. Asphalt coating on aggregates found to be a very uniform coating and mixture was found shiny. Field lab test report: Stripping value at 0.1 Per cent to 0.15 Per cent dosage was found 90 to 100 Per cent. ii.

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Better bonding and improved stability laboratory test samples of Zycosoil mixed asphalt concrete mixture. Zycosoil mixed easily in hot melted asphalt tank.

Further findings / supporting data The site visit was observed in May 2012. The surface was found in good condition without potholes or cracks. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from M/s Zydex Industries, 25-A, Gandhi Oil Mill Compound, Gorwa, Vadodara, Gujarat, Mobile : 9687607350 Phone :0265-2290322 Fax : 0265-2290332, E-mail ID: himanshu@zydexindustries.com 3. Zycosoil Nanotechnology Construction in Road

Date of Start: March 2012 Date of Completion (Actual): April 2012 Zydex Industries, Vadodara, Gujarat Present Status and Progress Status: Completed Year of Last Report: 2012 Progress: First monsoon observation and evaluation done Methodology Terrasil solution [ratio 1:500 (Terrasil : water)] applied over WBM/ stone base and left to dry for 30 minutes. Cationic bitumen emulsion SS 1 mixed with Terrasil solution (Terrasil: water: SS1 emulsion ratio 1:400:100) and sprayed @ 2 ltr/sqm. It was observed that the prime coated surface dried within 30-45 minutes. Zycosoil modified Tack coat applied over dried prime coat surface (Hot tack-coat grade 60/70 using Zycosoil @ 0.1 Per cent by weight of bitumen) followed with chip carpeting done. Sealcoat done using Zycosoil @ 0.1 Per cent by weight of bitumen binder. Significance / Utilization potential i. Faster setting time for Prime coat to enable immediate tack coat application and asphalt layers on the same day as well road can be opened to traffic immediately. Protection against infiltration of water through the bituminous layer.

14 iii. iv.

General Report On Cost negative as it optimizes the use of cationic bitumen emulsion. Increase in the construction phase/faster schedule due to reduction in setting time first prime coat. Further Findings/Conclusions/Supporting Data In the case of coarse aggregate, most of the samples tested have desirable values of Specific Gravity, Water absorption, Bulk density and Aggregate Impact Value. As regards to the shape of the coarse aggregates, higher values is obtained for the combined index for majority of samples showing their unsuitability for construction purpose when compared with the present MORTH specifications. This calls for a thought on the need for revision of the current specification of combined index values. The properties of the fine aggregate lies within the values stipulated for construction. For few of the aggregates, some of the engineering properties are beyond the desired limits and hence their suitability to various types of construction works is assessed. Recommendations for further Work Similar work can be done for other districts within the state and within the country so that suitability of the resources and their locations can be determined. This research work can be extended and stepped to more resources and their locations so that the use of locally available materials can be enhanced and a database can be created on their performance and cost effectiveness for adoption in road construction in a big way. Research can also be extended to investigate the possible effects of shape of the aggregates on other aggregate properties. Reports/Publications Interim Report A paper entitled A Comparative Study on the Characteristic Properties of the Coarse Aggregates Available in Southern Kerala ;by Salini P N and B G Sreedevi was presented as a Contest Paper for Young Scientist Award in 24th Kerala Science Congress held at Kottayam on 29th of January 2012 and the paper got published in the proceedings.

Field lab test report Terrasil application forms impervious layer of 98 Per cent and above on Soil and Stone-base to prevent top-down entry of water. Terrasil modified Emulsion for prime-coat results waterproofed and well bonded prime coat in 1 hour setting time. The average depth of penetration is observed to be 8 mm. Better compaction & faster setting of the bituminous course (mix seal or chip carpet) is observed even at relatively longer hawling distance.

Further findings / Conclusions / supporting data Use of Zycosoil resulted in faster working, good finishing & glossy water repellent surface. Further information / Copy of report can be obtained from M/s Zydex Industries, 25-A, Gandhi Oil Mill Compound, Gorwa, Vadodara, Gujarat, Mobile : 9687607350 Phone :0265-2290322, Fax : 0265-2290332, E-mail ID: himanshu@zydexindustries.com

4. Resource Mapping of Road Construction

Materials in Kerala - Thiruvananthapuram District Date of Start: April 2010 Date of Completion: On-going National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R

Present Status and Progress Status : On-going A comprehensive database with quantum and quality of the resources available along with their engineering properties and suitability to various construction activities are prepared. A detailed database regarding the resource locations distributed within the district is prepared with attribute data containing the physical and engineering properties of the resources, geo coordinates, photos and bitmaps showing the accessibility of resource locations. Similar work is being done for other districts in Kerala.

Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 5. Study on the Use of Waste Plastic for Road Construction in Urban Areas Date of Start: April 2009 Date of Completion: On-going National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R

road research in india 2011-12 Present Status and Progress Marshal Mix design of Bituminous Concrete, Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete and Dense Bituminous Macadam using ordinary aggregate and waste plastic coated aggregate is done and the results are compared. Dry mixing is adopted for prepration of modified mix. Test stretches are resurfaced using modified mix with plastic coated aggregates and control section using ordinary aggregates. Periodical evaluation of the test stretches is done. Both functional and structural evaluation is done. Condition survey, roughness, skid resistance and texture depth studies were done and the results are compared. More demonstration stretches are laid in collaboration with local bodies using modified mix with waste plastic coated aggregates. Status: On-going Further Findings/ Supporting Data It was found from the studies that the optimum binder content gets reduced by using modified mix in all types resulting in savings in bitumen. The stability increases by 1.2 times for DBM and 1.5 times for BC and SDBC. Aggregates coated with plastic waste showed zero stripping even after 72 hours of soaking. Roads laid with modified mix showed delayed distress. Reports/ Publications Final Report submitted to Chief Engineer (Local Self Govt Dept) Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678, Fax: 0471-2543677, E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 6. Study to Prevent Reflecting Cracks on Bituminous Overlay over Cracked Concrete Pavement using Geotextile Date of start: May 1999 Date of completion: January 2011 Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Vadodara Present status and progress Status: Completed Year of Last Report: 2009-10 Progress: Completed v. vi. Further Findings/ Conclusions/Supporting Data

15

The careful study of the field data collected during the periodic observations indicated that the deflection, the total distress and the serviceability index over a period of time are minimal in Geotextile test sections as compared to the control panel. Since all the above parameters are measure of the performance and structural capacity of road pavement, the results clearly indicate that the inclusion of a Geotextile can improve the performance of the road pavement possibly due to its ability to reinforce and strengthen the pavement and to control the degradation of structural behavior of pavement as compared to pavement without Geotextile. Report / Publications Final Report submitted to Govt. of Gujarat vide GERI office letter No. JD(R)/PB/12/ of 2011. Dt. : 07 : 01 : 2011 Further information / copy of report can be obtained from Road Research Division-1, Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Race course, Vadodara390007, Phone : 0265 2313413-14-15 Fax : 0265 2313416, E-mail ID: rorrd12006@rediff.com 7. Asphaltoseal (Asphalt to Seal Mastic Pad) Date of Start : June, 2007 Tiki Tar Industries (Baroda) Limited (R, C). Methodology i. ii. The surface must be completely free of dust, oil, protruding nibs, nails etc. A coat of Tiki Primer is to be applied at 200-300 g/m2 (Primer is to be mixed with water in 1:1 ratio) and must be allowed to dry completely. ASPHALTOSEAL rolls are lined up and spread near to the area to which they are to be fixed with overlapping by minimum 50 cm. ASPHALTOSEAL is then to be rolled back without changing its orientation. Unroll half of ASPHALTOSEAL and heat underside evenly and sufficiently to cause surface melting. Proper care should be taken that heated roll is pressed simultaneously and impression of the concrete deck be reflected irrespective of unevenness. Side overlap of each roll should be sealed properly, also, end overlap joints. No tack coat ASPHALTOSEAL. is required above

iii.

iv.

16

General Report On prevents water migration below. ASPHALTOSEAL is manufactured to stringent quality standards (ASTM D 622), and is delivered ready to apply by thermofusion. Another unique advantage is the ability of ASPHALTOSEAL to self-seal. The pad can be applied over active cracks, less than 6 mm in width without any tapping of the crack or special preparation. ASPHALTOSEAL will withstand foot traffic and light construction traffic immediately after installation. Paving can commence as soon as ASPHALTOSEAL is laid. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Mr. Hardik Shah, Director, Tiki Tar Industries (Baroda) Limited, 8th Floor, Neptune Tower, Productivity Road, Vadodara-390 007, Mobile (0) 93201 11042, Phone (022) 41266664, Fax (022) 25667830, E-mail ID: hardik@tikitar.com 8. Use of Laterite Stone in the Road Construction Date of Start : April 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): December 2014 Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute (M.E.R.I), Nashik-422 004 Scope and objectives Use of locally available material i.e., Laterite stone B.B.M in road construction to minimize the cost of construction. Methodology Experiment of using laterite stone in place of trap besalt stone in B.B.M is carried out in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra, on One test track having W.B.M. Surface (Kapadgoan-ODR-95 to Joshiwadi, V.R.-100, km 2/850 to 3/350) and Second test track having B.T. surface (Phansawale Bhoke Masebao V.R.-8, km. 0/00 to 0/500) in April 2011. Premansoon & postmansoon observations o these test tracks will be taken for next three years till Nov, 2014. Further information / Copy of report can be obtained from The Research Officer, Highway Research Division No.1, Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute (M.E.R.I), Dindori Road, Nashik-422004, Phone: 0253-2530956 Fax: 0253-2530764, E-mail ID: mahamargmeri@ gmail.com 9. Use of Waste Plastic in Construction of Roads. Date of start: June-2010 Date of completion (Targeted): December2013

vii. AC / BC / DBM may be laid with Wheeled Pavers. viii. Overlay may be laid immediately on installation of ASPHALTOSEAL. No curing period is required. ix. Proper protection of laid ASPHALTOSEAL from damage is to be ensured in the event of delay of AC / BC / DBM overlay. Traffic should not be allowed before laying overlay on ASPHALTOSEAL.

x.

Present Status and Progress Status: ASPHALTOSEAL has been renewed accreditation by IRC, New Delhi, vide their communication IRC24(12)/2008(ACC20) dated 22.03.2012 for a period up to 22.03.2014. The Highway Research Board / NHAI has advised the relevant Committees (all Officers and Employees of HQ / ZO / ROs / PIUs / CMUs / Site Offices ) of IRC for continuing consideration / recommendation of the usage of this accredited new material / technique in the on-going projects within the existing contract conditions.

Year of Last Report : October 2012 Significance and utilization potential ASPHALTOSEAL is a bitumen pad consisting of a high strength, heat resistance with reinforcement in APP Modified Asphalt. The roll is supplied in thickness of 3 mm. ASPHALTOSEAL bitumen pad has been specifically designed to waterproof concrete structures that utilize and Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Surface such as on Bridges, overpasses and parking decks. ASPHALTOSEAL bitumen pad protects the concrete structure from the corrosive affects of decicing salts. ASPHALTOSEAL bitumen pad has been uniquely formulated to perform under the most demanding conditions. The mesh strengthens and reinforces the system. The mesh and rubberized asphalt interact to form a tough pad that remains flexible through a wide range of temperature and substrate movements. The tacky rubberized asphalt assures quick adhesion to the concrete deck. Asphaltic concrete will flow into the mesh when the asphalt mix is compacted on laid asphalt at the minimum temperature of 135o C (275oF). The asphalt does not require any protection system when applied under asphalt wearing course. ASPHALTOSEAL bitumen pad provides good bonding and a homogeneous waterproof layer between the Concrete Deck and the asphaltic concrete overlay. Full adhesion of the Mastic Pad to the concrete deck

road research in india 2011-12 Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Vadodara Scope and Objective (i) (ii) To find improvement in Quality, serviceability & life of road constructed using waste plastic. To find out improvement in quality of bitumen by adding waste plastic.

17

Concrete in Road Construction; BharthanaBharthali road Tal.-Karjan, Dist.-Vadodara Date of Start: March-2010 Date of Completion (Targeted): June-2012 Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Race Course Vadodara Present Status and Progress Status: Ongoing Year of Last Report: Year 2012 Progress: Under evaluation. Further Findings/Conclusions/Supporting Data Second post monsoon intermediate brief report as given below: Second post monsoon intermediate brief report Location: 700 m road of Bharthana-Bharthali Tal. Karjan. Dist.Vadodara. The break up treatment on stretch alongwith status of road after second post monsoon Year 2011 Limitations of Conclusions or Interim Conclusions Conclusive report could be generated after third successful monsoon. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Racecourse Vadodara, Phone: 0265-2313412, Fax: 0265-2313416 E-mail ID: rorrd12006@rediffmail.com

(iii) To find the way of scientific disposal of plastic waste, especially the low end type with value addition. Methodology An experimental stretch using waste plastic of 500 m. length in km 7/900 to 8/400 and a control panel (i.e. without using waste plastic) of 500 m. length in km. 7/400 to 7/900 were laid in June-2010 on Surat Dandi road, Gujarat. The plastic waste was added 5 Per cent by weight of bitumen to hot aggregate by replacing the same weight of bitumen. The tests like BBD test, Distress measurement and Riding Quality of surface are being carried out under Pre & post monsoon observations under performance study of the road. Interim Conclusions/ Supporting Data It can be drawn after significant data of observations collected during performance study. Further information / copy of report can be obtained from Road Research Division-1, Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Race Course, Vadodara390007, Phone : 0265 2313413-14-15 Fax : 0265 2313416, E-mail ID: rorrd12006@rediff.com 10. Zycosoil Nanotechnology Multilayer Waterproofing Treatment of Soil & Asphalt
Section A Chainage 1520 to 1770 Length, m 250 Width, m 3.75

Details Untreated section

B C

1770 to 1920 1920 to 2130

150 210

3.75 3.75

Observations Part section damaged after first monsoon was patched. After second monsoon patch work again damaged with cracks and depressions. Cracks, depression also observed in other length in the section Soil subgrade multilayer Small pot holes observed on BT surface. treatment with Zycosoil Zycosoil treatment in The wearing surface is observed without potholes Soil subgrade, prime or cracks, however surface smoothness has coat, tack coat and hot been affected. bitumen mixes Zycosoil mixed in In this section no potholes or no cracks, Bitumen at plant site for no depression observed, however surface wearing course smoothness has been affected. (carpet and sealcoat)

2130 to 2220

90

3.75

18

General Report On

2. RIGID PAVEMENTS
SUMMARY
In this section longitudinal cracking of concrete pavements on National Highways, utilization of foundry sand as fine aggregates in concrete road construction, use of CaSO4 derived from tannery fleshings in cement formulation has been discussed. Full depth longitudinal cracking has led to the premature structural failure of rigid pavements on many National Highways. An investigation into the possible reasons of such cracks is reported. Foundry sand, a waste of foundry industries, is being investigated for its possible use as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in cement concrete road construction.

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Longitudinal cracking of concrete pavements on NH 2. Utilization of waste foundry sand in cement concrete 3. Utilization of ennary fleshing CaSO4 in cement formulation

road research in india 2011-12 A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME 1. Investigation of Causes of Longitudinal Cracking in Concrete Pavements on National Highways Date of Start : June 2012 Date of completion : March 2013 CSIR Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi-110 025 (R) Scope & Objective Concrete pavements at many locations have been constructed in the last 8-10 years under NHDP. These concrete pavements have been designed and constructed for the design life of 25-30 years. The structural failure at some of these concrete highways, for examples Indore By-pass, Kanpur-Allahabad, Balasore-Orissa, Chittorgarh Mangalwar, have occurred because of full depth longitudinal cracking. A thorough investigation of causes of longitudinal cracking is urgently required to help built better concrete roads in future. The objective of the project is to carry out detailed investigation and possible ways of avoidance of such cracking. Methodology The investigation will be carried out by taking concrete cores over the longitudinal joints and cracks to measure the in-situ strength of concrete, to measure the depth of saw cut and crack. Surface strain gauges will be used to measure dynamic strain induced at the top of concrete slabs under traffic loads. Axle load survey and traffic survey will be conducted and the data will be utilized for stress strain analysis. Significance/ utilization Potential Premature failure, as has happened at the location of the proposed project, of concrete pavements which are expected to provide long lasting durable roads, is a major concern for the development of such pavements in the country. The findings of the project will help the agencies involved in the development of highways especially that of concrete to take care in future construction of such pavements that will not fail prematurely. Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi-110025, Mobile: +919841293435, Phone: 011-26848917, Fax: 01126845943, e-mail ID: director.crri@nic.in , binod.crri@ nic.in 2.

19

Utilization of Waste Foundry Sand in Pavement Quality Concrete and Dry Lean Concrete Date of Start : August 2012 Date of completion : August 2014 CSIR Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi-110 025 (R)

Scope & Objective Foundry sand is a waste of foundry industries. The objectives of the study are: I. II. To evaluate the engineering properties of foundry sand To evaluate the properties of Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) and Dry Lean Concrete (DLC) mixtures prepared with foundry sand as partial replacement of natural sand. To develop the methodology of possible beneficial use of foundry sand in PQC and DLC mixes for road construction.

III.

Methodology Foundry sand will be collected from metal casting industries. Engineering properties like gradation, fineness modulus, water absorption, specific gravity, strength etc. of all the materials including foundry sand will be tested in the laboratory. Control concrete mixes for PQC and DLC will be designed for two-three different water cement ratios using natural sand/crushed stone dust as fine aggregate. Different amounts of foundry sand then will be used as partial replacement of fine aggregate used in the control mixes. Samples will be prepared in the laboratory with different contents of foundry sand at all the water-cement ration. Samples will be tested for various properties of concrete like compressive and flexural strength, drying shrinkage, abrasion resistance etc. Based upon the analysis of test results, the feasibility and extent of using foundry sand in concrete will be determined. Significance/ utilization Potential The study will lead to possible innovative utilization of foundry sand in construction of concrete roads apart from its present use in land fill application. The use of waste foundry sand, if could be feasible, will not only provide for its better utilization but also will help in conserving the precious natural resource of natural sand. Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi-110025,

20

General Report On II. III. Fleshing for protein product preparation CaSO4 (Gypsum) in Cement Formulation (Binary/Ternary cementitious Mix) Several trial and error Mix design will be formulated using blended cement.

Mobile: +919841293435, Phone: 011-26848917, Fax: 011-26845943, e-mail ID: director.crri@nic.in , binod. crri@nic.in 3 CaSo4 - Derived from Tannery Fleshing- for Use in Cement Formulation (Binary/ Ternary Cementitious Mix) Date of start: July 2012 Date of Completion (Targeted): March 2017 I.  Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi (S) II.  CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R,I) III.  CSIR Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai (C,I) Scope and Objectives The scope and objective of the project focuses on the utilization of tannery solid waste as an ingredient in the formulation of road construction materials (road). The main objective includes: Collection and neutralization of limed tannery fleshing. Formulation of cementitious mix using CaSO4, an inorganic derivative of limed fleshing. The solid waste (CaSO4 derived from limed fleshing) could be used as ingredients in road/ building application. Evaluation of the formulated cementitious product (Concrete) for its durability and long lasting characteristics by conducting performance related test.

Design of Mixes:

Analysis of test results and submission of research report.

Significance/ utilization Potential The total hide/skin available in India is about 1359085 ton/annum. This requires about 203860 ton of Ca(OH)2 for liming and re-liming process, out of which about 374660 tons of CaSO4 could be generated by neutralization process in order to avoid the discharge of an alkali into the effluent. By salvaging this inorganic compound, binary or ternary blend could be formulated to develop a new cementitious binder for road/ building application. Limitations of Conclusions/ further proposed work Apart from utilizing waste for social, economic and environmental benefit, the following outputs are expected in this project. i. ii. iii. Publication Process/ Product development And/ or patent

Reports/ Publications Zero Emission Research Initiative for Solid Wastes (for leather sector) ZERIS Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Address: Mathura Road, New Delhi-110025, Mobile: +919841293435, Phone: 01126848917, Fax: 011-26845943, e-mail ID: director. crri@nic.in, directorclri@gmail.com, kamarajcrri@ gmail.com

Methodology I. Collection and processing of limed fleshings and neutralization of lime to recover water, CaSO4 and the fleshing. CaSO4 for cementitious binder formulation Water for reuse

road research in india 2011-12

21

3. Pavement Evaluation and Performance

A. Pavement Evaluation Summary
Research work reported in this area includes projects on structural and functional evaluation of pavements and premature distress/ failure investigations for pavements. On-going projects include development of management system for maintenance planning and budgeting of high speed road corridors (supra institutional project); development of national document/ guideline on the use of weigh-in-motion system for axle load monitoring. Projects reported for the first time include evaluation of NDMC roads / lanes for needed strengthening and remedial measures; road inventorisation and pavement condition survey on the selected road stretches using vehicle mounted digital video imaging system integrated with GPS; functional and structural evaluations of DND flyway and Mayur Vihar Link Road towards determining the maintenance and strengthening requirements. The use of GIS and GPS for the development of a pavement management system is being explored for Tiruchirappalli city.

Salient Points for Discussion

1. Use of Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) system for monitoring of axle loads 2. Vehicle mounted digital video imaging system 3. Use of Laterite stone for road aggregates 4. Road user cost models

22

General Report On Limitations of Conclusions/ further proposed work i. Benkelman Beam deflections were done only on few selected roads and not on entire network covering all types of homogeneous sections. Classified traffic volume count was conducted on four selected roads only for 16 hours since there was not significant traffic on other roads / lanes during night hours.

A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME 1. Evaluation of NDMC Roads/ Lanes for Needed Strengthening and Remedial Measures Date of Start: September 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): August 2012 I.  CSIR- Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi (R, I) II.  M/s New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) Division V (S) Scope and Objectives To evaluate the present condition of twenty two numbers of roads scattered in NDMC area (Division-V) and to recommend the needed remedial / resurfacing treatments. Methodology Field investigations and and laboratory evaluation were undertaken to recommend the needed remedial / resurfacing treatments for the improvement of roads under study in NDMC area. Scope of work included the following: Assessment of pavement surface condition of all the roads by visual inspection to find out the extent and severity of variousdistress types developed. Pavement surfae roughness measurement by Roughometer-III. Benkelman Beam deflection measurements, as per IRC:81-1997. Classified traffic volume counts at few selected roads. Test Pits observations. Laboratory evaluationof subgrade soil retrieved through test pits dug upto thesubgrade level layer. Analyses of data / results to make recommendations on resurfacings / needed remedial measures.

ii.

Reports/Publications Report on Evaluation of NDMC Roads / Lanes for Needed Strengthening and Remedial Measures Further information /Copy of the report can be obtained from The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi, Phone: 011- 26313569, Fax: 01126313569, E-mail ID: director.crri@nic.in 2. Road Inventorisation and Pavement Condition Survey on the Selected Road Stretches using Vehicle Mounted Digital Video Imaging System Integrated with GPS Date of Start: February 2012 Date of Completion: September 2012 I.  Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi (R, I) II. M/s RITES Limited (S)

Scope and Objectives This was taken up at the request of M/s RITES Limited, for road inventory and pavement condition survey under Road Safety Audit project activity of NHAI for a total length of about 1238 km covering eight national highways. Methodology Two equipments namely Automated Road Survey System (ARSS) and Network Survey Vehicle (NSV) have been used for Road Inventory and Pavement Condition Survey. The field work for collection of road inventory and pavement condition data was started in the month of February 2012. The project report includes data on road inventory and pavement condition as per the Road Information System (RIS) format of National Highways Authority of India. Information on GPS coordinates, average survey vehicle speed, travel time based on survey vehicle speed has been worked out for both Up and Down directions of travel.

Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data Study reveals that Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM), as a structural layer, is not required on any of the roads under evaluation because all the colony roads and connecting roads are found to be structurally adequate. However, DBM may perhaps be required as profile correction course only on certain stretches mainly (i) to reduce high distresses and roughness levels of the existing pavement surface and, (ii) to correct / improve profile of the existing roads.

road research in india 2011-12 Interim Conclusions/ Supporting Data Information on road inventory and condition data of the project highways collected using Vehicle Mounted Digital Video System Integrated with GPS was given to RITES. Limitations of Conclusions/ further proposed work National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) initiated Road Safety Audit of National Highways which is being widened from two to four lanes and four lanes to six lanes etc. Information on road inventory and condition data of the project highways collected using Vehicle Mounted Digital Video System Integrated with GPS was given to RITES. Reports/Publications Report on Road Inventorisation and Pavement Condition Survey on the Selected Road Stretches using Vehicle mounted Digital Video Imaging System Integrated with GPS Further information /Copy of the report can be obtained from Address: The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi, Phone: 01126313569, Fax: 011- 26313569, E-mail ID: director. crri@nic.in 3. Functional and Structural Evaluations of DND Flyway and Mayur Vihar Link Road towards Determining the Maintenance and Strengthening Requirements Keywords: Maintenance and strengthening requirements, Structural evaluation, Benkelman Beam Deflection Date of Start: May 2011 Date of Completion: March 2012 I.  Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi (R, I) II.  M/s Noida Toll Bridge Company Limited (NTBCL), Noida (S) Scope and Objectives Structural and functional evaluation of DND Flyway and Mayur Vihar Link Road towards determining the maintenance and strengthening requirements. Methodology Field investigation undertaken for DND Flyway included assessment of pavement surface condition, pavement deflections using Benkelman Beam, traffic volume

23

and axle load surveys and roughness measurements using Automated Road Survey System. Based on the data analyses and findings, recommendations on maintenance and strengthening requirements required for improvement of DND Flyway, Mayur Vihar Link Road and Delhi Side and Noida Side Ramps were suggested. Interim Conclusions/ Supporting Data Recommendations on maintenance and strengthening requirements. Reports/ Publications Report on Functional and Structural Evaluations of DND Flyway and Mayur Vihar Link Road towards Determining the Maintenance and Strengthening Requirements Further information /Copy of the report can be obtained from Address: The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi, Phone: 01126313569, Fax: 011- 26313569, E-mail ID: director. crri@nic.in B. OnGoing/ Completed Projects 1. Development of Management System for Maintenance Planning and Budgeting of High Speed Road Corridors (Supra Institutional Project) Date of Start: April 2007 Date of Completion: December 2013 I.  Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi (R, I) II.  Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi (S) Present Status and Progress Status: On-going Year of Last Report: 2011 Progress: i. Pavement Related Aspects Data Management and Information System (DMIS) established. 2nd series of performance observations on identified test sections completed. Axle load survey using Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) system is in progress.

24

General Report On Calibration of HDM-4 Pavement Deterioration Models is in progress iv. Bridge Related Aspects Bridge Maintenance and Management System (BMMS) has been developed. Further information /Copy of the report can be obtained from The Director, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 110025, Phone: 01126313569, Fax: 011- 26313569, E-mail ID: director. crri@nic.in

ii. Landslide Related Aspects Based on geological, geomorphological and geotechnical studies undertaken on all the critical / identified locations on NH-39 in Nagaland and MumbaiPune Expressway, remedial measures have been designed and implementation of the same has been completed in all the identified locations. iii. Road User Cost Related Aspects Road User Cost Models along with software for the same has been developed.

road research in india 2011-12

25

B. PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE
SUMMARY
This sub-section on pavement performance covers projects related to laboratory characterization of materials/ mixes and design of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), Microsurfacing and Hot Asphalt Mixes using waste plastic; construction supervision and quality checking during execution of road sections laid with Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), Microsurfacing and Waste Plastic Modified Hot Mix Asphalt and time series Periodic Performance Monitoring of road sections laid with SMA, Microsurfacing and Waste Plastic Modified Hot Mix Asphalt and finally refinement / revision of present Codes of Practice viz. IRC: SP: 79-2008 for SMA, IRC: SP: 81-2008 for Microsurfacing and Development of Specifications for Waste Plastic Modified Hot Mix Asphalt On-going projects reported include application of Rhinophalt preservative for studying / evaluating its performance on three toll roads in Rajasthan and Gujarat states; and design, construction and performance evaluation of new materials and mixes towards development and upgradation of standards / specifications.

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Fatigue behaviour of flexible pavements 2. Coir geo-textile reinforcement for subgrade soil 3. Use of waste plastic in road construction 4. Use of rhinophalt preservative for bituminous construction

26

General Report On Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 2. Pavement Performance Studies on Coir Geotextile Reinforced Rural Roads in Tamilnadu Date of Start: 2011 Date of Completion (Target): 2013 I. II. National Institute Tiruchirappalli (R, I) of Technology,

A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME 1. Study on the Performance of Highways Developed Under KSTP Date of Start: April 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): March 2014 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (R) Scope and Objectives Evaluation of structural and functional performance of the study road pavements, conduct traffic studies and assess the traffic characteristics and its effects. Assessment of socio-economic impacts of the highway development project and a broad assessment of the capacity and level of service of the developed highways. Methodology Collection of baseline data, traffic studies, structural evaluation of the pavements including Inventory studies (width, camber etc.), data collection on pavement history, Deflection measurement using Benkelman Beam, (Benkelman Beam Deflection technique will be used for the structural evaluation of flexible pavements as per the specifications of IRC: 81-1997), functional evaluation of the pavements by roughness surveys using fifth wheel Bump Integrator. Detailed surface condition Surveys will be carried out to investigate the occurrence of cracks, ravelling, potholes, rutting, corrugation, edge break etc. Measurement Skid resistance and Texture Depth studies using Sand Patch Method, Axle load studies and Capacity Analysis. Interim Conclusions Pavement evaluation data collected so far supports that improved sections of the developed highway has better structural and functional performance when compared with unimproved sections. Significance/ Utilisation Potential A critical evaluation of the highway development projects will contribute constructively towards the highway development process of the state. Moreover this will help in making a comprehensive database on structural and functional performance of the upcoming highways which may help in formulation of deterioration models. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O.,

Coir Board, Ministry of MSME, Government of India (S)

Scope and Objectives Scope: The most common reason of pavement failures is because of the presence of weak subgrade. To improve the strength of the subgrade by using natural friendly and easily available material coir. To increase the life of the low volume rural roads and make a better connectivity to villages for long time with in the economic consideration.

Objectives: To review the use of coir geotextiles in Rural road (Other district roads and village roads) construction. To investigate the physical and chemical properties of weak subgrade soils in Tamilnadu. To formulate innovative design procedure for rural roads by incorporating coir geotextile layer. To study the short and long term pavement performance studies on these roads. To develop human resources by training engineering students and road engineers. To disseminate the knowledge through workshops and training programmes.

Methodology Review of literature related to coir geotextile reinforcement. Selection of about 50 Km rural roads passing through week/soft subgrade soil with the help of rural development department/local body. Identification of physical and chemical properties of subgrade and pavement materials. Design of pavement incorporating coir geotextile layer.

road research in india 2011-12 Selection and laboratory testing of coir geotextiles. Construction of roadway by the implementing agency under the guidance and supervision of coir board and National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli. Monitoring the performance of pavement by National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli. Documentation of the experience in the construction of low cost rural roads coir geotextiles and performance studies of these roads. Organizing workshop/seminar for the dissemination of expertise to the roads engineers jointly by the coir board and National Institute of Technology, Tirchirappalli.

27

To collect pavement condition data during various seasons using different equipments and methods. To develop pavement performance prediction models for urban roads. To prioritize urban road network for routine maintenance, resurfacing and rehabilitation under budget constraints. To develop a decision support system for optimal maintenance of urban roads in varying traffic conditions.

Methodology Development of a GIS/GPS based digital road network map for Tiruchirappalli city. Collection of pavement condition (both functional and structural) and traffic data. Estimation of Pavement Condition Index. Development of Pavement Deterioration Models. Identification of appropriate maintenance and rehabilitation strategies depending on pavement condition (both functional and structural) and traffic data. Assessing the impact of different maintenance strategies on the performance of pavement. Economic analysis strategies. Quantification maintenance. of of various due maintenance to delayed

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Address: Dr. Samson Mathew, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu 620 015, Phone: 04312503160 e-mail ID: sams@nitt.edu 3. Urban Pavement Maintenance Management System for Tiruchirappalli City Date of Start: 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): 2013 I. II. II. National Institute Tiruchirappalli (R, I) of Technology,

penalties

Ministry of Urban Development (S) Indian Institute of Technology Madras (C)

Conclusions An urban road network in Tiruchirappalli City containing 19 roads of 15.250 km was analyzed to highlight the pavement condition of 25 m sections of each road. Pavement Condition was studied for four seasons during pre-monsoon and post- monsoon in each half year. Roughness details of the road sections were collected for three seasons. It was observed that the IRI value on the roads varied from 2.5 m/km to 5.5 m/km. The progression of various distresses with and without maintenance works was studied. For majority of the road sections, 25 mm SDBC overlay at an earlier stage was found to be the optimum solution over 40 mm BM at a later stage. In HDM 4, budget allocation for a specific year on road maintenance to a particular road section was done based on maximum budget utilization technique.

Scope and Objectives Objectives: To provides the means of developing annual work programs, resource requirements and budgets. To ensure an equitable distribution of funds over the country or locality and to enable priorities of allocations to determined in a rational way when available funds are inadequate. To authorize and schedule work. To provide a system of monitoring the efficiency and effectiveness of maintenance works. To provide comfort, convenience and safety to the road users and minimize the total cost of maintenance measures and road used cost.

Scope: To explore the use of GIS and GPS for the development of a PMMS.

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General Report On Date of Start: July 2010 Date of Completion (Targeted): December 2013 I.  Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi (R, I) II.  IL & FS Transportation Network Limited, Ahmedabad (S) Present Status and Progress Status: On-going Year of Last Report: 2011 Progress: As planned, the study is being implemented in three different phases, as described below: i. ii. iii. Phase-I: Pre-Application Investigations Phase-II: Post-Application Investigations Phase-III: Periodic Evaluation Performance Monitoring/

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. Samson Mathew, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu 620 015, Phone: 04312503160 e-mail ID: sams@nitt.edu 4. Performance Evaluation of Coir Geotextiles in Rural Roads of Kerala. Date of Start: 31 March 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): 31 March 2014 I. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

II.  Coir Board through Central Coir Research Institute, Alappuzha (S) Scope and objectives The main objective of the project is to increase the pavement longevity of roads in rural roads using Coir Geoxtextiles. Methodology Construct 25 km stretch coir geotextiles reinforced rural roads of kerala and study the performance. Interim Conclusions/ Supporting Data 4.672 km rural roads constructed by Kerala State Rural Development passing through soft soil have been selected and constructed. The road stretches are 0.620 km in Trivandrum Dist., 1.168 km in kollam Dist., 2660 km in Patthanamtitta Dist, and 0.222 km in Emakulam Dist, Performance study is yet to be done. Reports / Publications Three numbers of reports presented to sponsoring agency i.e., Coir Board, Kochi Further information / Copy of report can be obtained from Dr. Sheela Evangeline, Principal Investigator &Associate Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Mobile: 9895217551 Phone: 0471-2515611, E-mail ID: sheelabala2000@gmail.com B. On-Going/Completed Projects 1. Applications of Rhinophalt Preservative and its Performance Evaluation on Three Toll Roads (Trial Stretches) in Rajasthan and Gujarat States

Besides monitoring of construction quality with regard to application of Rhinophalt preservative treatment on trial stretches, pre and post application investigations were undertaken to study the efficacy / effectiveness of Rhinophalt preservative on three Toll Roads. Performance observations are being undertaken on three selected road sections / stretches on Three Toll Roads in Rajasthan and Gujarat States for a period of three years. The second series of performance observations has been completed. Analyses of data, based on laboratory evaluation and field investigations, is in progress. Further Findings/ Supporting Data Benkelman Beam deflection studies have not shown any significant difference in rate of change in deflection values in case of control and trial sections respectively on all the three sections in one year. Distress conditions have not changed significantly on all the three sections in one year. There is very little change in one year in roughness values on the three sections. There is no significant difference in the rate of oxidation between control and trial sections so far

Further information /Copy of the report can be obtained from The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, Phone: 011- 26313569, Fax: 011- 26313569, E-mail ID: director.crri@nic.in

road research in india 2011-12 2. Design, Construction and Performance Evaluation of New Materials and Mixes towards Development and Upgradation of Standards / Specifications Date of Start: July 2009 Date of Completion (Targeted): October 2015 Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R, S, I) Present Status and Progress Status: On-going Year of Last Report: 2011 Progress The second series of performance observation on various road sections laid with Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), Hot Mix Asphalt mixes using Waste Plastic and Microsurfacing were undertaken during November/ December, 2011. Further work with regard to processing / analysis of 2nd series of performance data is in progress and third series of periodic observations are being planned to be undertaken in the month of November / December 2012. Performance observations being taken for time series data include (i) Assessment of Pavement Surface Distress by visual observation (ii) Measurement of Pavement surface roughness by using Roughometer-II (iii) Deflection measurements by using Benkelman Beam Method and (iv) Traffic volume survey, 24 hours round the clock. Further Findings/Conclusions/Supporting Data Time series data collected for the two series of observations reveal that pavement surface distress and riding quality of test sections has not changed significantly. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi, Phone: 011- 26313569, Fax: 011- 26313569, E-mail ID: director.crri@nic.in 3. Development of National Document/ Guidelines on the Use of Weigh-In-Motion System in India for Axle Load Monitoring Keywords : Weigh-In-Motion, Axle Load Date of Start: 01.10.2009 Date of Completion (Targeted): December 2012

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Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R, S, I) Present Status and Progress Status: On-going Year of Last Report: 2010 Progress Procurement completed. of Weigh-In-Motion (WIM)

Field data collection using Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) system on few selected road sites has been completed. Data analyses / processing are in progress.

Further information /Copy of the report can be obtained from The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, Phone: 011- 26313569, Fax: 011- 26313569, E-mail ID: director.crri@nic.in 4. Zycosoil Nanotechnology Multilayer Waterproofing Treatment of Soil and Asphalt Concrete in Road Construction Date of Start: March 2010 Date of Completion (Actual): June 2010 Zydex Industries, Vadodara, Gujarat Present Status and Progress Status: On-going continued long term evaluation Year of Last Report: Year 2011 Progress: Two post monsoon evaluations completed Methodology Soil base Zycosoil (new name Terrasil for soil application) applied on the compacted soil layers for making waterproofed vapour permeable layer. WBM / Carpet layer Prime / Tack coat using Zycosoil (new name Terrasil) solution with cationic bitumen emulsion and sprayed on WBM/ Carpet layer for improved wetting, penetration, bonding and quick set. Asphalt layer Zycosoil added in hot asphalt binder @ 0.1 Per cent by weight of binder and mixed thoroughly with circulating

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General Report On smoothness of surface has been affected with passage of time. Section D: Only carpet and seal coat is treated: The surface was found good without pot holes or cracks. The smoothness of surface has been affected with passage of time. Limitations of Conclusions 3rd year post monsoon evaluation is awaited Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from: M/s Zydex Industries, 25-A, Gandhi Oil Mill Compound, Gorwa, Vadodara, Gujarat, Mobile : 9687607350 Phone :0265-2290322, Fax : 0265-2290332, E-mail ID: himanshu@zydexindustries.com

pump. The hot modified asphalt binder (VG 10) was mixed with heated aggregates in drum mix plant at site. Section A: (Control No waterproofing treatment): The depression formed in some area was repaired before monsoon Year 2011. The cracks and raveling observed on repaired section as well as other part of the section Year 2012. Section B: (Subgrade waterproofing): Bituminous surface was damaged and small pot holes in few places observed. Section C: (Waterproofing of subgrade and sub-base, WBM primecoat, tack coat on carpet layer and antistripping additive on carpet & wearing coat (BUSG between WBM and carpet not treated) : The surface was found good without pot holes or cracks. The

road research in india 2011-12

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II. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

SUMMARY
The projects reported in the Geotechnical Engineering area relate to landslide hazard mitigation, Guidelines on Landslide Management on Indian Roads and Highways, Site Stabilisation work, Use of jute geotextiles in PMGSY roads to study efficacy of Jute Geotextile (JGT) and utilization of various solid industrial wastes in road works. Waste materials have been evaluated in the laboratory as well in the field by constructing experimental test sections. Performance observations are being taken up. The issues related with road infrastructure development in disaster prone areas have also received attention of researchers. Design and construction of roads in submerged/ flood affected areas of Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, formulation of guidelines for road construction in such areas have been reported. A project on equipment development for determination of dry density of compacted soils (Non nuclear, Non destructive type) has also been reported. A test section was laid using Jarofix, a waste of zinc metallurgical industry. It has been concluded that mixture of jarofix and soil can be used for embankment and subgrade construction. Utilization of laterite stone is being investigated for road construction in Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra. Data management and information system, landslide mitigation measures, road user cost models and bridge maintenance and management system has been developed. Research work has been performed on soil stabilization using commercially available materials, use of fly ash, copper slag, cinder waste, and phosphogypsum in subgrade and embankment construction. Based on laboratory data, it was found that in case of all the four types of soils as mentioned above, the unconfined compressive strength of soil stabilized with 2, 4 and 6% cement gives higher strength as compared to with 2, 4 and 6% commercial stabiliser for 7, 14 and 28 days curing period. The fly ash, bottom ash and pond ash samples can be used in embankment and road Works. The study indicated that 10-15% of fine aggregate can be replaced by super fine slag. The optimum bitumen content was obtained as 4.8% and 5.5% respectively for DBM and BC mixes. The bituminous samples with superfine copper slag satisfied the design requirements as per MORTH specifications. A combination of waste recycled products and cinder can satisfy density requirements of the materials for the embankment construction. It was observed that both deflection and roughness characteristics of copper slag embankment was comparable to soil embankment. By providing geo-textiles the CBR value of weaker sub grades could be enhanced. Thereby, the pavement layer thickness can be considerably reduced and this facilitates the construction of roads in poor subgrade soil areas. SoilTech MK-III- engineered a SSB Layer with much more strength then WMM (a ideal base course with more than 3000 Mpa strength). SoilTech MK-III-economized the project substantially. The ecological contribution of SoilTech MK-III used roads is excellent and over 50% then the conventional crust reducing man, machine and material consumption.

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Optimising use of waste materials in road works. 2. Engineering of Structures against Natural and Other Disasters 3. Equipment for in-situ ground characterization 4. Soil stabilizers 5. Jarofix and soil mixtures for subgrade and embankment 6. Performance of commercially available soil stabilizers 7. Utilization of coal ash, copper slag, phosphogypsum for subgrade and embankment construction

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General Report On Mobile: 9868858380 Phone: 26832173, Fax: 01126845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 2. Guidelines for Landslide Management on Indian Roads and Highways Keywords: Landslide Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment, Mapping,

A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME 1. Design of Remedial Measures at Lukhbir Slide on NH 31 A Keywords: Benching of slopes, sealing of cracks, retaining walls Date of Start: Sept. 2010 Date of Completion: March 2012 I. II. Border Roads Organisation (S)  SIR- Central Road Research Institute, C New Delhi (R)

Date of Start: March 2012 Date of Completion (Targeted): Dec. 2012 I. II. Indian Roads Congress (S)  SIR- Central Road Research Institute, C New Delhi (R)

Scope and Objectives Lukhbir slide is located at km 26.8 on NH 31- A. This Landslide is active since 1968. Border Roads Organisation sponsored this study undertaken by CSIR-CRRI for design of suitable remedial measures. Methodology The rocks found at Lukhbir slide area, are in highly weathered condition. Although these rocks dip away in to the hills from the roadway, at an angle of nearly 40-45, due to highly weathered conditions they are vulnerable to failure. Sometimes, rocks are found in the form of powder due to excess overburden pressure and ingress of moisture. Rocks here occur in very thin layered form, but seem to be compacted probably again due to the overburden. There are traces of fractures on the weathered rock surface in different directions. The slope has plenty of seepage water which makes the slope vulnerable to failure. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data For stabilising the downhill slope the following remedial measures were designed: Design of gabion wall on downhill slope Design of 15m high cantilever wall on downhill slope Design of 10m high cantilever wall with cladding Design of cladding on downhill slope Design of cladding with anchors on downhill slope

Scope and Objectives The Guidelines being prepared by CRRI would be including following details: Case Records of Some Major Landslides and Identification of Areas of Concern Landslide Hazard Mapping, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Scientific Investigation of Slopes and Landslides Landslide Instrumentation, Monitoring, Prediction, Forecasting and Early Warning Landslide Risk Reduction through Improved Planning, Design and Construction Practices Technology for Remediation Landslide Prevention and

Methodology These guidelines are being prepared for usage by State Public Works Departments, and other agencies who are responsible for building road infrastructure. The preparation of guideline is in progress. These guidelines are being prepared by consolidating CRRI experiences over last six decades, Literature review for international and national expertise, interactions with road construction agencies in hill states, etc. The first chapter of the Guidelines will be Introduction to landslide hazard involving road infrastructure, International and Indian scenario. The other chapters include Terminology and Classification of Mass Movements, Landslide Hazard Mapping, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment, Scientific Investigation of Slopes and Landslides and Design of Remedial Measures. Significance/ Utilisation Potential The Guidelines will be prepared in the form of Practical Usage Handbook for Road Construction Agencies.

Significance/ Utilisation Potential The designed remedial measures are proposed to be implemented. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIRCentral Road Research Institute, New Delhi - 110025,

road research in india 2011-12 Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi - 110025, Mobile: 9868858380 Phone: 26832173 Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 3. Site Stabilisation for Platform at Diglipur (North Andaman) Keywords: Landslide Stabilisation, Debris, Hill Cutting Date of Start: Feb 2012 Date of Completion (Targeted): Dec. 2012 I. II. Military Engineering Services( MES) (S)  entral Road Research Institute, New Delhi C (R)

33

area and (b) Creation of additional overburden pressure due to dumping of hill cut materials (c) High rainfall and inadequate drainage measures which saturate the landmass Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi - 110025, Mobile: 9868858380 Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 4. Geotechnical Study of Jugsalai Cinder Dump Area for Construction Purposes Keywords: Cinder dump, SPT,DCPT and Plate load tests Date of Start: March 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): Dec. 2012 I. II.  ata steel limited, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand T ( S)  SIR- Central Road Research Institute, C New Delhi (R)

Scope and Objectives Stabilisation of Hill-Cut Slope at North Andaman Island (Near Diglipur) using appropriate landslide remediation measure Methodology The area under the study falls in the Northern Part of Andaman Islands. Diglipur is the main township of the North Andaman Island, which is about 325 km from Port Blair. Most of the hill ranges in these islands, show a parallel trend to each other. The Platform was constructed after cutting two adjoining hillocks. The hilltop is at an elevation of 148m from mean sea level. The terrain is fully covered with dense vegetation. Nearly 3.5 lakhs cubic meters of earth was excavated to create platforms on the hilltop. Debris excavated from that area was loosely dumped on side slopes. Berms were provided on the slope. These hill cut platforms now face instability problems due to landslides. Heavy rainfall during monsoon contributes to slope stability problems in this area. The first landslide was observed in one side of the hill cut platform during September 2008. Presently another slide has occurred in the opposite side of the first slide. MES authorities requested CRRI to investigate and suggest Slope Stabilisation and other remedial measures. The field investigations are in progress. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data The project is presently under progress. Significance/ Utilisation Potential The instability problems have occurred mainly due to (a) Highly weathered and soft nature of rocks in the

Scope and Objectives Determining Feasibility for using cinder dump site for construction purposes Determining the type of foundations to be adopted for structures built on cinder dump

Methodology Cinder is a waste material of coal burning residue from blast furnaces/ power plants. Slag is another waste material generated as a by-product during the manufacturing of iron. At Jamshedpur, both cinder and slag have been dumped together in the form of a dump. The slope of the mound is around 450 and the height is varying from 10 m to 45 m. Tata Steel works now intend to use this dump area to build structures and connecting roads on this dump. Sub-soil investigation was carried out at this dump area and different field tests viz. SPT, DCPT and Plate load tests were conducted. Data analysis work is in progress. Interim Conclusions/ Supporting Data The project is presently under progress. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com

34 5.

General Report On Development of Non Nuclear Density Gauge for Determination of Dry Density of Compacted fills. Keywords: Density gauge, Fine grained soil, Penetration resistance Date of Start: January 2010 Date of Completion: Continuing CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Scope and Objectives Construction of experimental test tracks to study performance of Jarofix under actual traffic and environmental conditions Pavement performance study of the experimental test section constructed using Jarofix by visual condition survey, deflection study by Benkelman beam, roughness observation by dipstick, and auto level observation for the predicting the surface settlement.

Scope and Objectives Design and fabrication of model equipment Devewlopment of calibration charts Modification and development of final model for field applications.

Methodology Experimental test tracks were constructed to study behaviour of Jarofix waste material as embankment fill and subgrade material under actual traffic and environmental conditions. Pavement performance study of the experimental test section was evaluated by visual condition survey, deflection study by Benkelman beam, roughness observation by dipstick, and auto level observation for the predicting the surface settlement. First set of performance study was carried out on all four sections of the experimental test sections. The performance of Jarofix/Jarofix-soil sections would be compared with that of conventional soil embankment section. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data 1. Overall condition of the embankment test sections constructed using Jarofix waste material is comparable to that section constructed with conventional soil. 2. It was observed that rebound deflections values of sections with Jarofix and mix of jarofix:soil material (0.49 0.66 mm) are comparable to that obtained for conventional section (0.61 mm). 3. The values of IRI (m/km) for Jarofix and mix of Jarofix:soil ( 3.96 5.90) are comparable to conventional soil ( 5.09) pavement section. 4. It is concluded that performance of Jarofix and mix of jarofix:soil embankment and sub grade is comparable to conventional soil construction. Significance/ Utilisation Potential It is concluded that Jarofix and mix of jarofix:soil can be used in embankment and sub grade construction.. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIRCentral Road Research Institute, New Delhi - 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 01126845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com

Methodology The model is being developed based on the principle that penetration resistance would vary with the variation in the dry density of compacted fills. A fine grained soil has been selected for carrying out laboratory investigations. Experiments indicated such variations and first model equipment has been fabricated. Interim Conclusions/ Supporting Data The project is presently under progress. First model equipment has been fabricated and calibration charts are being developed for the same. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 6. Experimental Test Track Construction Using Jarofix Waste Material Keywords: Jarofix waste, Roughness Index (IRI), Deflection International

Date of Start: Nov. 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): Nov. 2012 I. II. Hindustan Zinc Ltd., Chanderia, Chittorgarh,  Rajasthan (S)  entral Road Research Institute, New Delhi C (R)

road research in india 2011-12 7. Feasibility Study of a Patented Commercial soil stabiliser Keywords: Soil stabilisation, silt and Clay Date of Start: Feb. 2011 Date of Completion: March. 2012 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Scope and Objectives To investigate the efficacy of a commercial soil stabiliser for stabilization of different types of soils used in road construction. To carry out this study on four types of soils Coarse grained soils (Badarpur sand and Granular sub base soil) and fined grained soils (Delhi silt and Clayey soil).

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could pass the durability test. In case of clayey soil the samples made with both cement as well as commercial stabiliser could not satisfy the criterion as stipulated in ASTM D559 and prescribed by IRC: SP:98-2010. However in case of Granular soil it was concluded that soil sample stabilized with 2%, 4% and 6% Cement as well as 2%, 4% and 6% commercial stabiliser could pass the durability test. Significance/ Utilisation Potential Based on laboratory studies, it was concluded that Delhi silt treated with both 4 and 6% cement as well as commercial soil stabilizer, Badarpur sand with 6% cement only and granular soil with 2%, 4% and 6% cement as well as commercial soil stabilizer, can be considered for its use for subgrade improvement as well as in sub-base layer of a road pavement. However, before recommending for large scale application, an experimental section be constructed and monitored over a period of time to assess the performance of road. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 8. Feasibility Studies on Vedanta IPP Coal Ash Samples for Road & Embankment Construction Keywords: Fly ash, bottom ash and pond ash, clinker grinders Date of Start: Nov. 2010 Date of Completion (Targeted): Nov. 2011 I. II. Vedanta Group of Industries (S)

Methodology In order to assess the efficacy of Patented commercial Stabiliser via-a-vis Cement (a conventional soil stabilizer), two types of coarse grained soils (Badarpur sand and Granular sub base material) and two types of fine grained soils (Delhi silt and Clayey soil) were stabilized both with cement and commercial soil stabilizer separately. Strength gain was determined in terms of Unconfined compressive strength and CBR. The durability tests were also conducted to assess the performance of stabilized soils under the wetting and drying cycles which simulate the environment condition in field. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data Based on laboratory data, it was found that in case of all the four types of soils as mentioned above, the unconfined compressive strength of soil stabilized with 2, 4 and 6% cement gives higher strength as compared to with 2, 4 and 6% commercial stabiliser for 7, 14 and 28 days curing period. The increase in soaked CBR value with 2%, 4% and 6% cement and commercial stabiliser was also evaluated. It was found that CBR values increase significantly with the addition of both cement as well as commercial stabiliser. From durability test, it was concluded that silty soil sample stabilized with 2% Cement as well as commercial stabiliser failed, indicating necessity for higher dosage of stabiliser. Accordingly, Delhi silt stabilised with 4 and 6% cement and commercial soil stabilizer, satisfied durability test criteria as stipulated in ASTM D559 and in IRC :SP:98-2010. In case of Badarpur sand samples stabilized with 2%, 4% Cement and 2%, 4% and 6% commercial stabiliser failed in durability test. However, Badarpur sand sample stabilized with 6% Cement

 entral Road Research Institute, New Delhi C (R) Scope and Objectives To determine the suitability of pond ash for road and embankment construction Characterisation of different types of ash samples produced at Vedanta Independent Power Plant (IPP) Providing suggestions/recommendations regarding their usage in road construction works

Methodology Different types of ash samples produced at Vedanta Independent Power Plant (IPP) viz., fly ash, bottom

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General Report On different bituminous mixes viz. Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM), Grade 2 and Bituminous Concrete (BC), Grade 2. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data The study indicated that 10-15% of fine aggregate can be replaced by super fine slag. The optimum bitumen content was obtained as 4.8% and 5.5% respectively for DBM and BC mixes. The bituminous samples with superfine copper slag satisfied the design requirements as per MORTH specifications. Significance/ Utilisation Potential It is concluded that super fine copper slag waste material can be used in embankment and DBM and BC mixes for road construction. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 10. Feasibility Study of Cinder Waste Material for Road Construction Keywords: Cinder waste, Waste Recycled Product (WRP) Date of Start: March 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): Oct. 2012 I. Tata steel limited, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.( S) II. CSIR - Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Scope and Objectives Feasibility study of cinder waste material for use in embankment, sub base, base course and bituminous layers of road pavement. Methodology Cinder, WRP (Waste Recycled Product), local soil and their various mixes in different proportions are being studied for their use in different layers of road construction. These materials are being tested to determine whether they satisfy the criteria laid down by MORTH specifications for use in road works. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data These materials have been found to be granular in nature having good drainage properties and high

ash and pond ash samples were characterised in the laboratory for their physical and engineering properties. On the basis of laboratory data suggestions/ recommendations regarding their usage in road construction works were made. Conclusions/Supporting Data The fly ash, bottom ash and pond ash samples can be used in embankment and road Works. Significance/ Utilisation Potential Several road improvement/ widening projects are being taken up in Orissa State. Ash can be used in these road works gainfully and also result in reduction of environment pollution. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 9. Feasibility Study on Usage of Super Fine Copper Slag in Land Filling and Road Construction Keywords: Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) and Bituminous Concrete (BC) Date of Start: Nov. 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): Nov. 2012 I. II.  /S Hindalco Industries Limited, Dahej, M Gujrat.( S)  SIR - Central Road Research Institute, C New Delhi (R)

Scope and Objectives Feasibility study of super fine copper slag waste material in land filling and road construction. Methodology Super fine copper slag is a waste material produced during extraction of copper concentrate from high copper ore by floatation and filtration processes. At present, the accumulated super fine copper slag is about 2 lac MT, while its annual production is about 1.5 lac MT per year at Hindalco Industries Limited, Dahej, Gujrat. After investigating its feasibility for construction of road embankment, laboratory studies were also carried out for evaluating the suitability of material as a replacement of fine aggregates in various bituminous mixes. The feasibility of its utilization was tried in

road research in india 2011-12 angle of friction. A combination of WRP and cinder can satisfy density requirements of the materials for the embankment construction. Significance/ Utilisation Potential Interim results show that cinder waste material can be used in embankment for road construction. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 11. Suitability of Granular Materials for Capillary Cut-Off Keywords: geotextile capillary cut-off, Sub grade,

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off. However, these materials may be used along with geosynthetic materials for construction of capillary cut. Significance/ Utilisation Potential Raising of the embankment height has now been taken up based on CRRI recommendations. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 12. Feasibility Study on Utilisation of Phosphogypsum as Road Construction Material Keywords: Phosphogypsum, Fly ash, concrete road, Bituminous mixes Date of Start: April. 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): June. 2012 I. II. M/s Paradeep Phosphates Ltd., Orissa, India CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R,I)

Date of Start: July 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): March. 2012 I. II. PWD, Jhajjar, Haryana.( S)   entral Road Research Institute, New Delhi C (R)

Scope and Objectives To assess the suitability of locally available granular materials, locally known as Tibba sand for the construction of embankment, sub grade and capillary cut-off. Methodology A stretch of about 4.2 km length of NH-71 near Jhajjar in Haryana experiences frequent failures due to low embankment height of the road and presence of an canal adjacent to this road at this location. The subgrade soil of this road gets saturated and subsequently it results in failure. The water from canal saturates the sub grade layer by capillary action. To rectify this problem, it was decided that the height of embankment be raised and a capillary cut-off layer be provided. For this, locally available materials commonly known as Tibba sand and GSB materials were investigated for the construction of embankment, sub grade and capillary cut-off. It was observed that Tibba sand may be used for the construction of embankment and a mix of Tibba sand and soil can be used for sub grade construction. Interim Conclusions/ Supporting Data Granular materials, available locally, did not satisfy the required filter/drainage specifications for capillary cut-

Scope and Objectives In order to assess suitability of Phosphogypsum as a road construction material, a laboratory study has been taken up. The broad scope of work is as follows: Characterization of Phosphogypsum Characterization of locally available Soil /Fly ash and Phosphogypsum mixes Use of Phosphogypsum in concrete roads Use of Phosphogypsum in Bituminous mixes of flexible pavements.

Methodology To carry out the study, Phosphogypsum samples and locally available soil was collected. The locally available soil is fine grained soil and clayey in nature. Since fly ash is available in plentiful nearby, mixes of phosphogypsum and fly ash at various proportions have also been characterised. Physical and engineering properties of phosphogypsum as such and mixes of Phosphogypsum and soil/ fly ash have been determined in CRRI laboratory. The properties determined include specific gravity, particle size distribution, consistency limits such as Liquid limit and Plastic limit, OMC and MDD, etc. The strength and engineering characteristics

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General Report On 13. Design and Construction of Embankment and Pavement Layers using Copper Slag Keywords: Copper slag, Roughness, settlement, deflection Date of Start: April. 2011 Date of Completion (Targeted): Dec. 2012 I. II. M/s Sterlite Industries( S )  SIR- Central Road Research Institute, C New Delhi (R,I)

of phosphogypsum alone and in combination with local soil, lime and fly ash, etc were determined in terms of its Shear strength (c, ) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). In order to assess the efficacy of phosphogypsum for the purpose of stabilisation, mechanical stabilization of soil and phosphogypsum and lime stabilization of phosphogypsum has been carried out separately and strength gain was determined in terms of Unconfined Compressive Strength and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). The durability tests were also conducted to assess the performance of stabilized soils when subjected to wetting and drying cycles. Interim Conclusions/ Supporting Data Based on laboratory data, it was found that phosphogypsum as such when compacted at OMC & MDD, has very good shear strength. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) was good enough for its use in different pavement layers. However when this sample was soaked in water for the purpose of durability, it was found to lose some strength but still it has sufficient strength for use in sub base layer or as a capping layer. The local soil was stabilized with different percentages of phosphogypsum going upto 50%. The gain in strength was determined in terms of Unconfined Compressive Strength. It was found that with the addition of phosphogypsum, the UCS increased but only upto 20% of phosphogypsum addition. When the quantity of phosphogypsum was increased beyond 20%, UCS strength decreased. However, when the mixes of soil and phosphogypsum, were subjected to durability tests none of the samples could withstand the durability test criteria. During the determination of unconfined compressive strength, it was observed that compacted specimen of phosphogypsum behaved like a semi rigid material. Significance/ Utilisation Potential Based on laboratory studies, it is concluded that phosphogypsum as such can be used as a fill material and in sub-grade/sub-base layer of a road pavement. However, before recommending for large scale application, an experimental section be constructed and monitored over a period of time to assess the performance of road. Further work is currently under progress. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com

Scope and Objectives Construction of experimental test section embankment in the bridge approaches of MaduraiTuticorin Highway (NH-45B) using copper slag Performance observation of experimental test section of copper slag embankment and bituminous concrete layer in terms of Roughness, settlement and deflection of the test track

Methodology The construction of experimental test section using copper slag was carried out as per the methodology developed by CRRI. The embankment was constructed in the bridge approaches of Madurai-Tuticorin Highway (NH-45B). The approaches towards Madurai (200m on both lanes) were constructed with copper slag while the approach towards Tuticorin (200m) was constructed with soil. The maximum height of copper slag embankment was 4m. Copper slag is sand sized cohesionless material, hence construction of embankment using copper clag alone is not feasible. Hence Copper slag was mixed with locally available pond ash in equal proportion and embankment was successfully constructed. Copper slag which was found suitable as a replacement of fine aggregates in bituminous construction, was tried for its field usage, by constructing a 350m length experimental Bituminous concrete layer. The first performance observation of experimental test section of copper slag embankment and bituminous concrete layer has been recorded. Roughness, rutting and deflection of the test track was noted using different equipment, viz. Benkelman beam, dip stick and Total station. Bituminous core was taken from the surface layer of bituminous concrete constructed by using copper slag to evaluate its in-situ density. Interim Conclusions/ Supporting Data It was observed that both deflection and roughness characteristics of copper slag embankment was comparable to soil embankment.

road research in india 2011-12 Significance/ Utilisation Potential Based on laboratory studies, it is concluded that the copper slag mixed with locally available pond ash by 50 per cent was found suitable as a road construction material, especially for embankment construction. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com B. 1. Completed Projects Engineering of Structures against Natural and Other Disasters Keywords: Cyclone disaster, Differential global Positioning System, steel pedestals, Lanslides Date of Start: July 2007 I. Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi( R) II. Structural Engineering Research Centre (C) Present Status and Progress Status: Continued Year of Last Report: 2011 Further Findings/ Supporting Data This project has been taken up as a network project coordinated by SERC, Chennai. Preparation of Guidelines for Cyclone prone areas and studies on two large landslide affected areas were carried out under this project. Under the second project, two landslides namely Patalganga and Kaliasaur Landslides have been selected for detailed investigations under this project. Work done on Kaliasaur landslide: 1. Base Map Preparation: A total 231.49 Ha area was covered for the topographical survey with scale of 1:500. The topographic base map which was produced with the help of high precision total station and the DGPS was used to develop a Digital terrain model and its derivatives maps such as slope and aspects. The DTM and its derivatives give opportunity of logical thinking about the possible influence and activities on the basis of visual observation on the ground.

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2. Geomorphological Assessment: Geomorphological studies of the area have been carried out on the base map of the 1:500 scale. The morphology of slide has changed regularly since the slide first appeared. Repeated sliding of minor magnitude have been occurring from the main scarp of the slide making the slide retrogressively moved because the surface of rupture was extending in the direction opposite the movement of the displaced material. However, at a later date the surface of rupture started extending at the lateral margin as well widening the slide making it advancing in nature. The cliff, the steep rupture surface of the top has got enlarged by 40m since 1984. In 2010 alone it has got enlarged by 20 m during one event of sliding. The cliff between the crown and displaced material become irregular because of the numerous gullies. There are many cracks above the crown part. Below the main scarp there are a few minor scarp developed, indicating successive sliding. 3. Investigating the Role of Geology in Slope Instability: Detailed geological map of the area was prepared to find out the role played by lithology and structures to affect the slope stability. The independent geology and structural mapping revealed the fact that structures are formed by tectonic deformations in past geological times. The detailed study of major and minor structures was carried out with an intention of figuring out their role in inducing instability and causing the slope failures in the area. In the area of study it has been observed that contacts between two litho-units (e.g. pink and white quartzite) are often a fault, i.e. their contact surface is actually faulted. Prominent foliation of the area shows that the strata are folded synclinally and anticlinally. Wedge failure is the most common mode of failure in highly jointed quartzite rock in this area. In a similar manner, Micro-Zonation Analysis Based on Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Slope Mass Rating (SMR), Kinematic Slope Stability Analysis, Microhazard evaluation has been carried out for this slide. The landslide activity reactivated during Sep-Oct 2010 and NH 58 had to be closed to traffic and vehicles had to take a longer detour. CRRI has carried out estimation of indirect landslide losses due to reactivation of Kaliasaur landslide using unit cost estimation method. Detour cost = (Extra operating costs in detouring + Extra fuel used * Fuel price) * Number of travelers affected. The estimation was based on traffic affected due to detouring due to blockage of National Highway58.

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General Report On Further information / Copy of report can be obtained from The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi - 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 3. Design of Approach Embankment Using Pond Ash in Waterlogged Area near Yamuna River, Delhi Date of Start : April-09 Date of Completion (Targeted): Dec - 2012. I. CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) II. Delhi Tourism & Transportation Development Corporation (S, I) Scope and Objectives The Government of Delhi has entrusted construction of Signature Bridge and its approaches at Wazirabad across River Yamuna to Delhi Tourism & Transportation Development Corporation Ltd. (DTTDC). The eastern approach of this bridge comprises of an embankment of about 1.8 km length and a flyover over the embankment at the intersection. During September 2008, flooding of the Yamuna basin occurred due to torrential rains. A part of the stretch in which embankment is to be constructed, was still submerged in water (2 to 2.5 m deep) even in March 2009. DTTDC approached CRRI to provide Design and Construction Methodology for approach embankment in water logged area. The road embankment construction is now nearing completion based on CRRI design and construction methodology. Methodology CRRI team carried out detailed field investigations including static cone penetration (SCP) tests at the proposed site to obtain a clear picture of sub-soil strength profile. Samples of proposed fill materials like pond ash, local soil and Yamuna sand were collected and these were subjected to various tests to determine their physical and engineering properties. The stability analysis for the approach embankment was carried out using the stability analysis software available in CRRI. The stability analysis showed that embankment side slope of 1V:2.5 H with a berm of 4 m width to be provided at a height of 4 m from ground level would be the most appropriate choice. A novel construction methodology involving back-dumping of pond ash directly into water pond was also devised. DTTDC have now taken up construction of embankment in water pond area. Presently the construction of embankment from chainage0.00m-1000m and guide bund at ch:0.00 is nearing completion.

The total detouring cost for 45 days during SeptemberOctober, 2010 has been estimated to be about Rs. 25 million(approx). Reports / Publications Project Report has been submitted to SERC, Chennai. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 2. Design and Construction of Roads in Submerged/ Flood affected areas of Rann of Kutch, Gujarat Date of Start: Oct-09 Date of Completion: Dec - 2011 I. CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) II. National Buildings Construction Corporation (S, I) Scope and Objectives Providing design methodology for construction of roads in perennially waterlogged areas of Rann of Kutch Road construction adjacent to sea in tidal areas

Methodology The National Buildings Construction Corporation has taken up certain road works in Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. In the Rann of Kutch area, due to flat terrain of the land, Arabian Sea water transgresses and regresses frequently leaving inland marshy and swampy, dotted with small to very large salt water bodies. CRRI team carried out extensive field work, recording the damages to embankment and road pavement, site conditions and after analysis of data, design of erosion control measures was carried out. The remedial measures broadly comprise of energy dissipation armour system of gabions and geotextiles to prevent loss of fill material. To undertake road embankment construction in waterlogged stretch, use of granular material has been suggested. Presently road embankment construction is under progress using back dumping technique and granular materials in water. Basal reinforcement using geogrids has been provided to facilitate road construction in tidal areas.

road research in india 2011-12 Further information / Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 4. Pilot Project for Construction of PMGSY Roads Using Jute Geotextiles Date of Start: July 2005 Date of Completion: Continuing I. Central Road Research Institute (R), II. Jute Manufactures Development Council (S), III. National Rural Roads Development Agency (I) Present Status and Progress This is a sponsored by Jute Manufactures Development Council (JMDC) under the aegis of NRRDA. Under this project 5 PMGSY roads in four states (Assam, M.P, Chattisgarh and Orissa), where construction work has been completed, have now been taken up for performance monitoring. The objective of the project is to study efficacy of Jute Geotextile (JGT) for drainage, erosion control, capillary cut-off and subgrade improvement and hence performance monitoring forms an important component of this project. Each of these PMGSY Roads, comprise of several subsections in which JGT of different varieties (woven, non woven and open weave), of different strengths and rot treated as well as non treated varieties have been laid to study their relative performance. Control sections without JGT have also been constructed. A distinguishing feature of these test roads is the construction of reduced pavement thickness sections where in JGT as drainage improvement layer has been laid above subgrade. During last year, Second cycle of visual condition survey of the test sections, recording of various types of distress in the pavement, shoulder area, embankment side slopes, Benkelman Beam deflection studies and determination of field CBR of subgrade soil using DCP test were carried out. Project Report has been prepared and submitted to JMDC. Reports/Publications Report has been submitted to Jute Manufactures Development Council. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Address: The Head, Geotechnical Engg. Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Mobile: 9868858380, Phone: 26832173, Fax: 011-26845943, E-mail ID: vittal.crri@gmail.com 5.

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Use of Coir Geotextiles in Road Construction Date of Start: April 2010 Date of Completion: On-going National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R

Present Status and Progress Status: Ongoing Progress: Laboratory experiments are conducted on weak soil reinforced using natural geotextiles like coir mattings with different mesh size (half inch and one inch), panama weave (commercial name given by manufacturer) and also polymeric geotextile like High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE). The improvements in soil properties obtained with the use of coir geotextiles were found out. It is proposed to lay test tracks and canal bank protection using biodegradable geotextiles like coir. The performance of the same will be monitored and evaluated. Further Findings/Conclusions/Supporting Data By providing geo-textiles the CBR value of weaker sub grades could be enhanced. Thereby, the pavement layer thickness can be considerably reduced and this facilitates the construction of roads in poor sub-grade soil areas. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678, Fax: 0471-2543677, E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com PROFORMA D: C. 1. R & D ACTIVITY REPORT BY CONSULTANCY FIRMS/CONTRACTORS/CONCESSIONARIES Design & Construction of Base Course and Sub grade Pavement Layers with Soil Stabilized Base Course (SSB) for Lighter and Durable Highway Crust. Date of Starting and Duration: 10.12.2011 Date of Completion: 17.12.2011 I. India Polyroads Pvt. Ltd. (IPPL), Gurgaon, Haryana II. Border Road Organisation (BRO), New Delhi

42 Scope and Objectives

General Report On criteria for rutting and fatigue cracking in bituminous layers are given as Equations 1 and 2 respectively. There after the highway stretch had been constructed with an over strength Nano Polymer Base Liquid called SoilTech MK-III, as a composite SSB (Soil Stabilized Base) Layer. While calculating the stress/strain failures in Layer Theory formulated in IRC: 37 for this crust, it was found the reduced crust itself is more than enough to take 9 CBR & 6 MSA design over a period of 15 years. Interim Conclusion a) The usage of Nano Polymer base SoilTech MK-III has been optimized at 0.5 to 0.55% by weight of Mix to be stabilized for cost effective SSB Layer. In case, soil criteria dont suit, then additional blending of material recommended. b) The Geotechnical Characteristics, Laboratory results and field in-situ results of many type of soil stabilization are available. It is now time to evaluate the standard of each based on Strength, Durability and Ease of Application. The outcome results of SoilTech MK-III is substantially higher than any other stabilizer and as it is used in OMC Ratio with water to be pulverized, the ease of application and misuse in this case is zero. c) Performance of real time traffic stimulation for last six (06) month shows that ; this SSB Layer in construction enhances the pavement life and also minimizes the maintenance cost of pavement. d) Alternate composite design and pavement save Time and enable first construction. e) SoilTech MK-III- Engineered a SSB Layer with much more strength then WMM (A IDEAL BASE COURSE WITH more than 3000 Mpa strength). SoilTech MK-III-Economized the project substantially. The Ecological contribution of SoilTech MK-III used roads is excellent and over 50% then the conventional crust reducing MAN, MACHINE & MATERIAL consumption. Further Details can be obtained from India Polyroads Pvt. Ltd., Plot No.-115, Sector-44, Gurgaon-122 002, Haryana, Mobile: +91 9560106662 Phone: +91124 4477743/47, Fax: +91124 4477748, E-mail id: ippl-gurgaon@ippl.net.in

To assess the suitability of SSB Layer with Nano Polymer base SoilTech MK-III for Road, Runway, Hard Strand Construction by comparing their Physical, Engineering, Financial and Execution time properties with those already implemented vide IRC Codes, MORT&H, MORD, NNRDA and State PWDs specifications by detailed Laboratory investigations. To correlate design procedure with IRC: 37; As per the Pavement Crust Catalogue frizzed in IRC: 37, Though; how the crust derived in catalogue not detailed but formulas are given for Layer Theory of Crust Design. Considering the same formula but different E-module value of higher strength Layer like SSB, design establishment has been derived for failure of Rutting & Fatigue and need to be endorsed. Design of Pavement Cross Section using SoilTech MK-III, considering the actual traffic to be stimulated over design life and site condition. Geotechnical Laboratory & field investigation to evaluate the suitability of material/design mix/ product application for real time construction. Quality execution and control assurance, guideline and its implementation at site. Monitoring of performance of Constructed Road over a period of time including monsoon which includes DCP Test and APTF simulates.

Methodology As per IRC:37-2001, trail pavement design are to be analyzed using linear elastic layered theory and maximum vertical strain on sub-grade and maximum tensile strain at the bottom of bituminous layer are computed for a standard load. Design thickness combination is so selected that the computed critical strain values, which correspond to the initial condition of the pavement, are less than the limiting strain values given by the performance criteria adopted in the guidelines. Limiting strain criteria have been given in IRC: 37 for two distresses: - rutting along wheel paths and fatigue cracking in bituminous layers. No separate criterion is available for rutting in bituminous layers. The

road research in india 2011-12

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III. BRIDGE ENGINEERING

SUMMARY
Bridge management consists of inventory, condition assessment with inspection or NDTs, distress diagnostics, load carrying capacity evaluation of existing bridge, prioritization and strengthening and rehabilitation. All these demand appropriate knowledge as well as technology for which research in our country is going on in a fast pace. Some of the research projects reported here in highlight the analytical and experimental studies. Also, in this context, field study of a PSC girder bridge including the rehabilitation scheme is presented. Health monitoring using smart materials, damage prognostics and mitigation are also interesting fields of study. Experimental Modal Analysis is being extensively used worldwide for distress diagnostics. Studies on fatigue remaining life assessment of bridge structures are also of great interest. Developing theoretical capability and assessing efficacy of different rehabilitation and strengthening techniques for bridge and its components using external prestressing or wrap methods (CFRP etc) is also another field of research. Understanding the process of material degradation due to chloride attack, carbonation, ASR etc, under aggressive environmental condition is ongoing research interest. Also, establishing the efficacy of mitigating efforts such as steel reinforcement with different anti-corrosive coatings in normal concrete or use of materials such as HPC with uncoated reinforcement is a need of hour. The impact of noise and vibration in congested urban built environment is another important issue. For example, noise and vibrations were enhanced in vicinity of a flyover due to movement of heavy vehicular traffic over it, causing intolerable conditions for residents in the nearby buildings. Assessment of noise and vibration levels, their cause and remedial measure is a point of study. Development of suitable inspection tools such as Mobile Bridge Inspection Unit and test facilities such as for testing of expansion joints for bridges is of interest to professionals. A total of 9 projects have been reported out of which four are completed and five are on-going.

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Distress Diagnostics and Rehabilitation of PSC girder Bridges 2. New techniques for Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges 3. Development of tools for Bridge Management and their implementation 4. Efficacy of Strengthening and Rehabilitation Techniques for bridges 5. Assessment of Noise and Vibrations Induced by Movement of Heavy Vehicular Traffic on Bridges and Flyover and their impact on nearby buildings 6. Indigenous Design and Development of Mobile Bridge Inspection Unit

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General Report On 26832173, 26831760, Fax: 011-26845943, 26830480, E-mail: director.crri@nic.in 2. Assessment of Noise and Vibrations induced by Movement of Heavy Vehicular Traffic on the Munirka Flyover on Outer Ring Road, Delhi Date of Start: Feb 2012 Date of Completion: March 2012 I. II. CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R,I) Public Works Department, Delhi (S)

A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME 1. Distress Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of a PSC Girder Bridge on Maskararo River, Chilkana Gandved route near Saharanpur (UP). Date of Start: Oct 2011 Date of Completion: April 2012 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R,I) UP Public Works Department, Lucknow (S) Scope and Objective The objective of this project is distress diagnostics of a PSC girder bridge and prescription of the rehabilitation scheme. Methodology This 2- lane bridge of 7.5m wide carriageway was built in 1973-74 and opened to the traffic around that time. The total length of this bridge is about 120 m arranged in a four span configuration of 29.0 m, 28.25 m, 28.25 m and 29 m length (approx) resting on three piers and two abutments, through steel roller-rocker type bearings and separated by expansion joints. The deck comprises the slab supported by two PSC girders and RC cross- girders. The investigations comprised of identification of causes of distresses in the girders, assessment of quality of in-situ concrete in different components of the bridge through NDT, and load testing of one span of the bridge to assess the existing load carrying capacity of bridge. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data Based on the investigations it is observed that the bridge is deficient in load carrying capacity and suitable scheme for rehabilitation and strengthening of the bridge are proposed. Significance/ Utilization Potential The findings of the study is useful for strengthening of the bridge Reports/ Publications Report on Distress diagnostics and rehabilitation of a PSC girder Bridge on Maskarao River, near Saharanpur, CSIR-CRRI, New Delhi, 2012 Further Information can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Delhi-Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 025, Phone: 011-

Scope and Objective To study the noise and vibrations due to movement of heavy vehicular traffic on the Munirka Flyover, its impact on the buildings in its vicinity and suggesting remedial measures for reduction of noise and vibration levels. Methodology The following methodology was adopted: Field measurements of parameters such as noise levels, acceleration and vibration velocity in X, Y & Z directions at various locations of the flyover and nearby residential buildings Measurement of displacement of the flyover superstructure during the movement of vehicles Analysis and comparison of field data with respect to noise and vibration with permissible limits Identify the cause for noise and vibration Suggestion of remedial measures to mitigate the noise and vibration problem of residents of nearby areas.

Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data The measured noise levels at many residential buildings on both sides of the Munirka flyover are found to be high in night time compared to the CPCB recommended value of 45 dB by CPCB as the existing noise barriers was not fully effective in eliminating the airborne noise/ vibrations therefore, suggestions have been given to modify these noise barriers. Based on the instrumentation and monitoring of the flyover and the surrounding buildings it has been observed that the frequencies of vibration of the flyover were quite close to the surrounding buildings which may cause enhancement of the vibratory response of the buildings particularly in night. However, the buildings were found to be safe due to traffic induced vibrations since these are RCC framed buildings.

road research in india 2011-12 The measured displacements of bridge superstructure were found to be within the prescribed limits as per IRC guidelines. Several measures have been proposed to reduce the noise and vibration levels felt at the nearby buildings due to the movement of vehicular traffic. Significant Utilization /Potential The findings of the study when suitably implemented will help to mitigate the noise and vibration felt by the residents in the vicinity of the said flyover. Recommendations for Further Work More detailed studies are required to establish the serviceability criteria with respect to displacement and vibration of flyovers with steel concrete composite deck. Reports/ Publications Report on Study of Vibration due to movement of heavy vehicular traffic on Munirka Flyover on Outer Ring Road, CSIR-CRRI, New Delhi, 2012 Further Information can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Delhi-Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 025, Phone: 1126832173, 26831760, Fax: 011-26845943, 26830480, E-mail: director.crri@nic.in B. 1. On-Going / Completed Projects Structural Health Assessment Management of Bridges Date of start : April 2009 Target date of completion: March 2012 CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai Present status and Progress Status : Completed Year of last report : 2011 Progress: I. Studies on damage assessment Experimental Modal Analysis using and

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and observed the damage behaviour at pre-yielding, yielding, post-yielding and ultimate stages. The reinforcement of the slab was instrumented with strain gages to get strain response during the static and dynamic loading. Vibration testing has been carried out on the slab by exciting with electro dynamic shaker and instrumented impact hammer. Vibration responses have been measured using the set of accelerometers fixed at bottom of the slab. Vibration testing has been carried out at undamaged as well as after each level of damage introduced by static loading. Because of limited number of sensors, roving acceleration testing was performed using five roving accelerometers with two reference accelerometers. The roving accelerometer setup as well as the excitation being applied using APS400 shaker and impact hammer is shown in Fig.1. First three bending modes were extracted from the synchronised roving accelerometer test data using enhanced frequency domain decomposition technique after restraining the support vertical displacements. Based on the signal analysis of the vibration data, two linear parameters; viz., frequency and damping which can be used as damage indicators were analysed. The linear damage indicators which can be immediately identified are the changes in frequencies and mode shapes. The frequency changes at different levels of damages were plotted and from which it can be observed that reinforced concrete immediately starts to crack in a continuous process and thus reduces stiffness and eigen frequencies.

Fig.1 Roving acceleration setup, excitation using electrodynamic shaker and instrumented impact hammer II. Studies on effect of corrosion on static and dynamic behaviour of RC structures

Experimental modal analysis has been carried out on the reinforced concrete slab strip to study the effect of damage on vibration characteristics towards identification of damage. Damage has been induced on the beam by applying static load in increments

Experimental investigations were carried out on post-tensioned prestressed concrete beams of size 150x300x3000mm with M45 grade concrete, to study the effect of tendon corrosion on the static and dynamic behaviour of the beam. The prestressing wires used in the beam have been subjected to predetermined level of accelerated corrosion. At different corrosion levels, static and vibration testing of the beams were carried out to obtain the static and vibration responses which further were analysed for identifying the corrosion damage in the beam. Initial corrosion test was conducted on two prestress wires to study the change in stress and strain with

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General Report On assuming uniform surface corrosion rate of 0.03mm/ year. The reliability index curve was modified to account for corrosion effect.

corrosion. Accelerated corrosion was induced on two 7mm dia HTS wires, length 600mm to induce uniform corrosion in the wire as it occurred natural way and to find reduction in the capacity and diameter of wire. Measured average weight of metal loss and final diameter of the corroded bar were 34 grams and 5.6mm, respectively. Tension test on the corroded and uncorroded bars were conducted. From the tests, it was found that the ultimate stress of corroded bar was reduced by 22% compared to that of uncorroded bar. Ultimate strain of corroded bar was 0.44 times that of the uncorroded bar. Static and vibration tests have been conducted on the beam with and without prestress before the start of the accelerated corrosion test. Fig.2(a) shows the experimental test setup of the beam and Fig.2(b) shows the setup for accelerated corrosion testing. Static loading was applied up to first cracking stage and the load deflection curve up to first cracking stage and the tensile and compressive strains at bottom and top on concrete surface at mid-span of beam were plotted. III. Studies on fatigue remaining life assessment of bridge structures

Fig.3: Strain-time history at welded section Further findings / Conclusions / Supporting Data Formulation of procedures for experimental modal analysis of reinforced concrete structural elements for evaluation of changes in vibration characteristics with the progression of damage Studies on effect of corrosion on fatigue remaining life of the girder and the evaluation of reliability index curve incorporating corrosion effect Experimental investigations on post-tensioned prestressed concrete beams to study the effect of tendon corrosion on the static and dynamic behaviour of the PSC beams. Exclusive vibration testing procedure to identify linear and nonlinear damage indicators based on modal data and signal analysis techniques Identification of two important nonlinear damage indicators, viz., phase plane and super-harmonics for identification of damage in non-homogeneous structures such as reinforced concrete

Studies were carried out on fatigue remaining life assessment of a typical plate girder steel bridge. Different fatigue damage models and Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) have been considered for evaluating the remaining service life of a typical steel railway bridge. The models were used to evaluate the reimaging service life of the bridge using the data of strain-time histories obtained from the experimental investigations. The strain response (Fig.3) from the weld due to passage of the train has been considered. By considering the uncertainties in load model and model factor obtained from stress analysis, the reliability index versus fatigue remaining service life curves were developed. The fatigue remaining life of the girder by incorporating corrosion effect was also evaluated by

Fig.2 (a) Experimental setup (b) accelerated corrosion test

road research in india 2011-12 Development of procedures for fatigue remaining life assessment of steel plate girder bridges using various fatigue damage models Numerical finite element simulation of reinforced concrete structural components using nonlinear transient dynamic analysis for evaluating damage indicators based on vibration characteristics. Numerical simulation studies on performance upgradation of masonry arch bridges based on nonlinear analysis incorporating soil-structure interaction.

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6. Srinivas, V. and Ramanjaneyulu, K., Development of inventory and inspection modules for bridge management system, The Bridge and Structural Engineer, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2011, 1-8 7. Srinivas, V., Ramanjaneyulu, K. and Antony Jeyasehar, Multi-Stage approach for structural damage identification using modal strain energy and evolutionary optimization techniques, Intl. Journal of Structural Health Monitoring, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2011, pp. 219-230. (IF : 2.115) 8. Srinivas, V., Saptarshi Sasmal, Ramanjaneyulu, K. and Nagesh R. Iyer, Vibration testing of a concrete bridge for evaluation of modal characteristics, Journal of the Bridge & Structural Engineer, Vol. 39, No. 3, September 2010, pp. 31-44 9. Srinivas, V. and Ramanjaneyulu, K., Artificial neural networks for structural damage detection using modal data, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 91, May 2010, pp. 3-9 10. Srinivas, V., Saptarshi Sasmal and Ramanjaneyulu, K., Studies on methodological developments in structural damage identification, Int. Journal of Structural Durability and Health Monitoring, Vol.5, No.2, 2009, pp.133-160 Recommendations for Dissemination / Revision of Codes The developed procedures/ methodologies and the new knowledge created is being implemented on existing steel, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete and masonry arch bridges for assessment of health under real time loading conditions. 2. Behaviour of Shear Deficient Beams Strengthened by Externally Embedded Reinforcement Date of Start: March 2009 Date of Completion: June 2011 CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R, I) Scope and objective The objective of the project is to study the performance of rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) beam specimens strengthened by externally embedded reinforcement. Also, to study the enhancement of shear capacity in comparison to standard specimens for field applications for strengthening of bridge component. Present status and Progress Rectangular reinforced concrete beams of size 150x250x2000 mm were fabricated in the laboratory

Recommendations for further Work In the present project, relative damage assessment of structural components was carried out by exciting them with impact hammer / electrodynamic shaker. Single shaker with multiple outputs (SIMO) is found to give good estimate of modal information. For large scale structures, procedure involving multiple shakers with multiple outputs (MIMO) needs to be developed. Also, as the sensor technology is improving, a potential application of dynamic testing is linking this with wireless communications and GPS (global positioning systems) which will certainly make dynamic system identification a possibility for remote health monitoring. Reports / Publications 1. Srinivas V., Saptarshi Sasmal, Ramanjaneyulu K., and Nagesh R.Iyer, Experimental investigations on the performance evaluation of plate girder bridge under increased axle loads, The Bridge & Structural Engineer ING-IABSE, Vol. 41, No.4, Jan 2012, pp. SIV-1 SIV-12. 2. Saravana Kumar, K., Saptarshi Sasmal, Srinivas, V. and Ramanjaneyulu, K., Evaluation of dynamic amplification factors for a typical railway bridge, Journal of The Bridge & Structural Engineer, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2011, pp. 1-16 3. Srinivas V., Antony Jeyasehar C., Ramanjaneyulu K., Saptarshi Sasmal, Experimental Investigations on Effect of Damage on Vibration Characteristics of a Reinforced Concrete Beam, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A:, Volume 93, Issue 1 (2012), Page 45-54 4. Srinivas V., Antony Jeyasehar C., Saptarshi Sasmal and Ramanjaneyulu K., Modal characteristics based computational approaches for structural damage identification Journal of Structural Engineering [JoSE], Vol.39, No.1, 2012, pp.61-68. 5. Saibabu.S, Jayaraman,R., Lakshmanan.N., and Nagesh R. Iyer, Experimental study on behaviour of segmental joints Journal of Structural Engineering [JoSE], CSIR-SERC, Chennai, Vol. 39, No.1, 2012, pp 84-89.

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General Report On of FRP for shear strengthening is comparable with the specimen having internal shear stirrups. Limitations of Conclusions or Interim Conclusions The study does not cover the behaviour under the dynamic loading. Recommendations for Further Work More studies are needed to consider the affect of the shear stirrups in NSM shear strengthening. Reports/ Publications 1. Report entitled Behavior of shear deficient Beams strengthened by Externally embedded Reinforcement( OLP-470), CRRI, New Delhi. 2. S. K. Sharma Narendra Kumar, Sushil Kumar Lakshmy P. (2011), Study of Cracked RCC Beam Strengthened in Shear with CFRP Laminates, Proceedings, National Conference on Repair and Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures, Noida, May 6-7, pp:248-257. 3. S.K Sharma, Lakshmy P, Sushil Kumar, Narendra Kumar (2012), Performance of Shear Deficient RC Beams Strengthened by Using Near Surface Mounted (NSM) CFRP Plates, Vol 40. No. 6,June 2012, pp105-115. Further Information can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Delhi-Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 025, Phone: 01126832173, 26831760, Fax: 011-26845943, 26830480, E-mail: director.crri@nic.in 3. Development of one Prototype of the Bridge Inspection Unit Date of Start : April 2008 Date of Completion (Targeted) : March 2013 I. II. CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R,I) Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi (S)

with different deficiency in shear capacity. The specimen were strengthened by using near surface mounted reinforcement such as steel strips and Carbon Fiber Reinforced plastic (FRP) strips at an inclination of about 45 degree to the longitudinal axis of the beam. The strips were embedded after carving out grooves on the both vertical face of the beam in shear region. The minimum groove width of the groove was kept 3 times the thickness of the strip and depth about 1.5 times the depth of the strip. The specimens were instrumented for strain measurements and deflection during the testing. Specimens were tested under three-point loading which was applied through hydraulic jack

Fig. 1 Failure modes of some of the tested specimens Further findings/Conclusions/Supporting Data Strengthening of structures with Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) FRP as well as steel reinforcement is an economical and feasible technique. From the laboratory study it has been observed that NSM technique reduced the risk of debonding in comparison to externally bonded technique due to better bond. Further it is also observed that the rehabilitation of concrete structure using externally embedded reinforcement in the concrete cover (NSM) technique is quite effective for shear deficient elements. The carbon FRP strips did not rupture as the recorded strain was less than the effective strain. The ratio test to theory shear contribution by NSM strips (Vfdtest/ Vfthry) of the NSM strips obtained was more than one (safety condition) in all the specimens. The same is the case on considering the ratio of Vutest and Vuthry. The NSM shear strengthened specimens have exhibited a higher stiffness, mainly after the initiation of the shear crack. The contribution

Present Status and Progress Status: Ongoing/Completed: Ongoing Year of Last Report: 2011 Progress To facilitate the distress diagnostics and repair of a bridge situated over a river, it was planned to indigenously develop a truck mounted device called

road research in india 2011-12 the Mobile Bridge Inspection Unit (MBIU). The MBIU is being designed developed jointly by CSIR-CRRI and (CSIR-CMERI-CoEFM, Ludhiana (erstwhile MERADO renamed as Centre of Excellence for Farm Machinery) with partial grants from DST. The objective of this project is to design and fabricate indigenously a mobile bridge inspection unit. The major activities involved in the development of the MBIU are a) Design of the structural frame and joints b) Fabrication of the frame and the joints, c) Procurement of a truck and the modification of its the suspension system, fixing of additional axles and modification of chassis, d) Construction of the test platform along with ramp (mimicking the bridge) for testing of various components over it before fitting on the truck, e) Fitting of the frames on the truck, f) Development and installation of the control system, to integrate the operations of various components of MBIU g) Testing and Demonstration of the functions of the MBIU. Regarding the present progress of the project, the activities (a) to (c) have been completed. The activity d) is in progress. Under the activity e), the frame and the joints have been tested individually for their intended functionality at the raised test platform. Design of control system to integrate the operations of various components of MBIU is complete and its installation and testing is in progress. Significance /Utilization Potential The Mobile Bridge Inspection Unit being designed and fabricated indigenously could be very useful for visual inspection/repair of inaccessible parts of a bridge with ease. The technology could be used in the fabrication of more number of less expensive MBIUs, which are very much required in our country. Limitations of Conclusions or Interim Conclusions Applicable for 2-3 lane bridges only. Reports / Publications: Interim reports Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Delhi-Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 025, Phone: 01126832173, 26831760, Fax: 011-26845943, 26830480, E-mail: director.crri@nic.in 4.

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Development of Structural Health Monitoring Schemes For Civil Engineering Infrastructure In India Using Smart Sensing Technologies Date of Start : April 2010 Date of Completion (Targeted) : March 2013 CSIR Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai

Present Status and Progress Status : Ongoing Year of Last Report : 2011 Conclusions Development of novel feature extraction techniques for damage identification of bridges Laboratory level demonstration of remote structural health monitoring techniques using IMote2 platform

Limitations of Conclusions or Interim Conclusions The work involves development of low cost remote / wireless smart structural health monitoring (SHM) strategies for ageing infrastructure especially railway / highway bridges. Further, the applicability of the developed strategy is demonstrated through an on-field pilot project. Guidelines are proposed to be prepared for scaling up the bridge monitoring of railway and highway bridges in India, which can be used to develop appropriate strategies for health monitoring of generic railway and highway bridges. The work also involves experimental demonstration of remote structural health monitoring techniques using MOTES (a sensor node, is also termed as a mote) at controlled conditions in laboratory and on-field and studies on structural health monitoring using electro-mechanical impedance techniques (EMI) using piezo-patches A report titled Experimental studies on remote structural health monitoring, covers the following areas of work carried out. The report covers the study carried out on remote structural health monitoring techniques using Imote-2 at laboratory and at a bridge site (VelacheriROB), Chennai. Experiments on EMI techniques for a metallic specimen and a bridge pier model are also covered. Response measurements carried out on an old and deteriorated bridge across Amaravathy River at Dharapuram and relevant conclusions on the condition of the bridge is briefly stated. Both wired and wireless sensors are used in both the bridge sites.

50 Reports / Publications

General Report On 3. 10% loss of prestress has been observed due to friction at deviations Limitations of Conclusions or Interim Conclusions The conclusions are applicable only for the cracked RC Beams strengthened by external prestressing with straight tendon and trapezoidal tendon profiles, in which limitation of the crack is such that the untensioned steel is not yielded. Reports/Publications Manisekar, R., Sivakumar, P., Lakshmikandhan K.N., and Ravichandran, R., (2012), Analysis of RC Beams by Section Analysis A Numerical Model and Validation, Proceeding of the National conference on Quest for Advancements in Civil Engineering, (QACE 12), SRM University, Chennai, 15th Mar. 2012, pp 131-135. Manisekar, R., Sivakumar, P., Lakshmikandhan, K.N, and Ravichandran, R., A Numerical Model on Ultimate Flexural Behaviour of RC Beams strengthened by External Prestressing using straight tendons, SERC Research Report No. R&D 04-CAD/OLP14441 RR -11, May 2011. R. Manisekar delivered a lecture on Numerical and Experimental Investigations on the Behaviour of Distressed RC Beams Strengthened by External Prestressing in the Expert Talk session of 72nd Annual session, Indian Roads Congress at Lucknow, India, on 4th November 2011.

N.Gopalakrishnan, et al, Experimental studies on remote structural health monitoring, Report on Grantin-aid Project GAP 4341-2, CSIR-SERC, May-2012. Further Information can be obtained from The Director, Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai - 600 113, Phone : 044- 22549201, Fax: 04422541508, E-mail ID: director@serc.res.in 5. Mathematical Modeling for Repaired Concrete Structures Date of start : October 2008 Date of completion : September 2012 CSIR Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai Present Status and Progress Status : Ongoing Year of Last report : 2011 Progress Experimental investigation has been conducted for two simply supported RC beams of span 3.74 m (section size: 150 mm x 275 mm) strengthened by external prestressing using straight and trapezoidal tendon profiles, as follow: Phase-I: Inducing cracks in the RC member under twopoint loading such that the strain in untensioned steel is around 80% of the yield strain, and removal of load. Phase-II: Strengthening by external prestressing while the member is subjected to 25 % of the calculated ultimate load to simulate the dead weight of a bridge girder. Phase III: Load testing of the strengthened member to study the post-strengthening flexural behavior till failure. Further Findings/Conclusions/Supporting Data 1. Flexural capacity of RC beams strengthened by external prestressing of trapezoidal tendon, singledraped tendon and straight tendon profiles was compared with experimental investigations. 2. External prestressing with trapezoidal tendon profile has performed better than that of deviated tendon profile and straight tendon profile in increasing flexural capacity, deflection recovery and reducing the deflection at post-strengthening stage.

Further information can be obtained from The Director, Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai-600 113, Phone: 044- 22549201 Fax: 04422541508, E-mail ID: director@serc.res.in 6. Study on corrosion susceptibility of steel reinforcement protected with anti-corrosive coatings/ special treatments on ordinary and high performance concrete (B-42 Research Scheme) Date of Start: June 2010 Date of Completion (Targeted): May 2015 CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R, I) Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi (S) Present Status: Ongoing Year of Last Report: 2011

road research in india 2011-12 Progress: The objective of this project is to evaluate the corrosion susceptibility of coated reinforcements embedded in ordinary concrete against high performance concrete made with un-coated reinforcement. The scope of the project consists of study of corrosion susceptibility of fusion bonded epoxy coated reinforcement (FBECR), hot-dip galvanized (HDG) bars, and thermo-mechanically treated (TMT) bars, embedded in the ordinary concrete with a 28 day compressive strength of 35 and 40 MPa, and the high performance concrete (HPC), of similar strength ranges, embedded with un-coated reinforcement bar. An Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) value of 800 coulombs and 1200 coulombs has been chosen as requirement for HPC. For the HPC mixes the following combinations (i) GGBFS + Silica fume, (ii) Fly ash + Silica fume, (iii) GGBFS + Fly ash + Silica fume have been selected. During the reporting period the material properties of epoxy coated rebars, hot dip galvanized bars and TMT bars were evaluated prior to their use for casting of various test specimens. Also, Six nos. of beam moulds, of size 2000 x 200 x 150 mm, and three nos. of slab moulds of size 100 x 500 x 500 mm were got fabricated in CRRI. Although, the conventional (carbon) steel was to be used as uncoated (reference) steel bar in the study, it was noticed that the same was not available in the market and only the TMT bars are available. Accordingly, with the permission from the sponsor, the TMT bars were used as un-coated reference bars. Accordingly, the TMT steel bars were purchased, and rebar cages for beams were fabricated One set comprising of rebars of different diameters and lengths (required for rebar cages and other tests) were sent to a zinc-coating applicator located in Delhi and got the galvanizing done on the rebars. Fusion bonded epoxy coated rebars (FBECR), of desired lengths and diameters in sufficient quantity, were procured from its manufacturer. Rebar cages of both the above special types of reinforcement were got fabricated. Concrete casting was carried out using ready mixed (conventional) concrete of grades M 35 and M 40. Reports/ Publications: Study on corrosion susceptibility of steel reinforcement protected with anti-corrosive coatings/ special treatments on ordinary and high performance concrete, Interim Research Reports B-42, CSIR-CRRI, March 2012. Further Information can be obtained from

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The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Delhi-Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 025, Phone: 01126832173, 26831760, Fax: 011-26845943, 26830480, E-mail: director.crri@nic.in 7. Creation of complete range of Independent facility for testing of expansion joints at CSIRCRRI New Delhi ( B-34 Research Scheme) Date of Start : June 2005 Date of Completion (Targeted): Dec. 2013 CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R,I) Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi (S) Scope and Objective The objective of this Research Scheme is to establish the complete test facilities for testing of different types of expansion joints widely used in bridges as well modular joints, such as (i) (ii) Testing of raw materials used in the fabrication of expansion joints such as chloroprene and steel Performance evaluation of expansion joints by (a) cyclic motion test (ii) debris expulsion test, (iii) Pullout test (iv) Opening movement vibration test and (v) fatigue test and (vi) seal push out test

Present status and Progress: Present Status: Ongoing Year of Last Report: 2011 Progress: During the reporting period, the facilities created for testing of raw materials used in the fabrication of expansion joints are enlisted in Table 1. Reports/ Publications 1. First Interim Report on Creation of complete range of Independent facility for testing of expansion joints at CRRI, Research Report Research Scheme, B-34, CSIR-CRRI, July-2011. 2. Second Interim report of the project Creation of Complete range of Independent Testing Facility for Expansion Joints at CRRI, New Delhi, Research Report Research Scheme, B-34, CSIR-CRRI, March 2012.

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General Report On

Table: 1 Test Facilities Created at CSIR- CRRI for Testing Raw Materials Used In Expansion Joints S. No. A. Type of Material Chloroprene Seal

Type of Property to Evaluate Hardness Tensile Strength Elongation of Fracture Tear Propagation Strength Shock Elasticity Abrasion Residual Compression Strain Ageing in hot air Change in hardness Change in tensile strength Change in elongation Ageing in Ozone Swelling behaviour in oil (ASTM Oil No. 1) Change in Volume Change in hardness Cold Hardening Point Adhesion Strength Polymer Identification test Mechanical Properties Tensile Strength Elongation at fracture Impact Thickness of Paint Coating Inspection of Weld Joints Inspection of Flaws in the material

Name of Standard ASTM D2240 ASTM D412 ASTM D412 ASTM D 624 C ASTM D 7121/DIN 53512 ASTM D 5963/DIN 53516 ASTM D 395, Method B ASTM D 573-04/DIN 53508

ASTM D 1149/DIN 53509 DIN 53509

ASTM D1043 IS:3400 Part 14 ASTM D 3677 IS: 2062, Grade B

B.

Edge Beam (Steel)

Further Information/ Copy of the Report Can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Delhi-Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 025,

Phone: 011-26832173, 26831760, Fax: 011-26845943, 26830480, E-mail: director.crri@nic.in

road research in india 2011-12

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IV. TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION

1. PLANNING & MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
Research works reported in the area of Traffic Engineering, Transportation Planning and Management were briefly Summarised. In this category most of the projects works were related to comprehensive traffic and transportation studies, route network planning, integration of Public Transportation, Urban speed management using ITS technologies. In this section there are eight completed projects and eighteen new projects Project reported on the construction of green field highway between Nedumbassery and Vytilla in Kochi will be feasible because of the heavy commuters and goods traffic in and around Kochi. Study related to widening, strengthening and extension of Tippu Sultan Road in Kozhikode has been carried out to provide connectivity to the Malabar region of other regions of kerala. Development of micro-simulation based driving cycle for application to fuel consumption and emission in real world condition has been undertaken. Application of headway and driving cycle to understand traffic condition in Silchar and Shilong city is being carried out.

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Assessment of Drivers Driving Characteristics. 2. Route Network Planning 3. Integration of Public Transportation. 4. Comprehensive Traffic and Transportation Studies 5. Travel Time Related Performance Measures 6. Urban Speed Management Using ITS 7. Green field highways 8. Micro-simulation based driving cycle 9. Application of headway and and driving cycle

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General Report On Further Information/ Copy of Report can be obtained from The Head, Traffic Engineering and Safety Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in 2. Driving Effect on Visual Fatigue and Blood Pressure of the Drivers Date of Start: August 2011 Date of Completion: September 2012 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Objective and Scope of the Study The main purpose behind this study was to test the physiological status of the drivers before and after exposure in real traffic environment. Methodology Data collected from 15 drivers participated in pilot study whereas 56 drivers participated in the main study. All the drivers were aged between 26 to 36 year age group. The drivers were administered Visual fatigue test after Blood Pressure monitoring and before starting the on field driving test and again the same test were repeated with the blood pressure monitoring after returning from the driving test (without resting). The data collected was analysed on the basis of drivers age, gender, profession, qualification and driving experience. Findings Drivers were showing very high BP and showing hypertension situation before going to field test. 14% drivers had pulse rate before above 92 pulse rate. Only 36% drivers were showing up to 72 BPM pulse rate which highlight that the drivers were very stressful and hyper tensed during the pretesting conditions During post trip session only 26% drivers were having above150 mmhg systolic blood pressure while other were showing lesser B.P. ; while 68% driver were having 80 mmhg or below diastolic blood pressure level which is showing a good sign of mental relaxation Data analysis revealed that VF values i.e Visual Fatigue Values decreased after field test. 4% drivers and 5% drivers have shown 50-55 Hz and 45-50 Hz VF values i.e. both eyes visual fatigue values before field test period which is very high and showing high Visual Fatigue but after field test i.e. Post test period drivers were somehow relaxed and shown lesser visual fatigue values on higher

A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME 1. Assessment of Drivers Driving Characteristics Using Advance Driving Simulator. Date of Start: Sept 2011 Date of Completion: August 2012 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Scope and Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between driver distraction level and different distraction stimuli with the frequency and types of risk taking practices while driving. Methodology Sample: 55 male, female learner and professional drivers participated in this study. Process: In the present study participants were conducted driving tests in both highway and city area under simulated high traffic conditions. They were tested by under various distractions levels e.g. using cell phone dialling and SMS while driving, chatting to the peer group, listening music, changing CD and doing hand movements while driving and the number of correct responses and numbers of errors committed were measured . The data collected was analysed on the basis of drivers age, gender, profession, qualification and driving experience. Significance/ Utilization Potential The study highlights various distraction levels of the drivers of both genders and pattern of risk associated with using mobile phones while driving and also analysis of crash patterns due to the lack of his/her concentration level while driving. Conclusions/ Findings Overall percentage of all the sample committed less errors without distraction Female drivers performed more safe with and without distraction Professional drivers and more experienced drivers were taking more risks e.g. high speeding, signal violations as compared to learner and newly experienced drivers Male drivers committed more errors while calling on cell phone while females did more errors while typing text messages Highly professional drivers were showing false self perception and over confidence

road research in india 2011-12 side i.e. 0% at 50-55 Hz for both eyes and 2% for 45-50 Hz. Significance/Utilization Potential The findings of this study are significant enough to address the present working conditions and hours of working schedule of the professional drivers in India. As per Motor Vehicle Act 1988, 8 hour is the norm to be followed in terms of maximum working hours in a day for the commercial drivers, it is invariably seen that Indian commercial work more than 12 hours which is not only hazardous for the drivers health but also increases the chances of road crashes due to physical and mental fatigue. It is essential to follow a realistic work schedules that takes care of the realities of traffic congestion, needs for breaks and rest periods. This should be kept in mind to ensure that drivers do not become the principal victims in absorbing the failures of the transport system and the workers that bear the brunt of cost cutting. Drivers should be given longer breaks and wherever possible breaks that facilitate adequate rest. Further Information/ Copy of Report can be obtained from The Head, Traffic Engineering and Safety Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi 25, E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in 3. Analysis of Driver Behaviour and Crash Characteristics during Adverse Weather Conditions Date of Start: May 2012 Date of Completion: May 2014 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Scope and Objectives To capture drivers visual and measurable fatigue during fog driving under simulated environment and realistic setting. To investigate and analyze drivers choice of headway and speed in fog under simulated environment and realistic setting. To investigate if the choice of speed and headway are affected by the vehicle they drive or follow (under simulated environment and realistic setting).

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and rainy conditions: During the data collection, primary focused was on individual reactions to driving conditions. There was increasing focus on the behaviour of individual drivers age, and other factors like fatigue etc. which impact driver behaviour. In this part psychophysical tests e.g. visual fatigue test, visual acuity test along with the driving simulation tests were conducted to analyze the driver behaviour i.e. crash characteristics, risk taking practices, reaction time under rainy and foggy conditions. b) The observation and analysis of drivers driving characteristics in field setting: Field observations of drivers speed variations have been measured to understand how individual drivers respond to certain stimuli, and how specific categories of drivers respond. In this part this drivers characteristic have been measured with the help of the GPS based instrument VelocityBox (V-Box) fitted with the three cameras to measure drivers reaction time, behavioural movements and road assests during the acquisition. First camera was allowed to monitor of eye movements and other facial movements. Its field-of-view accommodated drivers of varying heights and seating positions. Second camera was providing a wide view of the forward roadway without substantial distortion. This Camera was located in the center rear-view mirror and did not obscure any part of the drivers view of the roadway or impair his/ her use of the mirror. This camera served to collect relevant data from the forward scene (e.g. traffic density, signs and markers, and headway). Third camera was providing a view of drivers foot movements which was stored automatically for measuring the reaction time of the driver during different traffic conditions. The study second part will be conducted during extreme winter foggy conditions (December and January) and an evaluation of relationships of all drivers personality characteristics. Factor analysis will be conducted to analyse several at-risk driving behaviours and a cluster of correlated driving behaviours will be identified which will share a common characteristic as aggressive/impatient driving. This correlated cluster of driving behaviour will provide objective support for the assumptions of response generalization and characteristics and driving style will be analysed to find out the drivers problem behaviour theory. Results will be discussed with regard to implications for safe driving interventions and a suggesting remedial for problembehavioursyndrome. Significance/ Utilization Potential Human factors research is an important element in the analysis and design of these systems. Significant part of the project would be obtaining driver behavioural data at reverse weather conditions. The study will also focus on crash modelling in fog, which will provide

Methodology This study has been conducted in two parts: a) The observation and analysis of drivers R.T. and other behaviour in Laboratory setting under foggy

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General Report On Methodology a) Field studies and data collection: Collecting the following primary data to understand the existing problems and to analyze traffic demand i. ii. iii. iv. Road Inventory Survey Classified Traffic Volume Count Surveys Speed and Delay Survey Pedestrain Voulme Count Survey

insight about possible damages and injuries in fog related crashes. The final project report will address the answers of the four research questions identified in this study. Specifically there will be findings related to drivers state, and pattern of crashes during rain and foggy conditions. Based on these findings the research team will also recommend ways by which frequency and severity of incidents can be reduced by providing drivers with enough information about the roadway and traffic conditions as well as through better traffic management during adverse weather conditions. Field observations of decreased speeds and greater headways can be better understood by observing how individual drivers respond to certain stimuli, and how specific categories of drivers respond. This information is particularly helpful in light of the growing deployment of ITS technologies. Motorist warning systems that notify drivers through roadside Dynamic Message Signs (DMS) about weather-related conditions such as fog, flooding, or slippery pavement are deployed by some transportation agencies. The benefits of these systems can be maximized if agencies can optimize the location and provide the most effective warning on the sign itself. Further Information /Copy of Report can be obtained From The Head, Traffic Engineering and Safety Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in 4. Traffic Studies for Junction Improvement of Major Road Corridors in Ahmedabad Date of Start: Jan 2011 Date of Completion: Jan 2012 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Scope and Objectives To conduct appropriate traffic studies to quantify the traffic problems and traffic characteristics at identified intersections. Estimation of future traffic and its distribution at peak hours for each intersection for the next 10 years. Preparation of typical junction improvement plans conceptual for identified Intersections. The traffic studies shall be conducted for 34 (Thirty Four) intersection as identified by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation

b) Secondary Data Collection: Secondary information such as vehicles population, land-use data, ongoing and future envisaged developments in the surrounding areas will be useful in evolving junction improvement plans. Existing available detailed project reports and proposed land use plans/ master-plans, by local governments on traffic and transportation situations on AMC road network. c) Data analysis and interpretation: Estimating the Traffic volume based on traffic volume survey and estimating future demand by considering primary and time series data (secondary data) for next 10 years. d) Preparation of Junction improvement Plans: Interim Conclusions The Share of Car in total vehicle composition varied from 8% (Dinesh Chamber Bapu Nagar Intersection) to 49% (Prahlad Nagar Intersection on SG Road). The average share iof Car s about 22%. The Share of Two wheeler in total composition varies from 28% (Dinesh Nagar Intersection on SG Road) to 66% NagarChar Rasta). The average share Wheeler is about 46%. vehicle Prahlad (Pragati of Two

The share of Buses ranges from 0.5% to 5%. The average share at all intersection is about 1%. The percentage share of Buses is higher on BRT corridor (average 3%). The highest percentage share of Buses was observed at Paldi Intersection (5%). The average Travel Time per kilometer is about 4.5 minutes on speed and delay study road network (45.87Km). The average total delay per kilometer varies in between1 to 2 minutes on study corridors.

Recommendations Provision of Grade Separated Facility: 17 Junctions are categorized as top priority, 9 Junctions fall

road research in india 2011-12 under second priority and 8 Junctions fall under third priority, based on Base year and Horizon year traffic flow. For these junctions It is recommended to provide Grade separated facility in Phase wise Provision of Continuous NMT Lanes : Provision of Foot Paths at Intersection Island Improvements Signs and Road Markings Redesign of Signal Phase Parking Regulations

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test routes will be selected both in urban and free driving conditions on morning, noon and evening peak. Data Collection: Data will be collected in to two different types of driver one young and old age. The driving will be carried out on five different days and week off days. Selection of data variable Data analysis and result

Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in Phone 011-26312268 Fax 011-26845943 6. Mobility Plan for West Kallada Panchayath in Kollam District Date of Start : April- 2011 Date of Completion : March- 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) - R Scope and Objectives The scope of the study is to understand the quality and extent of roads in the West Kallada Grama panchayath in Kollam District and to prepare a mobility plan for West Kallada Panchayath. Methodology The methodology adopted for the study includes: Collection of Secondary Data Reconnaissance Survey Inventory Survey Prioritization of roads and Phasing of Roads Grama

Reports/ Publications Conceptual Drawings Improvements. for Intersection

Draft Final Report submitted to Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC)

Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in Phone 011-26312268 Fax 011-26845943 5. Effect of Headway Due to Type of Lead Vehicle for Urban and Non-Urban North East Region A case study in two city in North East Region. Date of start: March 2011 Date of completion (Targeted/Actual): March 2013 I. II. CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) and NIT Silchar

Scope and Objectives Application of headway and driving cycle to understand traffic condition in city. Effect of lead vehicle on headway Scope of the work will be initially restricted to Silchar and Shillong city corridors.

Significance/ Utilisation Potential The road transport network available in West Kallada Grama Panchayath of Kollam District was prioritized based on various geometric, social and economic indicators and a priority list of roads which are to be improved was prepared. Limitations of Conclusions/ Recommendations for further work The list includes a total of 18 roads (37.32 km), including to PWD roads. Of this, immediate attention should be

Methodology Literature review Instrumentation of Vehicle Instrumented vehicle Video V box will be used in car to follow the heavy vehicles that will record video picture of driver, real and foreward view along with road side video will be taken. NH3 and NH4

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General Report On Interim Conclusions/ Conclusions/ Supporting Data: The study identified the major bottlenecks for road development and proposed alternate solutions for diluting the problems. Significance /Utilisation Potential: The data obtained will be used for assessing the need for new infrastructure facilities required to be developed in the town taking into account its future developments also. Limitations of Conclusions The scope for developing bypass/ ring road for the town to be assessed and the alignment for the same to be identified. Reports/ Publications Road development plan for an emerging Town a case study of Kottarakkara Final Report Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 8. Route Network Planning of Inland Water Transport for Kerala Phase 1 Central Kerala Date of Start: March 2011 Date of Completion: March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre - (R) Scope and Objectives To assess the utilization of the waterway network for transport and to identify new routes for boat trips so as to establish an efficient and integrated transportation system for Kerala. Methodology The methodology involved a detailed survey of the waterways in the study area in order to take stock of the existing condition. The details regarding the boat operation, no. of trips, no. of passengers, location of jetties and connectivity to road etc. will be found out from primary surveys as well as sources like Tourism Department, Inland Waterways Authority of India,

given to the PWD roads as they have been found to be damaged all along its length. Water logging has been the main reason, causing damage to roads. The two district Panchayath roads also need to be improved at the earliest as they will serve a large population and other societal needs and have adequate Right of Way for widening. Other roads listed may be improved in a phase wise manner, taking into consideration of its weightage values. The roads need to be given priority those road width having six metres or above. The roads have a width of eight metres; they could be improved under some of the centrally sponsored schemes like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). Reports/ Publications Mobility Plan for West Kallada Grama Panchayath in Kollam District Final Report Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 7. Road Development Plan for an Emerging Town A Case Study of Kottarakkara Date of Start: April 2011 Date of Completion: March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) -R Scope and Objectives The scope of the study was to understand the existing transport infrastructure facilities available in the Kottarakkara Panchayath and to suggest and formulate strategies for improving the mobility within the region. Methodology Discussion with Local Administration Inventory of Roads/other transport infrastructure facilities Traffic Surveys Traffic Volume Surveys Midblock and Intersection Speed and Delay Survey Parking Survey Pedestrian Volume Count Survey Data Analysis

road research in india 2011-12 District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC), local bodies and private operators. O-D Survey and questionnaire survey will be conducted for finding out the travel demand. An integrated transportation plan will be prepared for the area including suggestions to develop the waterways so as to make them fit for navigation, by provision of navigational aids, jetties, landings and other infrastructure facilities. Proposals for integration of the waterways with other modes like road and rail etc. will be worked out so as to make the transportation system more efficient. Tourism potential of the area also will be studied and sustainable improvement proposals will be prepared. Significance/Utilisation Potential The outcome of the study will be an integrated transport network plan for Central Kerala, which will help the Govt. as well as private operators in the unorganized sector to efficiently plan their services. Improved water transport network will enhance the connectivity as well as economy of the region as a whole and will also result in increased tourism revenue. Limitations of Conclusions/ Recommendations for further work The use of waterways is reduced due to the construction of new bridges and roads. Waterways are to be developed for tourism purposes. Central Kerala including Ernakulam, Kottayam, Alappuzha and Kollam Districts has a dense network of feeder canals, well connected with NW-3. Even today, some of the habitats of Kuttanad region are not connected by all weather roads. There are other locations which are connected by road, but closer to canals. Congestion of roads due to increase in population and industries are another major concern. Improving navigation across the canal system will therefore change the very socio- economic scenario of the region. A comprehensive planning of the water transport system will help in achieving an efficient and well integrated transport system for the region. The cargo potential of the waterway is to be studied and a strategy for suitable vessel design is to be developed. Cargo availability is another important aspect to be studied in detail. Reports/Publications Interim Report Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828;

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Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 9. Traffic Improvement Plan for Kottayam Town Date of Start : April 2011 Date of Completion : March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R Scope and Objectives The scope of the study was to propose a traffic improvement plan for Kottayam town. Methodology Short term survey to assess the problems and to suggest suitable remedial measures: Discussions with various agencies Traffic Surveys Data Analysis

Significance /Utilisation Potential The short term measures suggested by NATPAC can reduce the overall traffic congestion in Kottayam town area. Limitations of Conclusions/ Recommendations for further work In the long run, it has to be ensured that by-passes in the form of a ring road are constructed for the city. Also suitable strategies should be adopted so that the town gets expanded in the horizontal direction. As two more Grama panchayaths has been recently added to the Municipal area, development activities may be spread in these areas and suitable land use planning may be done. Reports/ Publications Traffic improvement plan for Kottayam Town Final Report Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com

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General Report On Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 11. Integration of Public Transport - A Case Study of Thiruvananthapuram City Date of start : April 2011 Date of completion : March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) - R Scope and objectives The public transport services provided by State transport undertakings and private operators are seldom coordinated, causing hardships to travellers and regular commuters. Although it is possible to coordinate the transfer of passengers from one mode of public transport to the other, a holistic attempt has not been made to integrate public transport services through optimum utilization of available infrastructure and services. The objective of the study is to develop a methodology for optimizing the public transport services by providing effective coordination for transfer of passengers arriving by trains, to reach their destination in and around the City of Trivandrum. Towards this the following tasks have been performed: Study the present travel pattern of commuters at terminals Identification of data and survey to be conducted for the study Arrival and departure pattern of passengers by train at Trivandrum Central Railway Station between 06.00 hrs 22.00 hrs Collection of data on passengers boarding the existing bus services from the Central Railway Station to various destinations in the city Formulation of Objective Function and constraint equations of Linear programming approach for optimization focusing on minimizing passenger waiting time, and minimizing operator costs of the public transport providing the feeder services Working out an optimal bus frequency schedules for the feeder services

10. Shortest Path Analysis and Service Area Allocation for Ambulance Services in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation a GIS Approach Date of Start : May 2011 Date of Completion : May 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R Scope and Objectives Understand the existing transport infrastructure facilities available in the Corporation area. Find the shortest path for the ambulance to reach the site of accident and back to hospital and demarcate the service area served by each ambulance. Generate service area covered by a single ambulance, based on travel time (5 minutes or 10 minutes) and allocate ambulance in areas which are less served by them.

Methodology Analysis of data using the Arc GIS Network Analyst extension. Significance/Utilisation Potential Reliable and scientific data base of road network in Thiruvananthapuram Corporation generated, which will be beneficial for user agencies like PWD, Police and Health Department for planning and decision making. Limitations of Conclusions/Recommendations for further work/further proposed work: Shortest path for the Ambulance to reach the spot of accident and back to Hospital was calculated, which is having less impedance and shortest travelling time. The study suggested judicial placements of ambulances in the areas where there is inadequacy of Ambulances. Standalone GIS based software developed for finding shortest path and service area of Ambulances. An ambulance information system (AIS) can be developed which runs independent of the GIS software and can be uploaded in Internet.

Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from: Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828;

Methodology Optimization of passenger waiting time and operator cost are carried out by linear programming approach. The objective function and the constrain equation are formulated. The optimum frequency of buses along

road research in india 2011-12 each sub route was computed using a non-linear optimization model implemented using Solver in Microsoft Excel. Additionally a sensitivity analysis was performed for each route separately considering the effect of bus- frequencies on waiting time, the cost of waiting time and the bus operating cost. Rail passenger survey was performed on 1% of the total passengers arriving at Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway station from 6am to 10pm. Details on the preferred mode of travel, and the destinations were obtained in addition to information on the income and occupation, economic class, cost to travel to their destination and the average waiting time. The data obtained from the survey was used as inputs for objective function in order to get optimized frequencies for different routes. Conclusions From the traffic survey conducted at Trivandrum Central Railway Station, the general trend of arrival passengers during different hours of the day was found. It was found that the peak hours of travel were 6-8 hrs, 9-12 hrs, and 19-20 hrs, which contributed to 43% of the total passenger arrivals. The optimum frequency of buses was derived using the model for different routes and during different hours of day. It was observed that travel demand and the optimum frequency to meet the demand were different during different hours. Accordingly, the frequencies should be changed based on the demand rather than following a fixed schedule throughout the day. It was also found that the user cost and operator cost involved could be minimized by changing the frequency of buses operating along that sub-route. The analyses conducted proved that the bus-trips could be curtailed or diverted when the number of passengers along any route is below the specified limits. Optimization was done for all the three sub-routes of each route and the savings obtained when frequency of buses operating along the sub-routes is varied and the observations are as follows The observations on the optimization carried for Route 1 The average load factor at peak, mid-peak, and off-peak hours were found to be 0.857, 0.70, and 0.650 respectively, which were found to be within the operating load-factor constraints. The bus-trips operating at off-peak hours along the sub-routes A, B, and C, was between 40 and 51% when compared to buses operating during the peak hours. This proves that the frequency of buses operating along the Route 1 could be curtailed by 50% during the off peak hours. This could save a lot of resources particularly from operator side.

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The bus-trips operating at mid-peak hours along the sub-routes were between 46% and 90% when compared to buses operating during the peak hours.

The observations on the optimization carried for Route 2 are as follows: The average load factor at peak, mid-peak, and off-peak hours were found to be between 0.50 and 0.70 which were found to be within the operating load-factor constraints. The bus-trips operating at off-peak hours along the sub-routes A, and B, were about 63%, and 68 % respectively when compared to buses operating during the peak hours. Similarly, it be seen that bus-trips operating at midpeak hours along the sub-routes A, and B, were about 86%, and 77% respectively when compared to buses operating during the peak hours.

The observations on the optimization carried for Route 3 are as follows: The average load factor at peak, mid-peak, and off-peak hours were found to be between 0.54 and 0.650 which were found to be within the operating load-factor constraints. The bus-trips operating at off-peak hours along the sub-routes A, and B, were about 79% and 85% respectively when compared to buses operating during the peak hours. The bus-trips operating at mid-peak hours along the sub-routes A, and B, were about 79% and 107% respectively when compared to buses operating during the peak hours.

Significance of the study A methodology was formulated to find the optimum frequency of buses to meet the travel demand considering various factors like waiting time, number of passengers and operator cost. An attempt has been made to reach at the optimum frequency of buses desired in each route, which satisfies both the commuters and operators. Optimized frequencies for different routes during different time period was generated using the model. It was observed that for economic operation of services the number of buses should be changed as per the demand. The study proves that number of buses required during the mid peak and off peak hours is less than those for peak hours. Hence it is suggested to alter the frequency of buses during different category of time as per demand.

62 Reports/Publications Final Report

General Report On also critically examined. Based on the evaluation of predictive accuracy of selected parameters, a general guideline for realistic assumptions and forecasting of variables has been recommended. Major findings and conclusions Considerable attention has been given, over the last decade or so, to improve the specification of models and the estimation of the planning variables, but little attention has been given to the effect of errors on the accuracy of the forecast. Data from 19 urban transport studies of Trivandrum and Kochi cities, undertaken between 1981 and 2011, were used to evaluate their predictive accuracy. The comparison of demographic and socio-economic variables forecast showed a trend of overestimation while the traffic parameters indicated a lack of incorporation of fundamental shifts in economic growth and societal changes. On an average, demographic variables (population and employment) of both cities were overestimated by 24 percent for a forecasting period of 10 years. Almost all forecasts for land use types were overestimated by an average of 39 per cent in case of Trivandrum city, whereas for Kochi city, the forecasts were underestimated by an average of 17 percent. Traffic parameters like vehicle population and traffic flow were heavily under estimated for both cities by 13 to 94 percent. The changes in household income for the horizon year was not at all foreseen and accounted for in the modelling process. Thus an important variable like per-capita income was not forecasted for the horizon year and the base year value was incrementally taken which further led to irregularities in predicting the vehicle ownership levels and the total vehicle population. Therefore, there occurred a flaw in the traffic flow assignment on the road network. Further analysis of the data showed that an assumption of zero variation from base year situation had mixed response. Such an assumption would have produced smaller errors for socio-economic variables like population, employment in case of Trivandrum City and larger errors in case of Kochi City. Assumption of zero variation would have produced larger errors for traffic parameters. The traffic forecasts which were highly inaccurate combined with large standard deviations translate into large financial and economic risks. But such risks are typically ignored or downplayed by planners and decision-makers, to the detriment of social and economic welfare.

Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 12. Predictive Accuracy of Urban Transport Studies A Case Study of Trivandrum and Cochin in Kerala Date of start : Aprl 2011 Date of completion : March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) - R Scope and Objectives The scope of study is confined to selected cities in Kerala State. A case study of Trivandrum and Kochi Urban Area were selected to analyze the variations in the forecasts made. The objectives of the study are given below: i. To undertake an analysis of forecasting of socioeconomic variables, travel behaviour and traffic flow pattern that has influence on demand forecasting; ii. To evaluate the accuracy of forecast variables by comparing the study forecasts with the actual/ observed data in the selected city; iii. To critically examine the assumptions made in forecasts and the cause-effect in predictive accuracy of these variables; iv. To prepare general guidelines for realistic assumption and forecasting of input variables in such studies. Methodology Different organizations have undertaken comprehensive Traffic and Transportation studies for a number of towns in Kerala during the last 30 years. Over 35 towns have been covered under various urban transport studies in Kerala. Available data from these studies have been utilized to assess the accuracy of various parameters by comparing the study forecasts with the actual changes that have taken place. An evaluation of variations in planning variable like population growth, employment, land use, vehicle ownership, traffic volume etc was performed. The assumptions made in the study were

road research in india 2011-12 Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 13. Transport Infrastructure Development Plan for Harippad Town in Alappuzha district, Kerala Date of start : July 2011 Date of completion : December 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC)- R Scope and Objectives The aim of the study is to prepare a Transport Infrastructure Development Plan for Harippad Town in Kerala. The broad objectives of the study are given below: (i) To assess the present level of service of road and other transportation systems and to identify the traffic bottlenecks, in the study area; (ii) To collect traffic volume data on major roads and to assess the extent of shortfall of the road system; (iii) To assess geometric deficiency of road sections and requirement of parking and pedestrian facilities in Harippad; (iv) To formulate suitable short-term and medium-term improvement schemes for Harippad town; (v) To prepare long term Transport Development Plan for the study region. Methodology Keeping the general objectives of the study, the following tasks were carried out: i) Review of development proposals; ii) Collection of data through primary surveys; iii) Analysis and interpretation of data; iv) Preparation of improvement proposals and future development plan. For forecasting of future travel demand for the study, a horizon year of 2030 was considered and accordingly future levels of traffic on the road system were estimated. Based on the field studies and analysis of data, shortcomings in the existing road system have been identified and appropriate improvement proposals prepared. Improvement proposals are suggested in

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two stages namely: (i) Short-term improvements and (ii) Long-term transport development. Short-term measures are those schemes that involve no land acquisition which could easily be implemented in the next six months to one year period. These are intended to optimise the use of available road space and other transport facilities at minimum cost with maximum benefits. These schemes can, effectively, cater to the needs of Harippad Region the next five to 10 years. The various short-term schemes suggested are: Traffic improvement plan for central areas, road signage plan, parking-lots, provision of pedestrian facilities, segregated bus bay at selected bus stops and roadway beautification scheme. Long-term schemes are those that are essentially required to meet the anticipated traffic demand for the next 10-20 years period. The suggested proposals include: widening of existing roads to meet the required standards, construction of missing links, and improvement of road connectivity to Harippad Railway Station, development of off-street parking lots, integrated bus terminal and Transport Infrastructure Development Plan for the year 2030. A ring road for the town has been recommended as a part of long term road network plan. Reports/Publications Final Report Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 14. Traffic Forecasts for Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) System for Thiruvananthapuram City Date of start : March 2012 Date of completion : August 2012 I. National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R II. Infrastructures Kerala Ltd. (INKEL) Scope and Objectives Personal Rapid Transit system is a modern, demand responsive transit which uses automated pod-cars with battery operations running on elevated guide-way. Each pod will carry up to 6 passengers and operate with an average speed up 40 km/hour. It is intended to provide last mile connectivity to travellers in cities. The objective of the study is to identify major travel corridors

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General Report On Phase - 1: East Fort Thampanoor - Palayam with a connection to Govt. Secretariat. (Distance 3.8 Km.) Phase - 2: Palayam Museum -Vellayambalam Kowdiar Square (Raj Bhavan) and also a connection to Vellayambalam via Vazhuthacaud. (Distance 5.0 Km.) Phase - 3: East Fort Sreekandeswaram - Vanchiyoor General Hospital Kerala University and Palayam (Distance 3.5 Km.) The traffic demand estimated for the base year as well as for different horizon years justifies the guide way based pod-car operation in selected corridors of Thiruvananthapuram city. The proposed PRT System will serve as feeder transit service, providing last mile connectivity to Bus/Railway Stations, Govt. Secretariat and various activity centres in the city. With the introduction of PRT system, a substantial reduction of journeys by private vehicles and auto/ taxis would be possible, thereby resulting in significant reduction of traffic congestion in Thiruvananthapuram city. Reports/Publications Final Report Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 15. Role of IPT Modes in Medium Size City in Kerala A Case Study of Kozhikode Date of Start: April 2011 Date of Completion: March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre - (R) Scope and Objectives To analyze the growth and availability of IPT vehicles in the urban context To study the socio- economic aspects of the runners of the system To assess the role of the IPT system in the total urban transport as a case study including their adequacy aspects

for operating PRT system in Thiruvananthapuram City, estimate expected ridership between different stations and forecast ridership for various horizon years. Methodology The methodology adopted for the study is split up into a set of tasks as given below; a) Collection of traffic data and other relevant information both from primary surveys and secondary sources for arriving at base year travel demand models; b) Generation of base year travel pattern in the form of O-D matrices; c) Development of transit networks and validation of trips through traffic assignment; d) Calibration of base year travel demand models; e) Forecasting of transit ridership on selected routes of PRT network for a concession period taking into account of various alternative scenarios and fare sensitivity; f) Conducting fare sensitivity and risk analysis with respect to projected ridership. Conclusions It has been estimated that more than 8 lakh person trips were performed in a day in the study region, of which, almost 80 per cent of the movement had either origin or destination outside Thiruvananthapuram city region. The expected ridership for PRT system in the base year (2012) works out to 1.42 lakh person trips. The potential users of PRT system would include 46% of existing two wheeler users, 27% of bus users, 17% from among the car users and the rest of demand come from intermediate public transport modes like auto rickshaw and taxi users. The ridership would increase to 1.80 lakh trips if adequate parking facilities are provided at major transfer points and the time of operation of the system is enhanced to 20 hours a day. It is estimated that the ridership for PRT system would increase to 2.88 lakhs in the year 2020, and further increase to 8.45 lakh trips by 2045. The fare elasticity of travel demand is worked out as -0.81 implying that an increase of 10% fare level will result in 8.1% decrease in travel demand. Considering the anticipated passenger demand on different corridors of the proposed PRT network, a phased programme for implementation has been recommended for a distance of 12.5 Km in Thiruvananthapuram city.

Methodology Primary data collections such as vehicle operation, passenger attitude, were collected through questionnaire

road research in india 2011-12 and interview method. Further surveying involved with drivers and their socio- economic information. Necessary supportive statistics was collected through secondary data collection. Secondary data are available with sources like Unions, Motor Vehicle Departments, Police and City Administration. Necessary intra-city traffic and inter-city traffic studies were also conducted. Number of earlier studies conducted on citys traffic and transportation system were also used as secondary sources for the study. Interim Conclusions/ Conclusions The study results will be of interest for Motor Vehicle Department, Travel Operators, Trade Unions in the field and Travelling Public, The District Administration with Road Safety Council and Local Corporation can also benefit in policy formations with regard to timely actions on IPT system in the city as well as related stakeholders in general. Reports/ Publications Role of IPT Modes in Medium Size City in Kerala A case Study of Kozhikode - Final Report Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram - 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 16. Study on Gender issues of Mobility of Working Women Date of Start: April 2011 Date of Completion: March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre - (R) Scope and Objectives Working women form an important share on the working population in the state. The scope of the study consists of analyzing the issues related in the following aspects: Women do not have equal access to Private Motor Vehicles Women walk for work at times with head loads Women and Public Transport

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To suggest policies to improve the mobility aspects of working women

Methodology Primary surveys in institutions and households with questionnaires were carried out to elicit their socioeconomic characteristics, mobility pattern and issues. The Case studies on selected cross sections like: i. Low Income Group e.g. Fish Marketing class women, Kudumba sree members etc. ii. Middle Income Group e.g. Women staying away from homes, typical case of womens hostels. iii. High Income Group e.g. Women working in High salaried firms like IT industry - were covered under the study. Data collection through interview approach was initiated supported by secondary data collection. Trip characteristics like Origin-Destination, travel time, travel cost, purpose and frequency of trips, occupation and problems if any during the previous trips were collected from railway commuter survey and from womens hostel. Interim Conclusions/ Conclusions This study will help in making policies related to gender bias there by formulating problem solving measures by Governmental and Non-Governmental Agencies. Reports/ Publications Study on Gender issues of Mobility of Working Women Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram - 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 17. Urban Speed Management Using ITS Date of Start: 2011 Date of Completion (Target): 2013 i. National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli (R, I) ii. Ministry of Urban Development (S) iii. Indian Institute of Technology Madras (C)

The main objectives of the study are: To study the mobility levels of working women and to compare with non-working women and

66 Scope and Objectives Objectives:

General Report On feedback signs of the over speeding vehicles using VMS, Voice messages, Image display systems and studying the effect of speed warnings on the speed pattern. Stage IV: Implementation of the ITS technologies considered and assessing their suitability The chosen technologies have to be tried out on an experimental basis and in collaboration with City Corporation and Traffic Police of Tiruchirappalli city. The results of the implementation will be evaluated and compared with experiences in Delhi, Mumbai, etc. Conclusions Cars contribute around 50% of excess speed on Bharathidasan road, while on rest of the road excess speed is mainly contributed by two wheelers. There has been a significant variation of speed along previous non-accident zones following the accident zones. Speed prediction models were developed for roads with and without median. Linear and generalized linear models were used for developing models.

To identify and implement ITS tools in the area of urban speed management, applicable to Tiruchirappalli city traffic conditions. To explore the use of ANPR cameras for vehicle identification and speed detection of individual vehicles. To identify and propose the technology for providing appropriate speed warnings to those users violating speed limits and to study the influence of such warnings on the speed pattern. To explore the use of image processing technique in estimating speed of moving vehicles. To evolve guidelines and best practices for maintaining proper speed management. To develop human resources by training planners, traffic enforcement personnel and road users.

Scope: The scope of the study is to implement an efficient traffic regulatory and management system to regulate speed and in turn reduce the number of accidents as a result of increased speed through an efficient ITS tool and ensure safe and efficient travel in the study area, Tiruchirappalli City. Methodology Stage I: Identifying the required tools and locations for installing the tools The tools identified for the urban traffic speed management study are ANPR cameras that would capture images (of number plates of vehicles), at suitable resolution and frame rate; and RADAR/LIDAR speed meter and identifying the locations for installing the tools, based on traffic characteristics, accident data etc. The data collected would be transferred to a computer setup at a suitable location via long cable wires or Wi-Fi systems. Stage II: Analysing Urban Traffic Speed Using video detection technology the speed of vehicles is estimated using the ANPR cameras. The speed and the number plate of the vehicle extracted is transferred to a database for further operation. Stage III: Dissemination/utilization of information It is then proposed to utilize the information obtained on speed profiles estimated using both the technologies for managing the traffic by providing suitable driver

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. S. Moses Santhakumar, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu 620 015, Phone: 04312503155 E-mail ID : moses@nitt.edu 18. Pre-Feasibility Study for Constructing a Green Field Highway between Nedumbassery and Vytilla in Kochi Date of start : February 2012 Date of completion : Draft Final Report on April 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) -R Scope and objectives The main objectives of the study are: 1. To assess the existing and projected traffic situation in Kochi and adjoining region; 2. To explore the scope for constructing a new Bypass between Kundannur and Athani along NH 47 connecting the Nedumbassery International Air port and and Vyttila Hub entirely on a Greenfield alignment; and

road research in india 2011-12 3. To carry out necessary techno-economic evaluations for selecting the most feasible alignment for the above green field road. The scope of the study covers only the preliminary technical aspects of identifying all possible alignments, assessment of existing land uses, traffic demand, and evaluation of alternative alignments, preliminary (conceptual) alignment drawings and preliminary design and preparation of rough cost estimate. Methodology 1. Capacity and service level assessments of various existing routes between Vytila and Airport through reconnaissance survey followed by detailed inventory survey of roads; 2. Collection of satellite imageries of the areas, assessment of existing land use and identification of all possible alignments for the Greenfield highway; 3. Conducting traffic surveys for studying the volume, origin-destination and other characteristics of traffic passing through the region; 4. Assessment of bye passable traffic and forecasting traffic for the horizon year; 5. Evaluation of economic and financial benefits for choosing the new alignment; 6. Evaluation of the alternative routes/alignment and selection of most feasible route/alignment including alternative proposal to the road alignment, if any; 7. Broad assessment of final route/alignment selected by conducting reconnaissance, inventory and GPS Surveys and verification with topo sheets; 8. Preparation of preliminary (conceptual) drawings and designs; 9. Preparation of rough cost estimate; Interim Conclusions/Conclusions Although Kochi is well connected to other regions with rail, road and air linkages, the quality of transport infrastructure and mobility standards are far from satisfactory. The vertical growth and land use expansion in and around Kochi are bound to generate and attract heavy commuter and goods traffic which the existing transport network system cannot handle. Government of Kerala and Government of India are evolving many new schemes to improve the existing transport infrastructure of Kochi and adjoining region substantially. The concept of Kochi Metro and constructing a new Greenfield road between Kundannur, Vytila and Nedumbassery has emerged as a result of this thinking.

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Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 19. Widening, Strengthening and Extension of Existing Tippu Sultan Road Date of start : January 2012 Date of completion : May 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) -R Scope and objectives The Objective of the study is to suggest a most feasible alignment for constructing 4 lane roadways from Ponnani to Francis Road Junction in Kozhikode. The Scope of work covers the following: 1. Technical evaluation of the alignments; 2. Assessment of existing land use; 3. Assessment of traffic demand; 4. Selection of best alignment; 5. Updation of cost estimate. Methodology 1. Capacity and service level assessments of various existing routes in the study stretch between Ponnani and Francis Road junction through reconnaissance survey followed by sample cross checking of the inventory survey data contained in the DPR; 2. Collection and sample cross checking of land use data, assessment of existing land use and technical evaluation of identified alternative alignments for the new road as found in the DPR study; 3. A broad assessment of the existing socio-economic conditions in the hinterland has been made with a view to assess the potential growth in various regions; 4. Verification and critical assessment of projected traffic along the new road as per the DPR study; 5. Evaluation of technical, economical and financial aspects alternatives proposed in the DPR and selection of most feasible route/alignment through sample verification of field data collected from reconnaissance and inventory surveys;

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General Report On data (ii) to estimate the emission based on real world driving cycle for Delhi. Proposed Methodology As part of this research, a real-world driving profile in Delhi will be observed using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The driving cycle will be developed and compared with real world driving, showing the real world acceleration and deceleration. The following is the methodology Identification of study area and roads based on IVEM Model and traffic load Seven routes have been identified in different part of Delhi covering East, West, North, South direction Part of the road selected based on IVEM model study Three different types of questionnaire were developed. The questionnaire covered vehicle, roads, driver aspect.

6. The estimate on cost of road construction is made for two lane or four lane road standards based on the unit rates available for each items of civil works. Significance of the study The Malabar region remains undeveloped as compared to other regions in the State. The Government of Kerala intends to provide the much needed connectivity to the Malabar region especially along the coastal belt. The coastal belt of Ponnani-Vengalam region in Malabar mostly depends on the existing Tippu Sultan road for connection to the hinterland. This road was constructed centuries ago and does not meet the required standards and also not well-maintained. Limitations Based on the analysis of secondary data and reports of other agencies, detailed field reconnaissances were conducted by NATPAC on the proposed coastal highway alignment. The report contains the brief features of the selected alignment, its economical and social impacts, pavement design, updated cost estimates, economic analysis and other relevant engineering features. It is proved beyond doubt that the new coastal highway between Ponnani and Vengali in Malabar region will go a long way for the overall economic development of the State. Reports/ Publications Final Report, May 2012 Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram - 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 20. Micro-Simulation Based Driving Cycle in Delhi City for Sustainable Transportation System (EMPOWER Scheme) Date of Start: 2010 Date of Completion: 2012 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Scope and Objectives The objective of this study is two folds (i) to derive the driving cycle and compare it with existing regulatory driving cycle using micro-simulation and real world

Development of questionnaire

Collection of real world driving data using GPS based Performance Box and Vbox Pilot database of 15 days driving cycles survey were created covering four different roads in Delhi Traffic data were collected at 9 location on different roads in Delhi Traffic Signal time phase were collected at all available corridor in different time of day in Delhi

Traffic data for input data for micro simulation

Signal data for input data for micro simulation.

BRT corridor has been analyzed roads to see driving pattern Micro simulation model is developed Results are calibrated and validated to see driving pattern and its scenario. Driving cycle developed Workshop being organized for dissemination Analysis, comparisons and evaluations

Reports/ Publications Kumar, Ravindra., Durai, B.K., Saleh, Wafaa., Boswell, Colin. (2011) Comparison and evaluation of emissions for different driving cycles of

road research in india 2011-12 motorcycles: A note Transportation Research Part D 2011 Pages 61-64. Kumar Ravindra, Saleh Wafaa, B.K.Durai and Boswell Colin (2011) Micro simulation based driving cycle for motorcycle, Transport Research Part-D Communicated. Kumar Ravindra, Kamini Gupta, B.K. Durai (2011) Development of Real World Driving Cycles At Delhi Bus Rapid Transit Corridor (BRT) And Air Pollution Scenario: Hindi Journal of Bhartiya Audaugic Anusndhan Patrika Volume 19 Issue 2, December 2011 pp174-182. 44 Ravindra Kumar, Wafaa Saleh, B.K.Durai, and S. Gangopadhya (2011) Development of micro simulation based driving cycle for motorcycle Journal of Environmental Protection,

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video picture of driver, real and foreward view along with road side video will be taken. NH3 and NH4 test routes will be selected both in urban and free driving conditions on morning, noon and evening peak. Data Collection - Data will be collected in to two different types of driver one young and old age. The driving will be carried out on five different days and weekoff days. Selection of data variable Data analysis and result

Significance/ Utilisation Potential Data collection of headway in Silchar city is done Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, E mail ID: director. crri@nic.in B. ON - GOING/COMPLETED PROJECTS 1. Feasibility Study on Requirement of Pedestrian Underpass/ Vehicular Underpass between Palanpur-Deesa-Radhanpur Section of NH-14 & NH-15 Date of Start: May 2012 Date of Completion: June 2012 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Objectives To study the requirement of Pedestrian Underpass/ Vehicular Underpasses between Palanpur-DeesaRadhanpur section of NH-14 (@ Km. 356/300 (Chadotar), Km. 361/400 (Chandisar) & Km. 397/400 (Bhildi). Methodology To achieve the mentioned objective, the devised study methodology for this study is presented bellow Reconnaissance Survey Conceptualization of Study Data Collection : Classified Volume count, Pedestrian Volume count and Spot Speed survey has been collected. Classified Traffic Volume Counts of turning movements at Chandisar Intersection (Km. 359/000) for 24hrs

Recommendations for Dissemination/ Revision of Codes/Specifications India needs to develop driving cycle for application to fuel consumption and emission in real world condition. Microsimulation tools can be used to derive driving cycle. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25. E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in 21. Effect of Headway Due to Type of Lead Vehicle for Urban and Non-Urban North East Region A Case Study in two city in North East region. Date of start: March 2011 Date of completion (Targeted): March 2013 I. Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi II. NIT, Silchar Scope and Objectives Application of headway and driving cycle to understand traffic condition in city. Effect of lead vehicle on headway Scope of the work will be initially restricted to Silchar and Shillong city corridors .

Methodology Literature review Instrumentation of Vehicle Instrumented vehicle Video Vbox will be used in car to follow the heavy vehicles that will record

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General Report On Pedestrian counts across the NH-14 at three locations: Chadotar (Km. 356/300), Chandisar (Km. 359/000) and Bhildi (Km. 397/400) Spot Speed survey at above three locations as national highway traffic. Since these locations are situiated very proximitly to the urban settlements where the lcoal traffic expected to increase very rapidly. Reports / Publications Final Report on title Feasibility Study on requirement of Pedestrian Underpass/ Vehicular Underpasses between Palanpur-Deesa-Radhanpur section of NH14 & NH-15 Submitted to PD, Palanpur PIU, Gujarat, 2012 Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in Phone 011-26312268 Fax 011-26845943 2. Comprehensive Traffic and Transportation Studies of Goa. Date of Start: Sep 2010 Date of Completion : Oct 2012 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi Scope and Objectives The study would be conducted in two phases namely short term (Phase-I) and long term (Phase II). The scope of the study in Phase-I encompasses conducting field studies for the preparation of Traffic System Management Plans for all the five traffic circles. Study of major intersections on national highways corridors in addition to the other major roads. On the basis of set of traffic surveys proposed to be conducted on the identified road network of the city, short term traffic improvement plans would be recommended. Comprehensive road network plan such as multi-modal transport system considering transport requirements of existing and future travel demands is to prepare in Phase II. In the long term study under phase II, the household travel characteristics and establishment surveys will form the basis for recommending transport plan for the horizon years. Methodology The short term solutions will provide relief to the congestion and chaotic situations of traffic. To achieve perceivable relief certain minimum required structural changes and mandatory controls will have to be devised. These changes may be in the form of geometric design of intersections and provision of signals to control the movements at intersections by allocating the right of

Data Analysis and Interpretation Assessment of Safety Situation and comparison with Standards Need and Requirement of PUP/ VUP and Other Safety Remedial Measures. IRC and practices other international standards and

Present Status and Progress Completed Conclusions With reference to Road Safety Cell, NHAI, Dwarka, New Delhi and Project Director (PIU, Gandhidham) regarding the study in view of the frequent accidents on Palanpur- Bhildi section of NH-14 covering the three locations at Chadotar (Km. 353/000), Chandisar (Km. 357/000) and Bhildi (Km. 397/000). The CRRI study team visited the site in the month of April May 2012 and identified methodology to conduct the traffic studies and the following are the observations from the study The analysis of above traffic studies clearly indicating that as per the IRC norms the required traffic volume is not exisitng to propose any grade seperated facility. However the pedestraina studies, spot spott studies and accidents stuides reveal that accidents are occuring mainly due to mix of local traffic travelling about 15-20 kmph with high speed naitonal highway traffic travelling with average speeds above 65 Kmph. In addition to this, the highway traffic also mixing up with local Non-motorized and Pedestrain traffic. Further the accidents stuides on this streatch clearly indicates that these three locations has very high potential for the accidents. In view of all these, the Vehicualr Underpass ( VUP) at the two locations i.e. at Chatodar (Km. 353/000) and Chandisar (Km. 357/000) and Pedesstrain Underpass (PUP) at Bhildi in recommded. Further it is mentioned that desining of these intersections as staggered intersections are not recommeded considering the high speeds on the national highway which in turn creates more problems to the local as well as national highway traffic. Provision of the VUP and PUP at the respective lcoations will ehnace the safety of local traffic well

road research in india 2011-12 way. Besides this, the parking characteristics would be analyzed and polices for parking regulations in terms of time rationing, physical restrictions, designing and control of off-street facilities will be undertaken. Safety measures at some accident prone zones along the National Highways passing through the Goa cities to be recommended. The parking needs of the central business area will be assessed at more detailed level to work out regulatory steps which might include physical and fiscal measures. Pedestrian facilities will be recommended on the basis of scientific study of pedestrian counts along the roads and across the roads. Long term solutions are aimed at developing the transport infrastructure and related system in a scientific manner by considering the planned growth of the city and estimating the future travel demand. This shall be accomplished by systematically conducting the primary surveys to assess the transport demand of passenger and goods as existing and evolve transport models to project this demands for the horizon years. On the basis of estimating demands the master plans of roads with appropriate hierarchical set-up will be prepared. Efforts will also be made to identify the phase wise development of this proposed master plan: Significance/ Utilization Potential The recommendations were made to implement the action plan on ground expecting to reduce traffic, parking problems and pedestrian problems. And Phase wise development of road network would immensely help to reduce the congestion as well as accidents on road network of Goa. Reports/ Publications Inception Report, Traffic and Transportation Studies at Mining areas of Goa Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in Phone 011-26312268 Fax 011-26845943 3. Travel Time Related Performance Measures for Evaluation of Sustainable Road Transportation System. Date of Start: September 2010 Date of Completion: October 2012 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R,S) Present Status and Progress Status: Completed Year of Last Report: 2012

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Progress: Completed. This project is one of the CSIREMPOWER Scheme Project Further Findings/Conclusions The variation of Travel Time was investigated under the influence of various uncertainties from the Supply and Demand side of the Transportation system with the help of Micro simulation techniques Travel distributions Observed Vs Simulated Travel time obtained by simulation model is well distributed between 7 minutes and 25 minutes which is closely follows observed travel time distribution The error in observed and estimated travel time is about 7%. The average Planing Time Index value for the peak hour is about 4.25 for the observed travel time and it is 3.9 for simulated travel time Micro simulation models are capable to analyze the behavior of uncertain variable and better than the other aggregated models

Influence of Demand Side Variation on Travel Time The influence of traffic flow on travel time is estimated for 50 % increasing and 50 % decrease to the existing traffic demand If 50% traffic demand situation arises, road users should plan their travel for about 5.5 times of travel time as against free flow travel time. If the demand reduced by 50%, the PTI also reduced to 2.3. PTI value are as high as around 7.4 was observed for the period between 9.45 AM to 10:00 AM during the peak hour period. Whereas in the case of 50% less demand, PTI value is 2.6 for the period between 9:15 AM to 9:30 AM

Influence of Supply Side Variation on Travel Time Road under working are defined in the VISSIM as an event that effect or impeded the normal traffic flow at identified location (considered 200 mts) If the one lane is blocked for 30 minutes during the peak hour, road users should plan about 6 times of travel time as against free flow travel time.

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General Report On If extra one lane is provided for the entire corridor, road users should plan about 3 times of travel time as against free flow travel time required for the development of plan documents and rural road management system in GIS platform Further Findings/Conclusions/Supporting Data Assessment of settlement level connectivity Total settlements Connected/unconnected Road length improvements required for connectivity

Influence of Signal Failure on Travel Time With Signal the average Travel time is 17.51 minutes and if the signal is failure, the average travel time is about 25 minutes for the study corridor

Recommendations for Further work Further research to be pursued on Travel Time Reliability Vs Capacity Reliability Studies for urban road network towards building up of a new research domain

Limitations of Conclusions or Interim Conclusions Updated road details along with settlement level data can be used for the preparation of Road Development Plan required for PMGSY, Bharath Nirman or NABARD funded road development schemes Reports/ Publications Preparation of Inventory of Roads for two Block Panchayaths in Kannur District (2011-12) Final Report Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 5. Constraints in Developing West Coast Canal in Kerala Case Study of National Waterway No. III Date of Start: March 2011 Date of Completion: March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R Present Status and Progress The current status of development of the NW-3 is studied and the problems encountered during execution are identified. The status of the canal in terms of traffic achieved and regional development are also studied. After discussion with the IWAI Authorities, state departments and other stake holders like industries, boat operators, shipping companies etc. the constraints in cargo movement are identified and suggestions for improvement are proposed. Further Findings/Conclusions It is necessary to study the socio economic impacts of the development of the waterways. Specific problems

Reports/ Publications EMPOWER Project Completion Report submitted CSIR Ch.Ravisekhar.,B. Kanagadurai, Asakura Yasuo and S. Gangopadhyay Use of Travel Time Reliability for Measuring Traffic Congestion Variation 1st Conference of Transportation Research Group of India (CTRG) Dr.Ch.Ravi Sekhar, E.Madhu, B.Kanagadurai and Dr. S.Gangopadhyay Analysis of Travel Time Reliability of an Urban Corridor using Micro Simulation Techniques, Journal of Current Science (Submitted)

Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in Phone 011-26312268 Fax 011-26845943 4. Preparation of Inventory of Roads for two Block Panchayaths in Kannur District Date of Start : April- 2010 Date of Completion : On-going National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R Present Status and Progress Completed the task for 30 Grama Panchayaths in Kannur District Status: Ongoing Year of Last Report: 2012 Progress Developing an authentic spatial data base on Grama Panchayath roads together with supporting information

road research in india 2011-12 are to be addressed and necessary additional facilities are to be provided. It is required to work out an efficient management system for the smooth operation of the waterways. Suggestions for improvement of the navigability of the NW-3 are: Completion of capital dredging work in NW-3 Removal of fishing nets from the navigable channel of the waterways Widening of lock gates at Thaneermukkom and Thrikkunnapuzha locks Development of feeder canals of NW-3 Encourage transportation of containers through NW-3 Providing container handling facilities at terminals of IWAI Exploring the possibility of usage of bullet containers on NW-3 Conceptualisation of cargo oriented projects with guaranteed quantity of cargo for a specified time frame for movement by waterways Encouraging facilities for construction of ship building and ship repair in Kerala Taking adequate measures for effective integration of IWT and coastal shipping Integration of IWT with rail and road to improve connectivity Revival of inland vessels building subsidy scheme and operationalisation of freight subsidy scheme Formation of an inland vessel leasing company Strengthen the set up of Kerala Govt. for fulfilling its obligation as a regulator under Inland Vessel Act

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Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 6. Constraints in Developing West Coast Canal in Kerala Phase II Case Study of Selected Stretches in North Kerala (Kozhikkode, Kannur and Kasargode Districts) Date of Start: March 2011 Date of Completion: March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R Present Status and Progress The waterways in North Kerala (Kozhikode, Kannur and Kasargod Districts) were studied for its navigability. Inventory of the waterways were conducted and proposed routes identified. Survey of industries was also conducted to identify the availability and origin of cargo, and to identify the constraints for cargo movement. Further Findings/Conclusions The outcome of the study will be the development of a water transportation network for North Kerala, which will help the Govt as well as private operators in the unorganized sector to efficiently plan their services. Improved water transport network will enhance the connectivity as well as economy of the region as a whole and will also result in increased tourism revenue. Limitations of Conclusions or Interim Conclusions The use of waterways is reduced due to the construction of new bridges and roads. Recommendations for further Work The cargo potential of the waterway is to be studied and a strategy for suitable vessel design is to be developed. Cargo availability is another important aspect to be studied in detail. Reports/Publications Interim Report Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828;

Limitations of Conclusions or Interim Conclusions Cross structures not confirming to the standards of horizontal and vertical clearances, fishing nets obstructing the waterway are the main constraints for the operationalisation of the waterway. Recommendations for further Work The cargo potential of the waterway is to be studied and a strategy for suitable vessel design is to be developed. Cargo availability is another important aspect to be studied in detail. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O.,

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General Report On Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 8. Development of Toolkit on Analysis of Urban Traffic Systems/ Urban Traffic System Design and Evaluation (Sponsored by World Bank-GEF-UNDP assisted Sustainable Urban Transport Project (SUTP) Institute of Urban Transport (India)) Ministry of Urban Development) Date of Start: March 2012 Date of Completion: December 2012 National Institute of Technology, Warangal (R) Present Status & Progress: Status: On Going Year of last Report: January 2012 Further Findings/Conclusions/Supporting Data The prime user for whom the Tool kit is being prepared is the person/agency charged with the responsibility of undertaking the relevant task. The toolkits are aimed at providing step by step guidance to cities and other concerned authorities to enable them to plan and implement projects related to urban transport, without referring to any other material and also to facilitate public decision makers and transport planners/engineers in overseeing urban transport projects. Each toolkit is to be a self contained and in depth document that includes various survey /other required formats etc. Understanding of various traffic flow characteristics and Traffic Analysis, Capacity & LOS analysis are prerequisites for design of facilities and for subsequent performance evaluations of these facilities under varied traffic operational conditions. The following is the suggested grouping of the toolkits. Analysis of Urban Traffic Systems (Traffic Analysis, Capacity and LOS Analysis of Urban Streets) Urban Traffic System Design & Evaluation (Traffic System Design and Performance Measurement of Urban Streets) Limitations of Conclusions: Conclusions or Interim

Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 7. Study on Stage Carriages in Kerala Computation of PISCO Date of Start: July 2011 Date of Completion: January 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R Present Status & Progress: Status: Completed Year of last Report: January 2012 Further Findings/Conclusions/Supporting Data As per the Cost model, the fixed cost for ordinary bus per day is 2685/- to be assigned to 957 passengers travelling in ordinary buses per day, which comes to 2.78/-. The variable cost of operation is estimated as ` 0.54 per passenger kilometer. Thus the total fare rate for a distance of 5 km (first fare stage) works out as ` 5. This can be rounded as ` 5.50 and fixed as rate for the minimum fare. On an average 717 passengers are found to be travelling in intercity fast/express bus services per day per bus. The average occupancy is found as 40. The fare for travelling minimum 10 kilometres works to be 7.28. Hence it is recommended that a minimum fare of 7.00 can be fixed for fast services and 10.00 for express services. Limitations of Conclusions: Conclusions or Interim

Computation Periodical updating of Price Index for Stage Carriage Operations (PISCO) gives a scientific basis of fare revision of Stage Carriage Operation. The value of inputs compiled for PISCO refers to survey based on limited sample basis conducted by NATPAC in 2012 and accurate demand forecast have not been made for any particular route. Frequent fluctuations in fuel and other cost inputs and also the load and lead parameters could not be realistically estimated. The cost of components and weights used for computing the values of these factors remain unaltered. Reports / Publications Draft Final Report, January 2012 Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O.,

Computation Periodical updating of Price Index for Stage Carriage Operations (PISCO) gives a scientific basis of fare revision of Stage Carriage Operation. The value of inputs compiled for PISCO refers to survey based on limited sample basis conducted by NATPAC in 2012 and accurate demand forecast have not been

road research in india 2011-12 made for any particular route. Frequent fluctuations in fuel and other cost inputs and also the load and lead parameters could not be realistically estimated. The cost of components and weights used for computing the values of these factors remain unaltered. Reports / Publications Presentation of State of the Art Report to the Standing Committee, Institute of Urban Transport (India), Ministry

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of Urban Development, Government of India in July 2012. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Prof. CSRK. Prasad, Civil Engineering Department, NIT Warangal 506004, Mobile 91-9490165341 Phone 0870 246 2117 E-mail ID: csrk@nitw.ac.in

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General Report On

2. SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT

SUMMARY
Research works reported in the area of Safety and Environment relate road safety Audit, Identification of Accident Prone location on National Highways, Variability in vehicle fuel consumption, Measurement of air quality Hazard on National Highway and study of Non methane hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment at commercial residential and the signalized intersection in India

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Safety Auditing 2. Identification of Accident Prone Locations 3. Analysis of Driver Behaviour and Crash Characteristics 4. Measurement of air quality and noise level 5. Micro Level study of Accident Hazards on National Highway 6. Variability in vehicle fuel consumption 7. Study of Non methane hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment

road research in india 2011-12 A. PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME 1. Performance Assessment & Product Behaviour Observation of Crash Tested Road Safety Barrier (Plastic) Model Cosmos Road Liner 2000 S in Indian Varied Climate & Traffic Pattern. Date of Start: June 2011. Date of Completion (Actual): September, 2012 i. M/s Cosmos Fibre Glass Ltd., Faridabad (R,C) ii. The Commissioner of Police, Department, Faridabad ( I ). Scope and Objective Plastic products used in Road safety Barrier like traffic delineators, safety barriers, cones etc. need to be specified in terms of capacity, dimensions, raw material specification, thickness, approx. weight etc. so as to avoid monopolistic approach and to protect the usage of sub-standard raw material, lookalike light weight products etc. This shall also determine no compromise at quality front & would be in the best interest of civic society. There also emerges the strong need to locate temporary road safety barriers on highway under construction, 4 lane to 6 lane conversions and Rural roads which could offer road safety to the satisfaction. The main of this study are To attract the kind attention of key decision makers to specify, standardize the technical specification of Road Safety Barrier (Plastic) prior deployment on road sites, study & underline the salient features to draw differential benefits Quick temporary arrangement to offer road safety on new highway projects to replace efficiently the use of traditional mud/soil filled sacs as per contemporary safety solution To work on standardization of effective temporary road safety plastic barrier systems. To place the Crash Tested Road Safety Plastic Barrier System on heavy traffic zone for performance assessment, the suitability of system under varying climate conditions Traffic

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temporary road safety solutions for Highways & RuralUrban Roads. Performance evaluation of barrier system was carried out through Crash Test on a trial stretch at Badhkal Circle, Faridabad as a temporary median adjoining NH-2. The errant vehicle crashed with the water filled crash tested barrier system and following observations were noted:
EVALUATION CRITERIA RESULTS ACHEIVED

Crash barrier shall contain & Vehicle contained & rediredirect the vehicle. the vehicle rected. shall not penetrate, under ride or override the installation. Controlled lateral deflection of Almost nil lateral deflecplastic barrier is acceptable. tion. Detached elements or debris from the plastic barrier should not penetrate or show potential for penetrating the occupant compartment. No evidence of any potential of intrusion of detached article was found.

Shall not present an undue haz- No undue hazard was ard to other traffic, pedestrians found to the other traffic, or personnel in a work zone. pedestrians or personnel in a work zone. The vehicle should remain up- Vehicle right during & after collision. right. After collision it is preferable that the vehicles trajectory not intrude into adjacent traffic lanes. remained up-

Vehicle came to rest close to the barrier. No potential of intruding into adjacent traffic lanes.

Significance/Utilization Potential There is a significant application to introduce such temporary barrier systems on highways as well which could render support to preclude the accident injuries and fatalities involved. In fact, to motivate & promote standard code of practices, all the present temporary barricading system like cones, plastic barricades etc. should have material, properties, dimensions, color, approx. weight, water capacity, level indicator to ensure the product behavior as road safety product and it needs to be redefined. This shall bring a pause to sub-standard utilization of raw material, practices & protect the compromises made if any in terms of quality of road safety products. The huge utilization potential is evident & need no introduction in present scenario. We see the huge scope of remedial actions to be yet taken at the forefront of introducing these temporary road safety contemporary measures on rural & urban highways/roads under development or near future projects of Central & State owned planned developments. On above lines, we installed our crash tested water filled road safety plastic barrier system in conjunction

Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data The traditional safety options are insufficient for such roads which deploy no other traditional means whether it is latest technology for road development, Engineering, Enforcement etc. is concerned. The increasing traffic congestion has made it requisite to seriously look into

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General Report On 2. Safety Auditing of Public Transport Systems in Kerala Date of start : April 2011 Date of completion : March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) - R Scope and Objectives i. To study the accident trend in Kerala.

with Traffic Police Department, Faridabad at an identified location which has serious requirement of placing some temporary road safety barrier system as a median to stop the infiltration of either side traffic while without compromising the road safety aspects. This traffic junction is critical since the traffic load is pretty heavy & accident chances are prominent The results are astonishing, the demarcation is great, accident occurred but the injuries were nil, system debris was nil, clear traffic movement continued post accident, vehicle dents were reduced, occupants were safe etc. This is significant & establishes that such systems are to be ideally encouraged & proposed for all traffic applications whether it is traffic delineation or excavated road site protection on highways, urban & rural areas. Limitations of Conclusions/ Recommendations for further work/further proposed work. The wide usage of traditional woven sacks filled with sand as temporary marking of work under progress or light weight plastic cones / light weight water ballasted other plastic barricades has also imposed limitations during project execution. The Cosmos Crash Tested Barrier installed at Badhkal Circle as median has demonstrated only a piece of application; the appropriate application is highway roads with work under progress where we wish to carry it for road safety application in our further work. Recommended to be installed at all work zones where road development projects are to be initiated, are in full swing, semi-finished road sites, gaps created on medians, exposed excavated roads on highways, V.I.P pockets for temporary diversions, Consulates, Airports etc. Development of standard code of practices for all the temporary barricading system like cones, plastic barricades, crash tested barriers etc. should have material, properties, dimensions, color, approx. weight, water capacity, level indicator to ensure that product meets the specific definition of road safety product. Trial executions of crash tested road safety barriers through Concessionaires & place it as one of the best substitute options in their road safety proposal of new upcoming projects for temporary road safety applications.

ii. To analyse the accidents pertaining to K.S.R.T.C., private, and institutional buses. iii. To study safety practices of different type of public transport buses. iv. To analyse the safety attitude of bus drivers and v. To study the bus condition with respect to safety of passengers. Methodology i. Primary and Secondary data are to be collected to study the accident situation in Kerala. It is also required to study the part of buses in accidents. Interview of bus drivers are to be conducted to understand the road safety awareness of them and their attitude towards it.

i.

ii. Sample Survey of Buses is to be conducted in order to realize the operational condition of buses like age and other aspects. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data Public transportation services are the way to transport large number of passengers at a relatively low cost on a relatively fixed route at scheduled times. The public transportation system in Kerala includes Road, Rail, Air, and Water transportation. Road transportation is one of the major modes among these. Buses, the mode of Public transportation system through roads comprise two types: Stage carriages and Contract carriages. Stage carriages like K.S.R. T. C buses and private buses are having an important role in road transportation. Institutional buses are coming under contract carriages. While going through the overall accident data and matters relating to that in Kerala, it is clear that the buses are having an unavoidable role. So, it is required to study the causes and related factors of bus accidents in detail. Safety aspects of bus passengers are also need to be studied. Now the study is conducted for Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode districts. Through this study, the present condition of buses, bus depots, bus stops, driver and conductor behaviours etc. revealed. According to

Further information can be obtained from M/s Cosmos Fibre Glass Ltd., 60, DLF Induatrial Area, Phase I, Faridabad (Harayana), Mobile: 09818649116 Phone: (0129) 2277172, 2274797, E-mail ID: rohit. rungta@cosmosfg.com; info@cosmosfg.com

road research in india 2011-12 study, the condition of most of the buses and bus stops are very bad. They are not having adequate facilities. Most of the bus accidents occur due to brake failure and axle breakdown, so mechanical condition of buses should also be considered. There should be methods to assess the suitability of bus crew by means of their mental and physical ability. Proper training also should be given to the crew members. Reports/Publications Safety Auditing of Public Transport Systems in Kerala Study Report Further information/copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 3. Identification of Accident Prone Locations and Improvement Measures in National Highways 17 and 212 Segments in Kozhikode District Date of Start: April 2011 Date of Completion: March 2012 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre - (R) Scope and Objectives a) To collect the accident details pertaining to the past three to four years. b) To analyze the accident causative factors. c) To evolve a suitable methodology to confine the accident prone locations. d) To carry out a micro- level analysis of the accident prone locations under safety auditing. Methodology Road accidents have occurred due to the increase in motor vehicles and the corresponding inadequacy of road infrastructure developments. Therefore a practical solution is necessary by identifying the facts as it featured alignment drawbacks too.Accident data has a prominent role in establishing the factors causing accidents and in order to control, regulate and manage the problem, an effective support relied on the matters of previous occurrences are found extremely helpful to substantiate the proximity towards accidents at the locations identified.

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Data Collections: Three types of data such as Accident frequency and characteristics, Geometric features of the road and traffic data have been collected. By using the data following methods have been applied to determine accident prone locations. Quantum of Accident Method was adopted i.e. higher the number of accidents on any stretch, higher would be the accident proneness of that stretch. Two accidents in a year may be due to minor design defect while three or more accidents in a year definitely indicate serious deficiencies in Geometrics of the road stretch. Estimated Accident Risk Index (ARI) consisting of Consistency, Tendency and Level of accidents.

The three components of accidents have been formed into groups with assigned scores based on number of accidents occurring in a year. Later identified stretches of one kilometre were put under a Road Safety Auditing. Interim Conclusions/Conclusions Identification of accident prone locations and improvement measure packages will be useful to Public Works Department and Local authorities including District Administration, Police, Motor Vehicle Department and Stakeholders in road safety. Reports/ Publications Identification of Accident Prone Locations and Improvement Measures in National Highways 17 and 212 Segments in Kozhikode District Final Report Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 4. Analysis of Driver Behaviour and Crash Characteristics during Adverse Weather Conditions Date of Start: May 2012 Date of Completion: May 2014 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R)

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General Report On study will also focus on crash modelling in fog, which will provide insight about possible damages and injuries in fog related crashes. The final project report will address the answers of the four research questions identified in this study. Specifically there will be findings related to drivers state, their car following behaviour as well as type and pattern of crashes in fog. Based on these findings the research team will also recommend ways by which frequency and severity of incidents can be reduced by providing drivers with enough information about the roadway and traffic conditions as well as through better traffic management in fog. Study is under progress. Further Information /Copy of Report Can Be Obtained From The Head, Traffic Engineering and Safety Division, CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25., E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in 5. Road Safety Audit of Dasve Road Network in Lavasa to Comply the Pre-Conditions set by Environmental Impact Assessment Expert Appraisal Committee Date of Start: July 2012 Date of Completion: June 2013 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Scope and Objective Considering the conditions set by the Environmental Appraisal committee under the Ministry of Environment and Forests, and the letter received from the Lavasa Corporation Ltd., the main objectives of the present study are as follows: i) To conduct the road safety audit of Dasve road network in Lavasa ii) Suggest the road safety measures and contingency plans to deal with the road traffic mishaps/ accidents. Methodology In carrying out the safety audit of the road project following methodology was adopted. For carrying out the road safety for this study three stages of Road safety Audits will be conducted a) b) c) Safety Audit on Existing Roads (Monitoring) Safety Audit at the Construction Stage Safety Audit on Design stage

To capture drivers visual and measurable fatigue during fog driving under simulated environment and realistic setting. To investigate and analyze drivers choice of headway and speed in fog under simulated environment and realistic setting. To investigate if the choice of speed and headway are affected by the vehicle they drive or follow (under simulated environment and realistic setting).

Methodology This study will be conducted in two parts a) The observation and analysis of drivers R.T. and other behaviour in Laboratory setting: In this part different psycho physical tests along with the skill tests will be conducted in driving simulator to analyze in simulated rainy and fog condition the drivers behaviour e.g. crash characteristics, risk taking practices, reaction time etc The driving simulator will be used to obtain behavioural data from the drivers of different age groups under simulated adverse weather condition. b) The observation and analysis of drivers R.T. and other behaviour in field setting (in adverse weather): In this part of the test will be conducted during rainy seasons and in the winter settings under fog condition to observe the driver behaviour. In continuation of this drivers characteristic will be measured with the help of the V-Box and with the three cameras to measure drivers reaction time, behavioural movements and road assests during the acquisition. Finally Real World Data will be processed for modelling during the all seasons. An evaluation of relationships between age, personality and driving style will reveal the relationship between the driver age and type A or B personality characteristics and which type of personality is a good predictor of vehicle speed and following distance. A factor analysis of several at-risk drivingbehaviourswill be identified a cluster of correlated driving behaviours that appeared to share a common characteristic identified as aggressive/impatient driving. This correlated cluster of drivingbehaviourwill provide objective support for the assumptions of response generalization and problem behaviour theory. Results will be discussed with regard to implications for safe driving interventions and a suggesting remedial for problembehavioursyndrome. Significance/ Utilization Potential Significant part of the project would be obtaining driver behavioural data at reverse weather conditions. The

road research in india 2011-12 Collection of Data: Collection of detailed engineering drawings from the client. These drawings provide the Information relating to the design standards adopted for the road project. to get an idea of the project from the point of adequacy in design. The other required secondary data also collected and Check List was prepared according to (IRC:SP-882010) and IRC:67-2010. The check list broadly covers, Alignment, cross sections, shoulders footpaths, side slopes, drainage facilities, Road markings, Road signage, Road lighting and other road asset information and available Cross drainage facilities and NMT facilities. Field Studies: Field visits were made by driving / walking along the project road to appreciate other physical and environmental features that required special attention from the point of view of safety. Some examples are pedestrians, roadside developments, sociological aspects that need special attention and appropriate facilities. Review and Analysis has been carried out through primary surveys and Data collected from Client on Detailed Engineering drawings Recommendations / remedial measures: Recommendations / remedial measures for the identified safety deficiencies, along with the action plan for implementation. Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from The Director, Central Road Research Institute, Mathura Road, New Delhi - 25, E mail ID: director.crri@nic.in Phone 011-26312268 Fax 011-26845943 6. Measurement of Air Quality and Noise Level at Proposed IISER Campus at Vithura in Thiruvananthapuram District Date of start: June 2011 Date of completion: March 2012 I. National Transportation Planning and Research Centre - (R) II. Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM ) (C) Scope and Objectives The aim of the project is to assess the ambient air quality and noise levels in and around the proposed IISER construction site as the part Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. Methodology

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Measure the concentration of air pollutants such as particulate matter, Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), lead (Pb), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Ammonia (NH3) at five locations at proposed IISER Campus as per CPCB guidelines with varying number of anthropogenic sources. The measurement will be done in four seasons such as Season I (June-August), Season II (September-November), Season III (DecemberFebruary) and Season IV (March-May). Measure the Noise level at five locations during four seasons in and around IISER Campus with the guidelines of International Electro Technical Commission (IEC).

Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data The concentration of particulate matter and carbon monoxide at two sampling stations namely Physical Science Building and Main Plant are closer to the prescribed limit of CPCB standards may be due to the continues operation of concrete mixture plant, Diesel Power Generator and vehicular movement. But the overall result shows that the pollutant levels are within the permissible limit. Significance/Utilisation Potential After construction, the air quality and noise levels will be under the prescribed standards. The green belt of Ponmudi hills will serve as the best absorbent of both air and noise pollution in this area. Limitations of Conclusions/ further proposed work The construction of IISER campus is under progress. It is suggested that the monitoring of air pollution and noise levels should be monitored until the completion of the construction work. Reports/Publications Interim and Final Report Further information/copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677, E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com 7. Feasibility Study for the Setting Up of Monorail between Pallipuram (Techno city) and Neyyattinkara in Thiruvananthapuram District Date of Start: September 2011

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General Report On Date of Completion (Targeted/Actual): March 2012 I. National Transportation Planning and Research Centre - (R) II. Department of Transport, Government of Kerala (C) Methodology Methodology for the study involves the following activities: Review of Master Plan and review of earlier reports Data Collection and Development of Transport Model Forecast model development Development of Monorail Alignment Identification Operations Plan and development of

Scope and Objectives The major scope of the work is to prepare a feasibility report for the proposed monorail system between Techno city near Pallipuram and Neyyattinkara in Thiruvananthapuram district. The following objectives are derived based on the scope of the work: Review of available Master Plan and all earlier study reports related to the development of transport infrastructure in Thiruvananthapuram Collection of secondary data from all the available sources regarding the study area, existing and future land use pattern, population growth, traffic volume, travel characteristics, modal split, etc. Conduct comprehensive traffic surveys to generate sufficient database regarding the traffic characteristics and travel demands of the study corridor. Conduct surveys. topographical and road inventory

Costing, Economic and Financial Analysis Preparation of Feasibility report Environmental and Social Constraints Preparation of Request for Quotation Preparation of Bid Documents and action plan for the implementation of Advise on institutional arrangements required for the successful and timely implementation and completion of the project Advise on the possible funding possibilities and resources for the financing of the project Tendering of Technical Bid and Technical assistance in Bid Evaluation

Identification of most suitable alignment corridor for the proposed monorail system A thorough review on travel characteristics and the existing public transport system and the possible efficacy of monorail system in meeting the transportation requirements of the city Travel demand forecasts and projection of future modal shift and provide estimates of fare revenues under a range of fare, service level and integration assumptions Identification of the potentialities of the monorail system in the further development as a network plan to be used in future Identification of the possible sites of terminals, depots and workshops Financial and economical analysis of the project and the steps to ensure a robust viability of the system Identification of the financial structure and risks associated with the project Preparation of an action plan for the successful financing and implementation of the project

Conclusions The study findings and appropriate recommendations evolved in this study are briefly summarized below: The monorail alignment proposed from Technocity (Pallipuram) to Neyyattinkara.The total distance of the proposed project stretch is about 41.8 km. The route of alignment is Pallipuram (Technocity) Kazhakoottam Ulloor- Kesavadasapuram Pattom LMS- Palayam Statue Overbridge Thampanoor Killipalam Karamana Pappanamcode Balaramapuram Neyyattinkara and is proposed to be implemented in two phases. The Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) has been computed by using the revenue and cost streams with a conservative and optimum fare structure. Financial analysis shows that FIRR varies from 7% to 13% depends on the various scenarios adopted for the feasibility study The economic evaluation of the project corridor has been carried out by applying the Social CostBenefit Analysis Technique. The technique uses the incremental costs and benefits under the with and

road research in india 2011-12 without project scenarios. The Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) for the project computed using Discounted Cash Flow technique showed the value of 12.6%. Significance/ Utilisation Potential Based on the recommendations of the report, Government of Kerala is planning to setup the monorail system in Thiruvananthapuram. Reports/Publications Final Report submitted to Government of Kerala Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004; Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com B. ON-GOING / COMPLETED PROJECTS 1. Comparative Study of National Expressway -1 with NH 8 for Accident Analysis from Amdavad to Vadodara. Date of Start: November-2008 Date of completion: November -2011 Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Vadodara Present Status and Progress Status: Completed Progress: Completed Conclusions The accident density was calculated at 4.58 accidents/km/year on NH 8 where as it was 0.54 accident/km/year on NE 1. There were 14 Accident prone Locations identified on NH 8 where as on NE 1 three Accident prone Locations were identified. There are reduction in economic loss to the state in which the total saving of Rs. 3,45,78,095/- due to reduction in accidents after opening of N.E. 1 is done.

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Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, RO RRD4, GERI, Racecourse Vadodara. Phone: 02652313413/14/15 Fax : 0265-2324067 E-mail ID: rorrd4@gmail.com 2. Micro Level study of Accident Hazards on National Highway No. 8 from Amdavad to Vadodara Date of Start: April-2008 Date of completion: May-2011 Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Vadodara Present Status and Progress Status: completed Further Findings/conclusions/ supporting data 14 Accident prone locations have been identified on the stretch and then by actual site visit of the locations remedial measures are suggested to minimize the accidents.

Limitations of conclusions or interim conclusions The study is carried out for accident prone locations only. Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, RO RRD4, GERI, Racecourse Vadodara. Phone: 02652313413/14/15 Fax : 0265-2324067 E-mail ID: rorrd4@gmail.com 3. Micro Level study of Accident Hazards on National Expressway-1 from Amdavad to Vadodara Date of Start: April-2008 Date of completion: May-2011 Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Vadodara Present Status and Progress Status: Completed Further Findings/conclusions/ supporting data 3 Accident prone locations have been identified on the stretch and then by actual site visit of the

Limitations of conclusions or interim conclusions The comparative study is carried out for accident prone locations and volume of accidents only.

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General Report On locations remedial measures are suggested to minimize the accidents. This leads to the conclusion that an Anti Glare Barrier can go a long way towards safety enhancement and thus decrease in most of the fatal and serious injuries sustained by drivers at night. Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, RO RRD4, GERI, Racecourse Vadodara. Phone: 02652313413/14/15 Fax : 0265-2324067 E-mail ID: rorrd4@gmail.com 5. Road Safety Audit Study on Vadodara-PadraJambusar road. Date of Start: September-2011 Date of completion (Targeted): September -2014 Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Vadodara (R) Scope & Objectives The main objective is to find out the black spots on study stretch and to suggest the remedial measures and ensure safety. The short term low cost remedial measures to minimize the number of accidents will be prepared for smooth movement of traffic. Present Status and Progress Data collection: The traffic accident data for six years i.e. from 2005 to 2010 were collected from Jambusar, Makrpura, Padra & Vedaj Police Stations. As recommended by IRC, Road Accident form A-1 & 4 were sent to concern Police authorities in order to have correct information for the purpose of analysis. The data so collected was compiled according to form 4. Data Analysis: The data were analysed as per primary causes, types of collision, km. wise accidents to find out Accident Prone Locations (APL) etc. Study of APL: The accident prone locations were studied & evaluated and remedial measures for their improvement were suggested Significance/ Utilization potential By improving junctions and curves at accident zones, accidents will be reduced. Reduces congestion and provides smooth vehicular movement. RSA offers saving of money, time and lives.

Limitations of conclusions or interim conclusions The study is carried out for accident prone locations only Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, RO RRD4, GERI, Racecourse Vadodara. Phone: 02652313413/14/15 Fax : 0265-2324067 E-mail ID: rorrd4@gmail.com 4. Development of Most Economical Design Standards for Anti-Glare Screen Barrier. Date of Start: October - 2011 Date of completion (Targeted): October - 2014 Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Vadodara (R) Scope & Objectives The night accidents are the results of the fact that headlights are involved in its occurrence directly or indirectly. Thus most of the fatal and serious injuries are sustained by drivers at night. This leads to the conclusion that an Anti Glare Barrier can go a long way towards safety enhancement and thus in reducing the fatality rate on roads at night. An Anti Glare Barrier will improve visibility by minimizing glare, a major cause of momentary loss of vision. The realization of the ultimate goal of total road safety through creating ideal visibility. Present Status and Progress Data collection of the various fields affecting like 1. Driver Vision and Glare 2. Sight Distance 3. Headlight Beam Pattern 4. Different kind of AGB and its design 5. kind of materials available Analysis: analysis of the above data based on road network and topography of India and its application and set its design standard. Significance/ Utilization potential To avoid the problem of glare this impairs the visibility for safe driving in a meeting situation during the night.

road research in india 2011-12 Limitations of conclusions The study is carried out for accident prone locations and improvement of road geometric characteristics as per IRC. Further information/ Copy of report can be obtained from Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, RO RRD4, GERI, Racecourse Vadodara, Phone: 02652313413/14/15 Fax : 0265-2324067 E-mail ID: rorrd4@gmail.com 6. Air Pollution Surveys on Road Network Connecting DarlaghatRopar and Darlaghat Nalagarh Date of Start : November 2009 Date of Completion: February 2012 Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Present Status and Progress Status: Completed, Final Report submitted Year of last report : 2011 Further findings/conclusions/supporting data M/s Ambuja Cements Limited requested CSIR-Central Road Research Institute to carry out air pollution and traffic studies to predict the impact on air quality of the road network in the influence area which are likely to be affected due to the expansion of one of its cement plant at village Rauri, Darlaghat (H.P) (clinker capacity increasing from 1.8 MTPA to 2.6 MTPA) and a new grinding unit at village Panjehra in Nalagarh (H.P) which is situated at a distance of about 20 km from its existing grinding plant at Ropar (Punjab). Air pollution measurement and traffic flow studies were carried out in order to evaluate the influence on air quality, air dispersion modelling (CALINE 4 model) was attempted to obtain the base line information for the same. In addition, vehicular emission loads of CO, HC, NOx and PM at selected locations were estimated. Continuous measurements were carried out for these air pollutants at each of the selected locations on 24-hr basis by using CRRIs sophisticated state-of-art mobile air pollution laboratory equipped with pollutant-specific automatic analyzers. To predict the CO concentrations along the road corridor(s), vehicular pollution modelling was carried out using CALINE 4 model. The vehicular emission loads of CO, HC, NOx and PM) at selected locations (sites) were estimated for base year 2009 and projected year 2012.

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The Concentrations of most of the air pollutants at almost all the locations except for CO and PM at Nalagarh (Panjehra) did not exceed the ambient air quality standards as specified by CPCB. The CO prediction using CALINE 4 model was carried out for all four pre-identified road corridors. The modelling results indicated that the predicted CO concentrations for the year 2012 were slightly higher as compared to the base year 2009. That was due to natural growth in the traffic volume and additional trucks that have increased after the capacity expansion of the plant were added for the projected year 2012. Vehicular emission load along the road corridors were calculated for CO, HC, NOx and PM. Vehicular emission loads were calculated for both the base year (2009) as well as for the projected year 2012. No significant change in total emission load and contribution from individual pollutant(s) in the projected year 2012 vis-vis base year 2009 was observed due to improved engine technology in the vehicles and fuel quality Limitations of conclusions or interim conclusions Limited to the identified road corridor Recommendation for further work Similar work could be taken up in the future Reports/Publications: Final Report Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from The Head, Environmental Science Division, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Phone: 011-26921830 E-mail ID: anilsingh1234@gmail.com 7. Variability in Vehicle fuel Consumption Under Controlled Conditions Date of Start : April 2010 Date of Completion : September 2012 Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Present Status and Progress Field studies and analysis of field data completed Status: Report preparation is under progress Further findings/conclusions/supporting data Variability in steady speed fuel consumption is up to 8.2 % with the various steady speeds. For both Petrol and Diesel driven light duty vehicles almost uniform variability in value of fuel consumption was observed. Optimum fuel consumption was observed consistently

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General Report On in case of power failures. These petromax are not very well maintained and so there is always a probability of leakage during usage, also the filling of these petromax is usually done from LPG cylinders which results in leakage of LPG in atmosphere. This LPG could be the probable source of high concentration of ethane in these commercial areas. Commercial sampling site (C2) had a restaurant in the vicinity of sampling place which uses LPG. The results show that in residential area also concentration of ethane is maximum. This could also be attributed to the LPG leakage in houses. LPG is normally used in residential areas for cooking purposes. Residential sampling site like Maharani Bagh have underground LPG pipelines even any small leakage during handling and usage can increase concentration of ethane in ambient air. The maximum contribution of butane comes from industrial areas i.e. 47% and also if individual results for distribution of NMHCs in industrial areas are speculated it was observed that ethane shows a maximum contribution. This scene could be realized if the various industrial activities like welding, usage of solvents etc. are taken into account. Satyam Puram, Jharoda Kalan Border which was taken as a background area is nearly undeveloped rural area which has no industrial or commercial activities going on nearby. Since it is a rural area not very good traffic facilities are present. All these conditions made this zone a completely pollution free area which is reflected in the results thereby proving a very good background. Further findings/conclusions/supporting data The study dealing with NMHCs in Ambient Air described above is concluded on the following grounds The concentrations of NMHCs in Commercial, Residential, and industrial Area shows a similar order Ethane>Propane>Butane even though the butane is contributed to a maximum extent by Industrial Areas (47%) followed by Residential Areas (29%), Commercial Areas (14%) and Traffic Area (7%). A different pattern is observed for distribution of Ethane with following percentage composition viz. Residential Areas (40%), Industrial Areas (39%), Commercial Areas (14%) and Traffic Area (10%). Propane showed a monopoly in the Traffic Areas with a negligible contribution in other areas. Recommendation for further work We propose the following which can be done in this regard Altitudinal profiling of NMHCs in the various areas viz. Traffic Areas, Residential Areas, Commercial Areas, and industrial Area.

for both vehicle types to be either at steady speed of 40 or 50 km/hr. Limitations of conclusions or interim conclusions The steady speed fuel consumption study was conducted on two vehicles only by covering a section length of 1 km considering 10 runs for each of the steady speed. The work was conducted for light vehicles only; the effect of wind speed, temperature and humidity effect were neglected. Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from The Head, Environmental Science Division, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Phone: 011-26921830 E-mail ID: anilsingh1234@gmail.com 8. Study of Non methane hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Delhi region Date of Start : Dec 2007 Date of Completion : Jan 2012 CSIR- Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R) Present Status and Progress Status: Completed The present study shows the following results. The proportion of propane is highest in traffic area i.e. 98% followed by ethane (2%). Butane shows a negligible concentration in this area. The results show that the only expected source of propane is traffic in the ambient air. Traffic congestion is the main problem which leads to increased concentration of propane. First Traffic sampling site, i.e. Ashram intersection shows the highest and abnormal concentration of propane. The probable reason is the traffic congestion on the intersection area. Most of the time vehicle is in idling mode and in this condition there are more chances to get an incomplete combustion of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) yielding plethora of propane. In the second traffic sampling site, i.e. Dhaula Kuan there was a moving traffic and least congestion was present at the time of sampling which is reflected in the results. So it was concluded that the high concentration of propane may be attributed to the incomplete combustion of CNG in the internal combustion engine. The pattern of the NMHCs is more or less similar in commercial area and residential area. The probable reason of this could be the close proximities of commercial and residential areas in Delhi.In commercial area the shopkeepers usually uses petromax for lighting

road research in india 2011-12 Diurnal variations in the pattern of concentrations of NMHCs in above said and other areas. Seasonal Variations in the pattern of concentrations of NMHCs in above said and other areas. Fate of NMHCs in atmosphere. Kinetics of reactions of NMHCs with NOx, SOx and PAN. Finding Correlation between concentrations of PAHs, NMHCs and Ozone by forming Equations among the three components and finding coefficient of regressions. Molecular modeling of Compounds and chelating agents which can bind with NMHCs for easier arrest of the NMHCs from atmosphere.

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Any New Materials / New Technologies if adopted LED Lights proposed, which can also be solar powered. Performance of such New Materials/ Technology Shown in the paper-economic, better lighting, less energy consumption though initial investment is high, but forms insignificant cost compared to construction cost of highways. Additional R&D / work required in the area Induction of LED lights with solar Further details can be obtained from M/s Sylos Engineering Pvt. Ltd, 14 Deluxe, B-5 Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi-110096, Mobile: 9810077284 Phone: 22621559, E-mail ID: p.aich@ sylosengineering.com 2. Study on Ambient Air Quality and its Contribution to Climate Change in Kerala Date of Start: March, 2009 Date of Completion (Targetted): March, 2013 National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) R Present Status and Progress Ongoing Conclusions/Supporting Data The 24 hourly average value of particulate matter concentration at few sampling stations is exceeding the prescribed standards of CPCB may be due to heavy traffic density and other anthropogenic activities. Limitations of Conclusions or Interim Conclusions The monitoring will be carried out for 3 years and the prediction of air pollution will be evaluated. The correlation of vehicular emission into air pollution will also be assessed. The impacts of air pollution on atmosphere will be determined. Reports/Publications 1. Interim Report 2. Annual Report 3. Seminar Papers Energy consumption in transport sector and its effect on climate, P.Kalaiarasan,B.G.Sreedevi Kerala Environment Congress -2011, 25th to 27th

Reports/Publications 1. Excessive emissions of non methane hydrocarbons in Delhi by Nidhi Tarsolia, Sippy K chauhan & Anuradha Shukla online periodicals CSIR NISCAIR, 19(2), Dec 2011, pp 188 193 2. Preliminary Studies on the characterization of non methane hydrocarbons in ambient air of Delhi by Nidhi Tarsolia, Sippy K Chauhan, Anuradha Shukla, Prabhat K Gupta. Presented in the National conference on bioremediation at JNU, New Delhi, from 26th to 28th Dec 2011 Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from The Head, Environmental Science Division, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110025, Phone: 011-26921830 E-mail ID: anilsingh1234@gmail.com C. 1. R&D ACTIVITY REPORT BY CONSULTANCY FIRMS/ CONTRACTORS/ CONCESSIONS Travel During Night Date of Start and Duration: Ongoing M/s Sylos Engineering Pvt. Ltd. (C) (R) Special situations / problems investigations / Constructions faced during

Accident-prone location study during night travel due to lack of proper lighting. Methodology / Procedure adopted for solving the problems Proposed for lighting of highways with particular reference to junctions

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General Report On August 2011, organized by Centre for Environment and Development, Thiruvananthapuram. Further information/copy of report can be obtained from Director, National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, Sasthra Bhavan, Pattom Palace P. O., Thiruvananthapuram- 695 004, Mobile: 9446342828; Phone: 0471- 2548300, 2543678; Fax: 0471-2543677 E-mail ID: bgsreedevi@yahoo.com

Study on air quality and estimation of vehicular emission in South Kerala, P.Kalaiarasan, B.G.Sreedevi - National Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering (NACE2011), 3rd December 2011, organized by Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram.

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V. RESEARCH PROJECTS RELATED TO THESIS FOR POST- GRADUATION/ Ph.D

A. PAVEMENT ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS SUMMARY

The various research topics related to thesis work include pavement management and maintenance systems for highways and rural roads, deterioration models, design analysis for composite layered pavements, pervious concrete pavements, use of RBI grade 81and coir geo-textiles for improving performance of pavements, and development of rutting model for bituminous pavements. It has been concluded that 25mm SDBC overlay at an earlier stage is better than 40mm BM at a later stage. Network Level Pavement Maintenance Management Using Road Network Evaluation Tool (Ronet) has revealed that the maximum benefits are obtained if higher threshold standards and thicker overlays are selected to ensure that the selected road network always remains in good condition. In case of low volume rural roads the clustering can be used in categorizing the pavement sections for efficient rural road maintenance management. From the optimisation results, it is seen that in the necessary fund model, the minimum budget required to keep the pavements in a specified threshold level is less for the clustered pavement sections than that for the unclustered sections. Investigating the role of Activity Characteristics, Spatial Variation and Timing Dimension in Trip and Tour Frequency Models, it has been observed that Activity based trip frequency models perform better than the conventional trip frequency models. Trips were found to vary across the different zones. Incorporating spatial effect increased the goodness-of-fit of the trip frequency models significantly. Study of pervious concrete has revealed that compressive strength of pervious concrete is 39% less than normal concrete. Split tensile strength is 15% less than normal concrete. Modulus of rupture of pervious concrete is 22% less than normal concrete. The average co-efficient of permeability was found to be 0.155 cm/sec Stabilization of soil with RBI Grade 81, phosphogypsum and ecobase stabilizers resulted in decrease in PI value and increase in CBR, ultimate tensile strength and fatigue strength of the soil. 400 GSM woven geotextile placed at bottom position of the overlay specimen showed maximum decrease in rut deformation compare to control specimen. Geotextile placed at bottom of overlay performed better than geotextile placed at one-third from bottom in the overlay followed by geotextile placed at middle in the overlay. The research topics covered in various thesis work are aging behaviour of bitumen with different fillers, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Development of Master Curves for Bitumen Processed in India, Recycled Asphalt Pavement, Foamed Bitumen, Stone Matrix Asphalt, Bituminous Concrete Using Treated Aggregates, Pavement Design Evaluation and Back analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo Simulation, Bituminous Mix with Added Fibres, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Long Lasting Pavements, Evaluation of Flexible Pavement by Kenpave Software for the Blended Soils, and Mix Design of Pervious Concrete. It has been concluded that So in terms of aging, for VG 20 grade bitumen, it is better to use cement added at 1% as filler material and for VG 10 grade bitumen fly ash and lime added at 2 and 1.5% can be used as filler material. Fatigue life of SMA mix prepared with PMB 40 was 5.19% greater than that of SMA mix prepared with PMB 70. Stiffness modulus and surface characteristics of bituminous mixes can be enhanced by adding fibers. Bituminous mix with Coir fiber shows better structural and creep characteristics than mix with other fibers. The study shows that although the concept of perpetual pavements advocates the increase of HMA thickness to keep the critical strains within the threshold limits, the provision of a stable foundation and the high stiffness base materials are equally significant from a financial perspective.

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General Report On

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Pavement management system 2. Pavement deterioration models 3. Soil stabilizers ecobase, RBI grade 81, phosphogypsum 4. Coir geo-textiles 5. Pervious concrete pavement 6. Rutting depth models 7. Recycled Asphalt Pavement 8. Warm mix and half warm mix asphalt mixes 9. Fibre additives to bituminous mixes 10. Stone matrix asphalt

road research in india 2011-12 C. RESEARCH PROJECTS RELATED TO THESIS FOR POST GRADUATION/Ph.D 1. Urban Pavement Maintenance Management System for Tiruchirappalli City Date of start and duration: 15th JULY 2011, 1 year Date of completion: 30th MAY 2012 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Scope and Objectives Objective: To develop a standardized procedure for collection of data during various seasons using different equipments and methods. To collect pavement condition data during various seasons using different equipments and methods. To develop pavement performance prediction models for urban roads of Tiruchirappalli City. To prioritize urban road network for various maintenance strategies under budget constraints.

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For majority of the road sections, 25mm SDBC overlay at an earlier stage was found to be the optimum solution over 40mm BM at a later stage. In HDM 4, budget allocation for a specific year on road maintenance to a particular road section is done based on maximum budget utilization technique. Average periodicity interval required for renewing the road surface is 4 years. However it varies for 4 - 6 years for the individual roads.

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Bhargava Sai B V, M.Tech., Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy -15, E-mail ID bhargavsmilin@gmail. com 2. Prioritization of Highway Pavements for Maintenance Management at Project Level Date of Start and Duration: 1 August 2011, 1 year Date of Completion: 1 May 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives The data for project is from 37 corridors with 85 links consisting about 2477 km of roads in Tamilnadu. The periodical performance data was analyzed to calculate overlay thickness as per IRC 81 for each project duly considering the pavement condition, traffic volume etc. Alternate maintenance strategies are considered during the life cycle period of 15years. The cost-economics is computed and the projects are prioritized for the best funding options, depending on the viability. The main objectives of the present study are 1. Analyze the periodical performance data of selected highway pavements 2. Prioritization of the selected project roads for maintenance based on traffic level and importance 3. Evaluation of alternate maintenance strategies for different projects and selection of the best maintenance strategy considering life cycle cost analysis. Proposed Methodology Collection of last five years data Pavement condition data (Structural data and Functional data)

Scope: The study looks forward to implementing the effective and economical urban pavement maintenance and management strategy for the nineteen arterial and sub arterial roads selected under the Tiruchirappalli Corporation. The focus lies on developing a deterioration model for the selected roads using HDM4 and to find the optimized solution among the maintenance strategies proposed. Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) Primary data like Classified Volume Count, Pavement distress data including PCI (Pavement Condition Index) values and IRI (International Roughness Index) values for the post - monsoon season were collected. The collected data was used in HDM4 to compute the net benefit to society based on a simulation of the history of pavement deterioration and a prediction of the stream of road user costs and maintenance costs during the analysis period.A couple of maintenance strategies were tested for the optimal choice of road maintenance for various constraints of budgets. Salient-Findings and conclusion(s) Roughness details of the road sections were collected for three seasons. It was observed that the IRI value on the roads varied from 2.5m/km to 5.5m/km.

92 Pavement composition data Traffic data Axle load survey data

General Report On Date of Completion: April 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives 1. Study the periodical performance data from a network of selected state highways and major district roads in Tamil Nadu and development of transition probability matrices for different maintenance scenarios based on the data availability and judgement. 2. Determination of appropriate maintenance strategies for the group of pavement sections based on traffic and pavement condition states. 3. Determination of optimum level of budget requirements for the desired performance levels for the study network for single year. 4. Development of multi-year maintenance planning and the budget requirements for the study road network to achieve the desired levels of performance. Proposed Methodology 1. Compilation of data: The following data on the road network is collected and compiled. 2. Traffic data 3. Pavement condition data 4. Roughness data 5. The extent and severity of various distresses obtained from the pavement condition data are combined into an index called the pavement condition index (PCI) using the deduct value method. 6. The network is then classified into homogeneous sections based on traffic levels, pavement condition index (PCI) and International Roughness Index (IRI). 7. Performance of pavements is predicted using the Markov method wherein transition probability matrices are developed for different scenarios. 8. Various maintenance strategies are identified based on the IRI threshold levels and the overlay thicknesses. The costs and benefits for an analysis period of 20 years at a discount rate of 12% are computed and compared for all the strategies. 9. Benefit/cost ratio is used as an economic indicator to find the optimal strategy that leads to minimization of any combination between agency costs and road user costs and the maximization of the whole network quality or performance subject to annual budget constraints.

Existing soil and Strength (CBR) of soil data

Analysis of data and identifying homogeneous sections Computation of characteristic deflection and cumulative standard axles for each section Computation of overlay thickness for each section as per IRC 81 Application of alternative maintenance strategies for each section i,e routine, preventive and corrective maintenance Computation of life cycle cost analysis for the design period of 15 years Selection of optimal maintenance strategy from selected maintenance alternatives for each section

Salient-Findings and Conclusions 1. Optimal maintenance option for each project road section results in low maintenance cost with desired performance for the design period of 15 years. 2. Delay in the maintenance application increases the maintenance cost approximately two times for every year of delayed maintenance. This leads to increase in Vehicle operating cost. 3. Timely application of appropriate maintenance option controls the roughness, pothole and cracking progression within the intervention limits, whereas in case of base alternative, roughness reaches the maximum limit. 4. Adopting periodic-preventive maintenance for all the pavements when they are in good condition increases the benefits for agency and road users. 5. Under budget constraint scenario, the suggested analysis is helpful for the prioritization of the road projects for maintenance. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Mahesh S Zalaki, S/o: S K Zalaki, EWS-8, Adarsha Nagar, Bijapur, Karnataka, 586103, Mobile : 7200494008, 9035632752 E-mail ID: mahesh.zalaki@ gmail.com 3. Network Level Pavement Maintenance Management Using Road Network Evaluation Tool (Ronet) Date of Start: August 2011

road research in india 2011-12 Salient-Findings and Conclusions The study is conducted to decide an optimal threshold standard as well as optimal overlay thickness for 1646 km of roads divided based on traffic and pavement condition. The costs and benefits of various strategies are computed for 20 year analysis period, discounted at a rate of 12% and compared. 1. The maximum benefits are obtained if higher threshold standards and thicker overlays are selected to ensure that the selected road network always remains in good condition. Highest benefits are obtained if BC overlay of 100 mm thickness is adopted at very high threshold standard at an agency cost of Rs. 835crores (167M$). 2. For an unconstrained budget scenario, adopting a BC overlay of 75 mm thickness at an agency cost of Rs.700 crores (140M$) is found to be optimal. A very high threshold standard is considered for all traffic classes. 3. For a constrained budget scenario, the following strategies can be adopted as per the availability of funds. For a constrained budget policy, the scenario with the greatest NPV/cost need to be selected that gives the highest returns for the amount spent. If 75% of Rs. 835 crores (167M$), i.e. Rs. 625 crores (125M$) is only available, adopting an BC overlay of 40 mm thickness for roads in good and fair condition and BC overlay of 75 mm thickness for roads in poor condition at an agency cost of Rs. 595 crores (119M$) is found to be optimal. The overlay serves as preventive maintenance for the roads in good condition and as corrective maintenance for the roads in fair condition. If only 50% of Rs. 835crores (167M$), i.e. Rs. 415crores (83M$) is available, adopting a BC overlay of 25 mm thickness for roads in good and fair condition and BC overlay of 75 mm thickness for roads in poor condition at an agency cost of Rs. 390 crores (78M$) is found to be optimal. 4. Sustainable Design for Upgradation National Highway Pavement

93 of

Date of Start and Duration: 01 August 2011, 1 Year Date of Completion: 01 May 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives Objectives: 1. Study the structural and functional condition of the road under study 2. Group homogeneous pavement sections for maintenance 3. Assess the maintenance homogeneous section needs for each

4. Suggest cost-effective and sustainable rehabilitation treatments for the project road Scopes: 1. Evaluation of the structural and functional condition of a typical four lane National Highway Pavement using automated distress evaluation equipment 2. Evaluation the pavement component layer material properties from field core samples and trial pits 3. Structural design of upgraded pavement in a sustainable way 4. Evaluation of recycling method by using Marshall Mix design and Superpave Technology Proposed Methodology The sequence of steps that were followed to achieve the objectives is as follows: Collection of Data from Chennai-Tada road Project Traffic Data Benkelman Beam Deflection (BBD) Data Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) Data Pavement Condition Survey (Cracking, Rutting, Shoving) Data Axle Load Data Traffic Growth Data In-Situ Samples Distress

4. A minimum of Rs. 295 crores (59M$) is required to provide a BC overlay of 25 mm thickness at a very low threshold level. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Chithra Prabhakaran, Thanikkal (H), P.O. Rayarangoth, Vadakara, Calicut673102, Mobile: 09747353372 Phone: 04962511566, E-mail ID: chithra.prabhakaran@gmail.com,

Calculations of Characteristic Deflection based on BBD data Identifying Homogenous Sections based on Traffic, BBD, FWD and PCI

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General Report On Calculation of Modulus values based on FWD data using Evercalc 5.0 software Design of Overlay based on deflection values for homogenous section Calculations of Pavement Condition Index (PCI) based on Distress data and given maintenance option for each section Determination of Bitumen content of In-Situ samples and Grading of the same Design of Recycling Method based on analysis of experimental data on In-Situ samples Mix Design of Hot Mix Asphalt Recycling by both Marshall Mix Design and Superpave Technology Determination of Stability and Flow based on Marshall Mix Design Determination of Dynamic Modulus and Phase Angle based on Simple Performance Test (SPT) Determination of Fatigue and Rutting Criteria using Dynamic Modulus based on IRC-37 6. Using dynamic modulus values for 4% and 7% air voids at 40C and 60C temperatures respectively, the Fatigue (NF) and Rutting Criteria (NR) were calculated. The number of cumulative standard axles are: Fatigue Criteria (NF) = 1.1968E+13 and 1.1558E+13 for 4% air voids at 40C using RAP and 100% Virgin mix respectively Rutting Criteria (NR) = 15227745279 and 1.462E+10 for 4% air voids at 40C using RAP and 100% Virgin mix respectively Fatigue Criteria (NF) = 1.30348E+13 and 7.7367E+12 for 4% air voids at 60C using RAP and 100% Virgin mix respectively Rutting Criteria (NR) = 3155006281 and 4.673E+09 for 4% air voids at 60C using RAP 100% Virgin mix respectively

So RAP was given equal performance with 100% Virgin mix 7. RAP can be partially or completely reused in fresh construction Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Rajesh Khanna, Sri RajaRajeshwari Winding Works, Main Road Parkal, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh 506164, Mobile: +919444359030 E-mail ID: khanna. nani@gmail.com 5. Decision Support System for Maintenance Management of Low Volume Rural Roads Date of Start and Duration: 20.07.2007 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives The following objectives are pursued in this research: Formulation of indices for pavement condition rating using factor analysis Cluster analysis application maintenance management in rural road

Salient-Findings and Conclusions 1. The project stretch (km 11.000 to 54.400) is divided into three homogenous sections based on Benkelman Beam Deflection (BBD) Data, Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) Data, Pavement Condition Index (PCI) and Traffic Criteria as follows: Section 1 km 11.000 to 27.600 Section 2 km 27.600 to 39.500 Section 3 km 39.500 to 54.400

2. The bitumen content of In-Situ samples were found to be in the range of 3.88% to 7.64% 3. The size of the aggregates of the in-situ samples are within the desired size range of BC layer Grade II, as per MORT&H-Fourth revision (2001) 4. Of all the binder percentage for trial mix design, the binder percentage which lies within the specification limits of MORT&H is 5.5%. Hence the binder content was fixed at 5.5% 5. Dynamic modulus and phase angle were calculated for 30% RAP and 70% Virgin Aggregate mixing samples for 4% air voids and 7% air voids compacted samples at 40C and 60C temperatures respectively. These values were compared with 100% virgin aggregate mixed samples and the results are approximately equal

Development of performance prediction models for low volume rural roads Development of a decision support system for optimal maintenance of low volume rural roads

Proposed Methodology The management of low volume rural roads in developing countries presents a range of challenges to

road research in india 2011-12 road designers and managers. Rural roads comprise over 85 percent of the road network in India and their being kept in serviceable condition is crucial to rural economy. The present study aims at developing an optimum maintenance strategy for the rural roads under rural road programme namely Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana in Tiruchirappalli District, Tamilnadu in India. Visual condition survey of the selected roads which includes condition of shoulders, drains, cross drainage structures, and camber; and pavement distresses viz., potholes, crack area, edge break are collected in 2009, 2010 and 2011. GPS coordinates and photographic images depicting the condition of the pavement are taken at every 200 m interval. An index namely Visual Condition Index is formulated from the above measured parameters based on factor analysis. This study also aims at investigating the efficacy of using cluster analysis as an aiding tool for Pavement Management System. K-means and Latent Class Clustering were conducted for grouping the pavement sections into homogeneous clusters. Deterioration models were development for clusters separately. Linear regression models relating VCR with age were developed for clustered and unclustered data. Optimisation of maintenance strategies were done in GAMS. Both the budget bound and necessary fund scenarios were considered for optimization with the models with and without cluster. Salient-Findings and Conclusions The results obtained from the work reveals that the clustering can be used in categorizing the pavement sections for efficient rural road maintenance management. From the optimisation results, it is seen that in the necessary fund model, the minimum budget required to keep the pavements in a specified threshold level is less for the clustered pavement sections than that for the unclustered sections. Also, in budget bound condition, the total effectiveness (area under performance curve) are with the clustered modelled pavement sections. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from V. Sunitha, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering Division, Deptt. of Civil Engg, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Mobile: 09443302930 E-mail ID: sunitha@nitt.edu 6. Development of Pavement Deterioration Model for the Road Networks of Trivandrum City Date of Start: August 2011. Date of Completion: August 2012. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R) Scope and Objectives

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The quality and efficiency of road network affects the quality of life, the health of the social system, and the continuity of economic and business activities of a country. Maintenance and up gradation of such a large network is a challenging task because of the logistics and constraints of resources. There is a need to manage the network more efficiently in a scientific manner. Pavement Maintenance and Management System(PMMS) can be defined as a scientific tool for managing the pavements so as to make the best possible use of resources available or to maximize the benefit of society. A well-designed geographic information system (GIS) provides a platform on which all aspects of the PMMS process can be built. A comprehensive GIS includes procedures for data input, either from maps, aerial photographs, satellites, surveys or other sources; data storage, retrieval, and querying; data transformation, analysis, and modelling; and output generation, including maps, reports, and plans. The development of a strong database is the primary part of any PMMS.The Dynamic Segmentation (DS) capability of a GIS can be used to enhance PMMS. Dynamic segmentation has allowed for increased accuracy of the PMMS as the data can be displayed to closely reflect the changing condition of a pavement segment. Application of pavement maintenance management systems requires the ability of system to predict future pavement conditions. Modeling of pavement performance deterioration in terms of riding comfort or pavement roughness and surface distress is a critical engineering process in PMMS. As a primary component of a PMMS, dynamic performance prediction models are crucial for one or more of the following analyses: maintenance planning, budgeting, life-cycle analysis, multi-year optimization of maintenance works program, and authentication of design alternatives. The main focus of the study is to develop a dynamic hybrid pavement deterioration model from the database in ArcGIS. Four cycles of pavement condition data and the required inventory data are compiled from the ArcGIS database. In MATLAB a composite index get developed for every inspection period by coding. A deterioration model get developed to determine the pavement condition for ant time as a function of index of previous period, axle load, age of pavement, maintenance history and drainage details. The correlation between the road roughness and composite index developed also get determined. The developed model is illustrated considering the study corridor in Trivandrum city. The study network was delineated into homogeneous section of 500m and the composite index gets developed with respect to visual rating, riding comfort and free flow speed.

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General Report On history, Footpath details, Shoulder details, Carriageway, Right of way, Adjacent land use, Drainage facility and Roughness b) Creating a database management system in ArcGIS software. This module consists of following procedures a. Georeferencing of base map in ArcGIS b. Digitisation of Corporation. toposheet of Trivandrum

The model was developed to determine the present and future pavement condition. In this study strategy analysis is carried by Matlab coding and Hybrid Neural network. The testing of model with final dataset shows linear relation between actual and predicted values of pavement condition. The objectives of this study are: Development of database management system of selected road networks of Trivandrum city using ArcGIS software Collection of pavement inventory data, pavement condition data, drainage data, traffic data and maintenance history at four inspection periods Linear referencing & Dynamic Segmentation of road network to assist development of database in ArcGIS environment Development of composite condition index(CI) using fuzzy logic (CI-1)& Matlab coding (CI-2) Attributes used: visual rating, riding comfort and free flow speed Development of pavement deterioration model (Hybrid Dynamic model)

c. Dynamic segmentation of road networks i. Creating routes(i.e. linear features with measurements) ii. Buffering of unwanted points iii. Segmentation of each stretch into length of 500m iv. Creating route events(recording attributes as data) v. Display of attributes c) Development of composite condition indices by fuzzy logic method and MATLAB Coding a. Development of composite index by fuzzy logic Fuzzy logic method can be used for estimating of pavement condition rating by giving factors as input variables and deduct value as output variable. Pavement condition rating is based upon visual inspection of pavement condition, free flow speed and by riding comfort. Although the relationship between pavement condition and performance is not well defined, there is a general agreement that the ability of a pavement to sustain traffic loads in a safe and smooth manner is adversely affected by the occurrence of distresses .For the condition rating by fuzzy logic, a model is established with input variables as visual pavement condition rating, riding comfort, and free flow speed. Visual rating is classified as excellent, v.good, good, fair, poor and v.poor. The free flow speed is classified as v.high, high, medium and low. The riding comfort is classified as v.good, good fair and poor. A range is assigned for each class as there is only crisp value input in fuzzy logic. Output variable will give the final pavement condition. Fuzzy logic is a heuristic method to obtain very good results. In the established model, triangular membership functions were trained using existing data. the

a. It is a function of CI of previous periods, drainage, age and CSAL and maintenance history Collection of roughness data using fifth wheel bump integrator and calibration using MERLIN for the last inspection period Comparison of developed composite indices and Roughness

The scope of this study is, present study restricted to selected routes in Thiruvananthapuram corporation road network and it can be extended to full road network for its maintenance management Methodology It consists of six modules a) The development of database management system is the most important step for any pavement maintenance management system. It consists of following steps 1. Identification of study area 2. The network identification of pavement segments has to be done. 3. Collection of relevant data which consists of a. Traffic volume, Free flow speed, pavement condition rating by visual aid, Riding comfort , Section definition, Facility, Maintenance

road research in india 2011-12 b. Development of composite index by MATLAB coding The procedure consists of developing composite index in Matlab consists of giving input variables, pre processing of data by normalizing the input values, giving weightage to each input, sum the condition and finally post processing of data by normalizing the output values. Here also the input variables are visual rating, riding comfort and free flow speed. The classifications also remain same. But here the input variables remain as such i.e. class and crisp values without any conversion to get the output index. d) Development of dynamic hybrid deterioration model for pavement performance analysis This module consists of development of deterioration model by MATLAB coding. The model get trained and tested in Neural Network training tool. The model inputs consist of both class and crisp values. The class input consists of condition rating such as good, fair etc. The crisp values are numeric values. Hence both type of data input is done here, it can be called as Hybrid Model. The database gets updated with respect to inspection period, and this dataset is a direct input to program, result gets changed with respect to it. As pavement condition is dynamic in nature, the result is also dynamic with respect to the database. Hence it can be called as dynamic model. Eventhough the training and testing is conducted in Neural Network Training tool, due to the MATLAB coding of direct input of both class and crisp values, it can be named as HNN (Hybrid Neural Network) instead of Artificial Neural Network.

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The composite index for each inspection period can be developed from fuzzy logic (CI-1) and MATLAB coding (CI-2). The index values get compared with the IRI values and the correlation coefficients get determined. Findings/Conclusions Following conclusions were drawn A strong database is created for pavement maintenance management of selected road network of Trivandrum city From the traffic data, the growth rate was calculated as 5.7% d VDF as 4.6. Classified traffic volume count has been noted for entire stretches. Comparison of pavement condition changes in all inspection periods has been done. Final pavement condition rating prove that in the selected network 6% are in excellent ,42% in v.good, 49% in good and 3% in fair condition finally. Dynamic segmentation of road network in ArcGIS has been done by 500 m segmentation a. For easy accessibility of data on each segment of road network by click on to the particular point on screen. The display of each attribute gives us a sudden clear picture about its condition for any time. b. It gives the Graphical display of data trends which is an effective method of communication between the system and user. c. The dynamic segmentation enhancing PMMS output results more interpretable through dynamic color coding and sophisticated visualization techniques Developed two composite indices for representing pavement condition as a function of visual rating, riding comfort and free flow speed by fuzzy logic and Matlab coding. Two composite indices get developed by Fuzzy logic approach and BY MATLAB coding. For large scale database CI-2 proves to be more efficient and effective.CI-1 needs crisp value inputs and input data for every segment is a tedious job. For each inspection periods for each segment we have to give inputs to get the output. But CI-2 can accommodate both class and crisp values and once we create a database, the file can be exported to Matlab to get result Develop a hybrid dynamic deterioration model for pavement performance analysis. It gives the pavement condition for any time, t with respect to previous conditions (CI), age, axle load, drainage and maintenance history. The model shows a linear relationship between the actual and predicted values of the pavement condition. The mean

e) Determination of IRI value from roughness data The IRI value can be obtained using fifth wheel bump integrator and MERLIN. Bump Integrator gives speedily a quantitative integrated evaluation of surface irregularities on an electromagnetic counter. It gives the BI counts in cm/km. MERLIN device can be used for direct measurement of unevenness usually called Roughness or for calibrating other instruments like Bump Integrator. It is get converted to IRI in m/km with the calibration of MERLIN-D. f) Determine the correlation between the composite index developed and the International Roughness Index

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General Report On square error is also proved to be minimum for both validation and testing. found to vary across the different zones. Incorporating spatial effect increased the goodness-of-fit of the trip frequency models significantly. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Vishnu B., Research scholar, Transportation Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras., Mobile : 9445069977 Phone:044-22575292, E-mail ID: vishnubaburajan@outlook.com 8. Stress Strain Analysis on Composite Structure of two Viscoelastic Layered Structures Date of Start and Duration: 26 - 07 - 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives Investigate the stress strain response of composite structure of a two viscoelastic layered structures. Proposed Methodology Co-related analytical solutions on the structural analysis of two bituminous concrete layers with stress strain analysis using Abaqus software. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Selva Kumar, Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras., Mobile: 9840268028 Phone: 04422575292 , E-mail ID: selvakumar_nc@yahoo.com 9. Experimental Study on Properties of Pervious Concrete and Its Applicability in Pavement Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion 30th MAY 2012 National Institute of Technology,Tiruchirappally Scope and Objectives The objectives of the study are as follows: To study the strength and permeability properties of pervious concrete by adding polymer and super plasticizer and comparing with normal concrete. To determine the Youngs Modulus and Poissons ratio for the design mix. To analyse stress of pervious concrete and normalconcrete slab using KENPAVE software.

Collected the roughness values using fifth wheel bump integrator and MERLIN for the entire study routes. The correlation of CI-1 and roughness proves to be medium while CI-2 by Matlab coding proved to be more efficient as it proves to be strong.

Publications 1. Soumya.R.S, R.Priya and B.TulaseedharanNair (2012), Dynamic Segmentation of Road Network for Pavement Maintenance Management System in Trivandrum City, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2012), August 10-11, 2012, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. Priya.R, Assistant Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 7. Investigating the Role of Activity Characteristics, Spatial Variation and Timing Dimension in Trip and Tour Frequency Models Date of Start and Duration: 17 - 07 - 2009 Date of Completion: June 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives 1. Propose and analyze an activity-based model for trip frequency 2. Analyze of spatial dependency and spatial variation in trip frequency 3. Analyze the timing dimension in tour generation Attention is focused only on trip and tour generation stages, specifically production phase. Demand dimensions considered (trip, tours and stop) on the whole day at person and household levels of aggregation. Proposed Methodology Develop trip frequency equations that capture the effect of activity characteristics and bridge the gap between the trip-based and the activity-based approach. Salient-Findings and Conclusion Activity based trip frequency models perform better than the conventional trip frequency models. Trips were

road research in india 2011-12 Proposed Methodology (Type of study,Laboratory/ Field) The admixtures used are Glenium B233, Rheomix-141. The mix design was obtained. The tests conducted were Compressive strength Split tensile strength Flexural strength Permeability Test Youngs Modulus test. Scope and Objectives The objectives of the study are as follows:

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To understand the engineering properties of the soil. To review the enhancement of soil characteristics using Eco base. To study the fatigue behaviour of soil using RBI grade 81 and Eco base

Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) The test was conducted after 4 days soaking,which gives the general field condition. Clayey black cotton soil showing a lower CBR value of 2% in soaked condition as it is weak in sustaining penetration due to loads. The tests conducted were 1. Atterbergs limits 2. Liquid limit 3. Plastic limit 4. Standard proctor test 5. CBR test 6. Unconfined compression test 7. Fatigue test Salient-Findings and conclusions Based on the comparison of the test results of virgin soil and the stabilised soil with RBI grade 81 and ecobase, the following conclusions are drawn, After addition of ecobase stabilizer, OMC was reduced from 24.5% to 19 % and PI was reduced from 32% to 18.5 % whereas after addition of 5% of RBI grade 81 stabilizer the clayey soil which is highly plastic become non plastic. After addition of ecobase stabilizer the cbr value increased from 2% to 49% whereas after addition of 5% grade 81 RBI the cbr value increased to 59%. After addition of ecobase stabilizer the ultimate strength of soil was increased from 2.5 kg/cm2 to 7 kg/cm2 for 3 day cured sample and 13 kg/cm2 for 7 day and 15.9 kg/cm2 for 28 day cured sample. The strain at failure of specimen is more or less same even after addition of both stabilizers. From experimental studies it was found that as the stress ratio increases the number of repeated loads for specimen failure is decreasing.

Salient-Findings and Conclusions The following are the major conclusions 1. Compressive strength of normal concrete is 38.5MPa, for pervious concrete is 27.7MPa, which is 39% less than normal concrete 2. Split tensile strength of normal concrete is 3.9MPa, for previous concrete is 3.4MPa, which is 15% less than normal concrete 3. Modulus of rupture of normal concrete is 5MPa, for pervious concrete is 4.1MPa, which is 22% less than normal concrete 4. The experimental observations have shown an average co-efficient of permeability as 0.155 cm/ sec 5. The youngs modulus of pervious and normal concrete is 16478 N/mm2 and 27290 N/mm2 respectively. 6. The Poissons ratio of pervious and normal concrete is 0.21 and 0.20 respectively. 7. Stresses in both normal and pervious concrete slab decreases as thickness of slab increases. 8. Edge stresses are more critical compared to corner and interior stresses. Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Gourshetty Raju, M.Tech Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy.Trichy 15, E-mail ID: gourshettyraju@gmail.com 10. Fatigue Behaviour Study of Subgrade Soil with Performance Enhansers. Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion: 30th MAY 2012 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappally

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General Report On After addition of ecobase, at various ages of curing, the number of cycles for fatigue failure is drastically increased. After addition of RBI grade 81, the number of cycles drastically increased. overlays and to study the effect on addition of phosphogypsum on subgrade soil. The objectives of the study are, Part 1 To determine the effect of adding phosphogypsum to subgrade soil on its properties. To find the improvement in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) strength and Unconfined Compressive (UCC) strength of subgrade soil using phosphogypsum. To make a comparative study of results obtained before and after the addition of phosphogypsum.

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Ramadevi K, M.Tech Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy 15, E-mail ID: konarama31@gmail.com 11. Experimental Investigations on Modification of Subgrade Characteristics by Chemical Addictives and Effect of Coir Geotextile on Pavement Distress in Overlays Date of Start: August 2010. Date of Completion: August 2011. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R) Scope and Objectives In todays world, there is an ever increasing demand for construction due to population expansion and shortage of building materials. Utilization of various industrial wastes such as phosphogypsum not only solves environmental problems but also provides a new resource for construction industry. In the present study, an industrial by-product phosphogypsum has been used to improve the subgrade for pavement construction. About 5 tons of phosphogypsum are generated per ton of phosphoric acid production, and worldwide phosphogypsum generation is estimated to be around 100280 Mt per year. One of the more serious problems associated with the use of thin overlays is reflective cracking. Many pavements, which are considered to be structurally sound after the construction of an overlay, prematurely exhibit a cracking pattern similar to that which existed in the underlying pavement. This propagation of an existing crack pattern, from discontinuities in the old pavement, into and through a new overlay is known as reflective cracking. This movement may be caused by either traffic loading (tire pressure) or by thermal loading (expansion and contraction). Because a number of variables are involved in the nature of reflection cracking, no solution for the complete prevention of crack propagation has yet been suggested. Only retardation of crack progress is the best solution strategy adopted so far. The commercial finite element package ABAQUS version 6.9 is used for the stressstrain analysis. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the effects of coir geotextiles reinforcement in asphalt

Part 2 To conduct laboratory experiments in order to determine the effects of coir geotextile, in the behaviour of asphalt overlays. To locate the ideal position of Geo textile in overlay for mitigating permanent deformation by experimentation. To model the behaviour of pavement structure with geotextile as intermediate layer between existing pavement layer and overlay using ABAQUS software.

Methodology The following are the overall steps followed in this investigation: Part 1 Selection of subgrade soil. Determining the engineering properties of selected soil. Determining the chemical properties of additive phosphogypsum. Conducting laboratory experiments. Determining the increase in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) strength and Unconfined Compressive (UCC) strength using phosphogypsum content in subgrade soil. Make a comparative study of subgrade soil before and after using phosphogypsum content in subgrade soil.

Part 2 Selection of mix materials and Geo Textiles. Determining the properties of mix materials and Geo Textiles. Construction of test specimens.

road research in india 2011-12 Conducting Laboratory Experiments. Make a comparative study of results obtained with and without coir geotextile. Results are analysed and modelling is done to determine interaction between geotextile and overlay, using ABAQUS finite element software. Publications

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Findings/ Conclusions By the addition of phosphogypsum content in subgrade soil, showed improvement in CBR value and UCC strength. 10% addition of phosphogypsum is the optimum dosage for maximum CBR value and UCC strength. 10% Addition phosphogypsum content in the lateritic soil showed an increase in CBR value of 23.63% compare to control specimen 10% Addition phosphogypsum content in the lateritic soil showed an increase in UCC strength of 49.20% compare to control specimen From experiments, 400 GSM (Gram per Square Meter) woven geotextile placed at bottom position of the overlay specimen showed minimum decrease in stiffness modulus compare to control specimen. From experiments, 400 GSM woven geotextile placed at bottom position of the overlay specimen showed maximum decrease in rut deformation compare to control specimen. From experiments, Geotextile placed at bottom of overlay performed better than geotextile placed at one-third from bottom in the overlay followed by geotextile placed at middle in the overlay From experiments, 400 GSM woven geotextile specimen performed better than 740 GSM woven geotextile specimen followed by 800 GSM nonwoven geotextile specimen. From analysis, coir geotextile placed in the models showed decrease in stress compare to control model. From analysis, coir geotextile placed in the models showed increase in strain compare to control model. From analysis, Geotextile placed at bottom of overlay model performed better than geotextile placed at one-third from bottom in the overlay model followed by geotextile placed at middle in the overlay model. From result drawn from experiments and analysis it conclude that, geotextiles placed at bottom of overlay performed better than other two position.

Bowney John A, Loui T.R & Dr. M. Satyakumar (2010), Experimental Investigation on Modification of Subgrade Soil Characteristics by Addition of Phosphogypsum, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT2011), August 19-20, 2011, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Mr. Loui T.R, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum 12. Experimental Investigations and Modeling of Rutting in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Date of Start and Duration: 17-07-2009, 3 years Date of Completion: July 2013 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives Scope: The experimental investigation will be carried out on bituminous concrete grade 1 mixture (as specified in MoRTH specifications) and unmodified VG 30 binder. Superpave gyratory compacted specimens will be tested in the Asphalt Mixture Performance Test equipment at three temperatures of 20, 40 and 55oC. The test will be carried out at unconfined condition and two confinement levels of 100 kPa and 200 kPa. Qualitative comparison of laboratory experiment results will be carried out with rut wheel testing only.

Objectives: Design laboratory experiments to differentiate densification and shear flow Investigate the influence of confinement pressure on densification and shear flow Linear and nonlinear viscoelastic modeling of creep and recovery response of asphalt concrete mixtures Simulation of asphalt concrete layer to predict rut wheel testing Develop qualitative comparison between rut wheel testing and creep and recovery testing

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General Report On 13. Study on Temperature Susceptibility and Aging Behaviour of Paving Grade Bitumen with Different Filler Material Date of Start and Duration : June 2011, 10 months Date of Completion : March 2012 National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal Scope and Objectives The main purpose of this study was to investigate the rheological behaviour of virgin and aged asphalt cement by addition of various filler materials which are readily available. The objectives of this research work are as follows: a) To obtain mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt cement by adding various filler materials. b) To study viscosity temperature behaviour of asphalt cement by adding various filler materials. c) To study aging behaviour of the asphalt cements with various filler materials. d) To study viscosity temperature susceptibilities of virgin and aged asphalt cement mixes using Penetration Index (PI), Pen - Vis Number (PVN) and Viscosity Temperature Susceptibility (VTS). Two plain bitumen of viscosity grade VG 20 and VG 10 (equivalent to penetration grade 60-70 and 80-100 respectively) were used for this research study. Four materials namely stone dust, cement, lime and fly ash were used as filler materials. These fillers were added at different percentages like 1, 1.5 and 2%. Rotational viscometer (Brookfield viscometer) was used to obtain viscosity values of bitumen binders at different temperatures filled with various filler materials. Viscosity test were conducted at temperatures ranging from 80 to 180C. Mixing and compaction temperatures of different asphalt cement mixes were obtained using viscosity temperature graphs .Short term aging was conducted by using thin film oven test to obtain aging characteristics of asphalt cement and how such pavements can be rapidly aged and evaluated in the laboratory. The penetration test is conducted at 4C and 25C to measure the consistency of paving asphalt cement. Penetration values are used to determine the temperature susceptibility of asphalt cements in terms of Penetration Index (PI), Pen - Vis Number (PVN) and Viscosity Temperature Susceptibility (VTS).

Proposed methodology of work involves the following steps: Experimental investigation includes creep and recovery test, Flow number test, dynamic modulus test and dry wheel tracker test. Constitutive modeling of the material response will be carried out for linear regime in the experimental data and a non linear modeling will be carried out to predict the whole creep and recovery data. Rut prediction will be carried out using Mechanistic empirical pavement design guide. A qualitative comparison of the responses predicted will be carried out with the rut wheel test data.

Salient-Findings and Conclusions Repeated creep and recovery experiments on bituminous concrete mixtures resulted in different three stage creep responses for mixes tested at different temperatures and confinement conditions. An empirical approach was used to classify the various stages of three stage creep curve. Here primary stage was modeled using a power law, secondary stage using a straight line and tertiary stage using an exponential function. Four types of creep curves were observed. Type I curve has distinct three stages. Type II has both primary and secondary stage, but the tertiary stage was not reached within the test duration. Creep curves having only primary stage till the end of the experiment duration was named as Type III. Type IV had a primary stage suddenly going to the tertiary stage without any distinct secondary stage. A three stage creep curve was observed for 2 % air void specimens when tested at both confined and unconfined condition at 55 oC. A 7 % air void specimen reached a tertiary stage when tested in the unconfined condition at 55 oC. However the material did not show any distinct region of secondary stage. Also, the 7 % air void specimen tested at confined condition could not reach a secondary stage in the experimental time. These observations highlights the requirement of testing a 7 % air void specimen at sufficiently long time at confined condition, so that the material response as experienced in the field can be properly captured. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Neethu Roy, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 600 036, Mobile: 09566169941; Phone: 044 22575292, E-mail ID: neethumbt@gmail. com

road research in india 2011-12 Proposed Methodology Experimental studies were conducted in Laboratory as mentioned above. Salient-Findings and Conclusions Following conclusions are made based on the results obtained in the present investigation: Both in aged and unaged conditions for VG 10 and VG 20 grade bitumen, stone dust added at 2% have maximum mixing and compaction temperature compared to other filler materials. This is due to specific surface area of stone dust is lower than other filler materials. There is no much difference in mixing and compaction temperature for both binders, at aged and unaged conditions. From the results of retained penetration, for VG 20 grade bitumen, cement added at 1% shows maximum stability against aging effect while lime added at 1% shows minimum stability against aging. Similarly for VG 10 grade bitumen, fly ash added at 2%, shows maximum stability and cement added at 2%, shows minimum stability against aging. From the results of aging index, for VG 20 grade bitumen, lime added at 2% shows maximum increase in viscosity after aging process, but cement added at 1% has less effect on viscosity with aging. For VG 10 grade bitumen, fly ash added at 2% shows maximum increase in viscosity after aging process, but lime added at 1.5% has less effect on viscosity with aging. From penetration index value, for VG 20 grade bitumen, lime added at 2% is highly temperature susceptible whereas fly ash added at 1% is less temperature susceptible, at unaged and aged condition. From penetration index value, for unaged VG 10 grade bitumen, lime added at 2% is highly temperature susceptible whereas cement added at 1% is less temperature susceptible. Similarly for aged bitumen, fly ash added at 2% is highly temperature susceptible whereas stone dust added at 1% is less temperature susceptible. From Pen Vis Number (PVN), for unaged VG 20 grade bitumen, lime added at 2% is highly temperature susceptible whereas stone dust added at 2% is less temperature susceptible. Similarly, for aged VG 20 grade bitumen, fly ash added at 2% is highly temperature susceptible whereas stone dust added at 1.5% is less temperature susceptible.

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From Pen Vis Number (PVN), for unaged VG 10 grade bitumen, cement added at 1.5% is highly temperature susceptible whereas lime added at 2% is less temperature susceptible. Similarly, for aged VG 10 grade bitumen, lime added at 2% is highly temperature susceptible whereas stone dust added at 1% is less temperature susceptible. From Viscosity Temperature Susceptibility (VTS), for unaged VG 20 grade bitumen, fly ash added at 1% is highly temperature susceptible whereas stone dust added at 2% is less temperature susceptible. Similarly, for aged VG 20 grade bitumen, stone dust added at 1% is highly temperature susceptible whereas stone dust added at 2% is less temperature susceptible. From Viscosity Temperature Susceptibility (VTS), for unaged VG 10 grade bitumen, cement added at 1% is highly temperature susceptible whereas lime added at 2% is less temperature susceptible. Similarly, for aged VG 10 grade bitumen, fly ash added at 1% is highly temperature susceptible whereas lime added at 2% is less temperature susceptible.

Recommendations for Dissemination/ Revision of Codes/Specifications Cement added at 1% showed better resistant to aging for VG 20 grade bitumen. Similarly, for fly ash and lime added at 2 and 1.5% respectively showed better results for VG 10 grade bitumen. So in terms of aging, for VG 20 grade bitumen, it is better to use cement added at 1% as filler material and for VG 10 grade bitumen fly ash and lime added at 2 and 1.5% can be used as filler material. Stone dust and lime added at 2% have less temperature susceptibility for both binders at aged and unaged conditions. So in terms of temperature susceptibility, it is better to use stone dust added at 2% as filler material. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. A U Ravi Shankar, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P O, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, Mobile : 09886525453 Phone : 0824-2474000 (Ext: 3041), Fax: 0824-2474033, E-mail ID: aurshankar@gmail.com , aurshankar@ yahoo.com 14. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Development of Master Curves for Bitumen Processed in India Date of Start: July 2009 Date of Completion: March 2012

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General Report On Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 When compared with the performance grade database for all the bitumen samples tested, samples exhibiting good temperature and shear susceptibility exhibited a wider performance grade temperature range. Analysis of the 100 sample database for their penetration at 25 C and viscosity at 60 C revealed that samples having good temperature and shear susceptibility always had higher penetration for a given viscosity range. For instance, samples having R value of 0.9 and above, shows a higher penetration value of 60 within a viscosity range of 1600-2400.

Scope and Objectives To conduct dynamic mechanical analysis of unmodified binders under unaged and short-term aged conditions in the temperature range of 25 to 75 C To investigate the thermo-rheological behaviour and construct master curves under unaged and short-term aged conditions and To carry out parametric analysis of the temperature and shear susceptibility parameters of unaged and aged bitumen.

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Reashma P. S., M.S. Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai - 600 036. Mobile: 9902417494 E-mail ID: psreashma@gmail. com 15. Experimental Investigation and Constitutive Modeling of the Transitory Behavior of Asphalt Date of Start and Duration: 18.12.2007, 4 years 8 months Date of Completion: 16.08.2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives 1. To characterize the nonNewtonian to Newtonian transition of asphalt 2. To characterize the viscoelastic fluid to viscoelastic solid transition of asphalt 3. To propose constitutive relations for asphalt at different temperatures across the transitory regimes and conduct parametric analysis Proposed Methodology Experiments have been conducted in the temperature region of 20 to 160 C to identify the transition of asphalt. Dynamic shear rheometer was used in the temperature region of 20 to 90 C and rotational viscometer was used in the temperature region of 90 to 160 C Salient-Findings and Conclusions Asphalt exhibited non-Newtonian to Newtonian transition in 100 to 140 C Viscoelastic solid-like to viscoelastic fluid-like transition occurred in 20 to 50 C temperature region.

Proposed Methodology The present study focused on unmodified binders under unaged and short-term aged conditions. The mechanical characterizations were carried out using small amplitude oscillatory shear tests using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) in the linear viscoelastic regime. All the dynamic analysis was carried out over a temperature range of 25-75 oC and over a frequency range of 0.5-25.5 Hz. The master curve model proposed by Dickinson and Witt (1974) & Christensen and Anderson (1992) were used in the analysis. Salient-Findings and Conclusions All the samples tested exhibited discontinuity in the Black diagrams in the 65-75 C temperature range. This was true even under short-term aged conditions. Hence, the use of time-temperature superposition for the bitumen samples tested here is valid only in the temperature range of 25-55 C. The cross-over frequency for all the samples decreased with the aging condition. However, one cannot say the same thing about the dynamic modulus master curve under unaged and shortterm aged conditions. Of all the master curve model parameters, the parameter as per Dickinson and Witt (1974) and the parameter R as per Christensen and Anderson (1992) were quite sensitive to the variability of the binders tested. Based on the analysis of and R, the air blown samples exhibited better temperature and shear susceptibility when compared to blended samples for a given aging conditions. Aging changes the temperature susceptibility of the material and such changes are captured by the master curve model parameters, especially and R.

road research in india 2011-12 These transition temperature depends on processing method and aging condition of asphalt. Transition was shifted to higher side on aging

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17. Recycled Asphalt Pavement and Foamed Bitumen Date of Start and Duration: 1/01/2012 Date of Completion: Work in progress Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives To develop proper mix design procedure of recycled pavement materials with foamed asphalt. Proposed Methodology The work will consist of the following: 1. Literature review 2. Characterization of foamed bitumen and RAP 3. Identification of cold mix recycling technology as the one with the most wide application potential with consideration of climate, location, availability of materials and equipments. 4. Development of new facts/ specifications or modification of existing mix design procedure 5. Validation Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Nivedya M.K., Ph.D. Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai - 600 036, Mobile: 9445113669 E-mail ID: nivedyamk@gmail.com 18. Rheological Investigations on Foamed Bitumen and Development of Half-warm Foamed Bitumen Mixes. Date of Start and Duration: 21/12/2011 Date of Completion: Work in progress Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives 1. Characterization of Foamed Bitumen. 2. Develop the mix design procedure for Half-warm foamed bitumen Mixes. Proposed Methodology Laboratory study

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from A. Padmarekha, G - 4 - 9, IITM, Chennai - 600 036, Mobile: +919600003735 E-mail ID: apadmarekha@ gmail.com 16. Rheology of Modified Binders Date of Start and Duration: Oct 2011 Date of Completion: June 2014 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives Objective To understand the interaction of various types of modifiers with bitumen at the molecular level and identify how these changes will influence the rheological properties of the modified binders. Scope Only three modifiers PPA, CR and SBS will be considered for the study. The commercially available forms of these modifiers only will be used. Proposed Methodology An understanding of modification process, interaction mechanisms, compatibility issues and the influence of the modification process on the mechanical properties will be studied for three modifiers - PPA, CR and SBS. Using suitable analytical tools available, the changes taking place at the molecular level will be quantified Selected tests will be performed on the modified binders to ascertain the rheological properties

It is a laboratory based study. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Nivitha M. R., Ph.D. Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai- 600 036, Mobile: 09585534754 E-mail ID: rite2nivi@gmail.com

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General Report On 2. To study the characteristics of SMA mixes using CRMB-55 binders and a mix using treated aggregates and VG-30. 3. To evaluate the stability, flow value and volumetric properties of SMA mixes with CRMB-55 and treated aggregates by using Marshall Method and Superpave Gyratory Compactor. 4. To study the indirect tensile strength, permeability, rut depth and amount of stripping of SMA mixes with CRMB-55 and treated aggregates. 5. To study the performance of SMA mixes with CRMB-55 and treated aggregates under repeated loads. Proposed Methodology Experimental studies were conducted in Laboratory as mentioned in the Scope. Salient-Findings and Conclusions On the basis of analysis of results obtained in the present investigation, the following conclusions can be made: The results obtained from Marshall and SGC method provides similar results. Marginal difference in density values were observed for SMA samples prepared by SGC method because of its compactive effort. Addition of CRMB-55and modified aggregates improves the volumetric properties of SMA. The OBCof the SMA mixes with CRMB-55 and modified aggregates were 6.2% and 6% using Marshall and SGC respectively. From the results, it is clear that there is not much difference in the volumetric properties of SMA prepared using Marshall and 80 gyrations in SGC. The SMA mixes were found to be having good stone-on-stone contact. Addition of CRMB-55 and modified aggregates decreased the draindown value and hence the stabilizer additives can be avoided. The boiling test proved that there is no stripping in the SMA mixprepared using modified aggregates and 10% stripping in the mix with CRMB-55. TSR was found to be more than 80% for all the SMA mixes used in the study. Higher TSR is obtained for SMA mix using modified aggregates which indicate better cohesive strength of this mix as compared to SMA mix using CRMB-55. Test results indicate that the SMA specimen using CRMB-55 is less susceptible to permanent

Further information/ Copy of the report can be obtained from Lakshmi Roja, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering Division, Deptt. of Civil Engg, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai - 600 036., Mobile: 8148216544 E-mail ID: lakshmiroja1988@ gmail.com 19. Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt using Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen and Modified Aggregates Date of Start and Duration: June 2011, 10 months Date of Completion: March 2012 National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal Scope and Objectives The scope of the present work involves the determination of various physical properties of the bitumen and aggregates used for SMA Mix. SMA samples are prepared by varying the binder content in Marshall Method and Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). These specimens are analyzed for the density-voids and stability-flow. The optimum bitumen content for the mix with CRMB-55 and Terrasil treated aggregates are determined. The laboratory performances of the SMA mixes are checked for moisture susceptibility, rutting and repeated load tests. Drainage test was conducted to check for the binder drainage. Permeability tests were conducted to study permeable nature of SMA mixes with CRMB-55 and treated aggregates. Moisture susceptibility tests include the evaluation of Indirect Tensile Strength, Tensile Strength Ratio and boiling test for stripping. The rutting studies include determination of rutting depth by using Immersion Wheel Tracking Device (IWTD). Repeated load tests were carried out on SMA samples with CRMB-55 and treated aggregates to determine its fatigue life. Objectives: Disposal of waste tires is a serious environmental concern in many countries. In order to solve this environmental problem partly and at the same time to improve the performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), CRMB-55 was used for the investigation. Another attempt of SMA Mix using an anti-stripping additive was done. The objective of the present investigation is given below: 1. To reduce anti-stripping by treating aggregates using anti-stripping agents.

road research in india 2011-12 deformation (rutting) than that with modified aggregates. Repeated load test results prove that the fatigue life of SMA specimen using CRMB-55 was higher as compared to the fatigue life of SMA specimen using modified aggregates.

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Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. A U Ravi Shankar, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P O, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, Mobile : 09886525453 Phone: 0824-2474000 (Ext: 3041) Fax: 0824-2474033, E-mail ID: aurshankar@gmail.com , aurshankar@yahoo.com 20. Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt Using PMB 40 and PMB 70 Date of Start and Duration: June 2011, 10 months Date of Completion: March 2012 National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal Scope and Objectives The primary objective is to evaluate the engineering properties of Polymer Modified Bitumen and for its potential application in wearing courses like SMA. The objective of the present investigation is given below: 1. To evaluate the Performance of Polymer Modified Bitumen formulations by testing Various Physical & Engineering properties. 2. Comparative study of all characteristics of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixes, using PMB 40 and PMB 70. 3. To characterize the SMA mixes for different laboratory compaction efforts using the standard Marshall Compaction (MC) method and the SuperpaveGyratory Compactor (SGC) and to evaluate their stability, flow value and volumetric properties. 4. To study the indirect tensile strength, rut depth and moisture susceptibility characteristics of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixes. 5. To study the performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixes under repeated loads. The scope of the present work involves the determination of various physical properties of the polymer modified bitumen and aggregates used for Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mix. SMA is mixed with Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB 70 and PMB 40). Marshall Specimens

and Superpave Gyratory Compactor Specimens were prepared by varying the binder content. These specimens are analyzed for the density-voids, and stability-flow. The optimum bitumen content for the mix is determined. The laboratory performances of the Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixes are checked for moisture susceptibility, rutting and repeated load Tests. Drainage test was conducted to check for the binder drainage. Moisture susceptibility tests include the evaluation of Indirect Tensile Strength, Tensile Strength Ratio and boiling test for stripping. The rutting studies include determination of rutting depth by using Immersion Wheel Tracking Device (IWTD). Repeated load tests are carried out using accelerated loading instrument. Tests are carried out on Superpave Gyratory Compactor Specimens at unsoaked condition for different stress level. Proposed Methodology Experimental studies were conducted in Laboratory as mentioned in the Scope. Salient-Findings and Conclusions On the basis of analysis of results obtained in the present investigation, the following conclusions are drawn: Marshall Stability Addition of PMB improves the volumetric properties of SMA.The OBC at 4% air voids was found to be 6.4% and 6.3% for PMB 70 and PMB 40 respectively. The Marshall Stability value at OBC for SMA mix prepared with PMB 70 was found to be 3.05% more than that of SMA mix prepared with PMB 40.

Superpave Gyratory The OBC at 4% air voids was found to be 6.3% and 6.32% for PMB 70 and PMB 40 respectively. The SGC Stability value at OBC for SMA mix prepared with PMB 40 was found to be 5.44% more than that of SMA mix prepared with PMB 70. PMB 40 and PMB 70 binder showed very negligible draindown values. This indicates that separation of fines and bitumen noticed during transportation and placing of the mixture is restricted to a large extent. The Tensile Strength Ratio was found to be more than 85%. This shows that addition of PMB increases the moisture resistivity of the SMA Mix, which is due to the coating of PMB to the aggregates. SMA mix modified with PMB was resistant to stripping even when subjected to worst moisture conditions.

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General Report On SMA mix modified with PMB showed that the mixes are impermeable. PMB modified SMA mixes are less susceptible to permanent deformation (rutting), as the deformation obtained was less than 2mm. Use of PMB 70 reduced the total depression depth by 46% less to that of the mix prepared with PMB 40. Fatigue life of SMA mix prepared with PMB 40 was 5.19% greater than that of SMA mix prepared with PMB 70. found out from these parameters and the next sets of experiments were carried out on mixes prepared at OBC. Moisture susceptibility tests: The loss of adhesion of bitumen from aggregates has been studied using retained stability test, boiling test and tensile strength ratio test. The test results show that the BC mixes with treated aggregates have better resistance to moisture damage than the mixes with untreated aggregates. Permanent deformation: Permanent deformation or rutting potential of mixes has been studies using Immersion Wheel Tracking Device (IWTD). The test results show that the BC mixes with treated aggregates have better resistance to rutting damage than the mixes with untreated aggregates. Repeated load test: The repeated load indirect tensile test has been adopted to study the fatigue life characteristics of BC mixes. Repeated load tests have been conducted at three different load levels. The resilient modulus of elasticity, resilient Poissons ratio, tensile stress, tensile strain etc. has been computed. It has been observed from the test results that, BC mixes with treated aggregate offer highest resilient modulus and fatigue life. Proposed Methodology (Type of Study, Laboratory/ Field) Experimental studies were conducted in Laboratory as mentioned in the Scope. Salient-Findings and Conclusions: Based on the results and discussions of experimental investigations carried out on Bituminous Concrete mixes the following conclusions are drawn: The results obtained from Marshall and SGC method provides similar results. Marginal difference in density and stability values were observed for Bituminous Concrete samples prepared by SGC method. The boiling test proved that there is no stripping in the mix prepared by treated aggregates. The percentage retained stability obtained is increased by 11 per cent for the mixes with treated aggregate as compare to mixes with untreated aggregate. When compared to the untreated mixes the ITS values for unconditioned and conditioned samples with treated aggregates increased by 6 %, 22 % respectively. TSR was found to be more than 80% for all the BC mixes. Higher TSR values are obtained for

Further information/Copy of the reportcan be obtained from Dr. A U Ravi Shankar, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P O, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, Mobile : 09886525453, Phone : 0824-2474000 (Ext: 3041) Fax: 0824-2474033, E-mail ID: aurshankar@gmail.com , aurshankar@yahoo.com 21. Performance Study Of Bituminous Concrete Using Treated Aggregates Date of Start and Duration: June 2011, 10 months Date of Completion: March 2012 National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal Scope and Objectives The objectives of the present work involves: 1) To investigate the performance of BC mixes with treated aggregate compacted by Superpave Gyratory compactor and Marshall Compactor. 2) To know the effects on stripping properties on aggregates after treating aggregate with chemical. 3) To study the moisture susceptibility characteristics of bituminous concrete mixtures in terms of their tensile strength ratio and retained stability. 4) To study the rut depth (permanent deformation) of mixes with and without treated aggregate. 5) Study the number of cycles to crack initiation at different load levels. (Repeated load test). The scope of the present work involves: Marshall Test: Marshall and Superpave Gyratory Compactor Specimens were prepared by varying the binder content, with and without stabilizer and the Properties such as Stability, flow, unit weight and air void content of the Bituminous Concrete mixes have been studied. Optimum Binder Content (OBC) was

road research in india 2011-12 mixes using treated aggregates which indicate better cohesive strength of this mix as compared to normal mix. This shows that mixes with treated aggregate are not susceptible to moisture. Test results indicate that the bituminous mixes with treated aggregates are less susceptible to rutting than normal bituminous concrete mixes. It was observed that total depression depth with mixes with treated aggregate has reduced by 42% as compared to normal mixes. Based on the skid resistance test conducted after 10000 wheel passes it was found that the surface with treated aggregates has slightly higher skid resistance value (72) than conventional mix (62). It was observed that the fatigue life (number of cycles) for mixes with and without treated aggregate were 2312 and 2263 respectively. Therefore the fatigue life of treated aggregate is marginally higher than the normal mix.

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that question, WMAs advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional HMA are explored and the question of whether WMA is a viable paving option for cold weather conditions in general is also answered. The conclusions of this work are primarily drawn from a literature review that was conducted on warm mix asphalt to evaluate what is known about its performance. The Zydex Warm Mix Technology is evaluated using multiple laboratory tests to determine the effect of this additive on mixture rutting resistance and moisture damage resistance. This verification was also used to determine if the addition of the Zycosoil and Densicryl had any tangible effect on the compaction of the mixture. The WMA samples were then tested for Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) and Immersion Wheel-Tracking Tests (IWT) and are compared with that of HMA. The TSR and IWT can be used to determine a mixtures laboratory moisture susceptibility and resistance to rutting respectively. Proposed Methodology Experimental studies were conducted in Laboratory as mentioned above. Salient-Findings and Conclusions On the basis of analysis of results obtained in the present investigation, the following conclusions are drawn The OBC at 4% air voids was found to be 5.5% and 5.33% for HMA and WMA respectively as the addition of chemicals reduces the viscosity of the binder. Thus making the binder to cover the aggregates easily. The Marshall Stability value at OBC for WMA was found to be 9.3% more than that of HMA. WMA binder treated with Zycosoil and Densicryl showed very negligible draindown values. This indicates that separation of fines and bitumen noticed during transportation and placing of the mixture is restricted to a large extent. The Tensile Strength Ratio was found to be more than 85% for WMA. This shows that WMA exhibits better resistance to moisture susceptibility, which is due to the coating of binder to the aggregates. WMA mix is highly resistant to stripping even when subjected to worst moisture conditions. WMA mixes are impermeable. WMA mix exhibits lower rutting property compared to HMA because of the reduced oxidation. WMA shows slightly better resistance against fatigue when compared to HMA.

Further information/Copy of the reportcan be obtained from Dr. A U Ravi Shankar, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P O, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, Mobile : 09886525453 Phone: 0824-2474000 (Ext: 3041) Fax: 0824-2474033, E-mail ID: aurshankar@gmail.com , aurshankar@yahoo.com 22. Laboratory Investigation of Warm Mix Asphalt Using Chemicals and Comparision with Hot Mix Asphalt (Bituminous Concrete) Date of Start and Duration: June 2011, 10 months Date of Completion: March 2012 National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal Scope and Objectives This study mainly deals about the properties of bituminous concrete (BC) mix produced using Zydex Warm Mix Technology and to compare them with that of HMA. 1. To compare the properties of WMA to that of HMA for the BC grade specified by MoRT&H. 2. To know whether the WMA produced by Zydex Warm Mix technology meets the requirements and will it be used as the alternative for HMA. The primary objective of this research is to find out whether warm mix asphalt is a viable option for the paving industry in India. In the process of answering

110 Cost Comparison of WMA and HMA

General Report On iv) To prepare general guidelines for realistic assumption and forecasting of input variables in such studies. Proposed Methodology National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC) has undertaken Traffic and Transport studies for a number of towns in Kerala during the last 30 years. This includes five City Corporations namely: Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Cochin, Thrissur and Kozhikode and over 30 small and medium size towns in the state. Available data from these studies will be utilised to assess the accuracy of various parameters by comparing the study forecasts with the actual changes that have taken place. An evaluation of variations in planning variables like population growth, employment, land use, vehicle ownership, traffic volume etc will be undertaken. The assumptions made in the study will also be critically examined and suitable recommendations will be made. Based on the evaluation of predictive accuracy of selected parameters, a general guide line will be prepared for future use. Salient Findings and Conclusions Sample data from 19 transport studies of Trivandrum and Kochi city, undertaken between 1981 and 2011, were used to evaluate their predictive accuracy.The comparison of demographic and socio-economic forecasts shows a trend of overestimation while the comparison of traffic characteristics indicates a lack of incorporation of fundamental shifts and societal changes. On an average, land use input variables (population and employment) of both cities were overestimated by 1 to 24 per cent for a forecasting period of 10 years. Almost all forecasts for land use types were overestimated by an average of 39 per cent in case of Trivandrum city where for Kochi city the forecasts were underestimated by an average of 17 percent. Traffic parameters like expected vehicle population and traffic flow on corridors were heavily under estimated for both cities by 13 to 94 per cent. The average income for the horizon year was not foreseen and accounted for during the modeling process. Thus an important variable like per-capita income was not for forecasted for the horizon year and the base year value taken which further led to irregularities in predicting the vehicle ownership levels and the total vehicle population of the city.This increase in the vehicle population led to an increase in the number of trips. Therefore, there occurred a flaw in the traffic flow assignment on the road network. Parameters like land use and vehicle population were borrowed from various governmental departments instead of being forecasted by the transport planners. The development of the city and improvement in the economy was not considered during the planning. This combined with the rapid motorization that took place in Kerala during the

The use of chemicals in the preparation of WMA resulted in improved workability that can ensure a higher quality in road construction. This ensures that a higher level of compaction can be achieved with fewer roller-passes. Thus by reducing the operation cost also. The cost of HMA of BC Grade-1 per m3 as per latest Schedule of Rates (SOR) of Public Welfare Department, Karnataka state is RS 8724.00 /m3 and the cost of WMA produced by Zydex Technology is Rs 8479.00. The rates indicate a large amount of difference in the costs. The WMA reduces the construction cost by 2.8% when compared to HMA. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. A U Ravi Shankar, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P O, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, Mobile: 09886525453 Phone: 0824-2474000 (Ext: 3041) Fax: 0824-2474033, E-mail ID: aurshankar@gmail.com , aurshankar@yahoo.com 23. Predictive Accuracy of Urban Transport Studies - A Case Study of Trivandrum and Kochi City in Kerala Date of Start and Duration: June 2011, 10 months Date of Completion: March 2012 I. II. National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC), Trivandrum, Kerala

Scope and Objectives The scope of study will be confined to selected cities in Kerala State. A case study of Trivandrum and Kochi Urban Area will be selected to analyse the variations in the forecasts made. The objectives of the study are given below: i) To undertake an analysis of socio-economic variables, travel behaviour and traffic flow pattern that has influence on demand forecasting; ii) To evaluate the accuracy of selected variables by comparing the study forecasts with the actual/ observed data in the selected city; iii) To critically examine the assumptions made in forecasts and the cause-effect in predictive accuracy of these variables;

road research in india 2011-12 last two decades, resulted in large number of trips that was not accounted for during trip assignments. Further analysis of the data showed that an assumption of zero variation from base year situation had mixed response. Such an assumption would have produced smaller errors for socio-economic variables like population, employment in case of Trivandrum City and larger errors in case of Kochi City. Assumption of zero variation would have produced larger errors for traffic parameters. However, when the studies were ranked according to their forecast percentage variations and observed percentage variations, the rankings by population and daily traffic volume were found to be positively correlated. This implied that for these, but not for other items, transport planners as a whole were successful in predicting whether the variations or changes applicable to their own specific areas would be greater or less than average, but as a group they tended to overestimate these changes. Although the results were necessarily based on studies that started between 1981 and 2000, to allow sufficient time to have elapsed to test their predictive accuracy, many of the modeling methods used in those studies is still in use. However, no evidence could be found to suggest that the more recent studies or the more sophisticated of the studies investigated performed better than the others. The overriding factor affecting the accuracy of trip forecasts was over prediction of the growth in variables such as population, employment and under prediction of travel costs, household income and economic growth. So the errors of prediction outweighed the errors of measurement and model specification. There was also evidence that transport models used in the studies contained errors of specification, particularly in their forecasting of vehicle population and traffic volume. The possible effect of specification errors was obscured by the dominating effect of the errors in the planning input variables. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. A U Ravi Shankar, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P O, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, Mobile: 09886525453 Phone : 0824-2474000 (Ext: 3041) Fax: 0824-2474033, E-mail ID: aurshankar@gmail.com , aurshankar@yahoo.com 24. Measurement of Dynamic Modulus using Asphalt Mixture Performance Tester (AMPT) Date of Start and Duration: 02-07-2011, 1 year Date of Completion: 11-05-2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives

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Dynamic modulus testing was done on bituminous concrete mixture (BC G2) using unmodified VG 30 binder. The test was done for six different frequencies (0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 25 Hz) at six test temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 C). The tests were done by conducting amplitude sweeps using AMPT. Objectives: 1. To check the efficacy of dynamic modulus testing procedure provided within AMPT 2. To evaluate the influence of data quality statistics on dynamic modulus measurement 3. To determine the linear viscoelastic (LVE) regime for dynamic modulus measurement 4. To construct Lissajous Plots for asphalt concrete mixture Proposed Methodology Experimental Studies (Amplitude Sweep Tests) were conducted using AMPT at different temperatures for different frequencies. Seven test specimens were used each having target air voids of 4% with a tolerance of 0.5 % and 5 % binder content. The specimens were cylindrical in shape of 165 mm height and 150 mm diameter. Dynamic Modulus was calculated using two existing protocols (AASHTO TP: 62 07 & AASHTO TP: 79 10) based on a linear summation model. The maximum amplitudes of stresses and corresponding strains were obtained using curve fitting of sinusoidal functions and then dynamic modulus was obtained as the ratio of maximum stress amplitude to maximum strain amplitude. Salient-Findings and Conclusions Dynamic Modulus is a linear viscoelastic parameter. Hence when measurement becomes nonlinear, the dynamic modulus starts depending on applied loads as well as corresponding strains. Linear viscoelastic regime was determined for asphalt concrete mixture using AMPT to determine dynamic modulus. The study was conducted at different temperatures for different frequencies since dynamic modulus is a function of temperature and frequency. Conclusions: LVE Regime of asphalt concrete mixtures can be obtained by conducting stress amplitude sweep tests on cylindrical specimens using AMPT The results obtained from study shows that for asphalt concrete mixtures, the measurement of dynamic modulus with the existing protocol

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General Report On (AASHTO TP:7910) is done within linear viscoelastic regime for very high temperatures like 55 C and very low temperatures like 5 C Salient Findings and Conclusions The findings from the study are as follows: a) A probabilistic back-analysis approach that couples the Bayesian approach and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation was found advantageous for pavement failure analysis and it was seen that the parameters that contribute significantly to pavement failure are the base modulus and bituminous layer modulus. b) The methodology can also be extended to the case of pavements designed for a specified Factor of Safety (FOS), wherein the Bayesian back-analysis can be used to estimate the design parameters that will realize the desired FOS during the design period and the corresponding probability of failure can be estimated . Reports/ Publications Dilip, D.M., and Sivakumar Babu, G.L. (2013), A Methodology for Pavement Design Reliability and Back Analysis using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation, Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE (accepted May 16, 2012, doi 10.1061/(ASCE) TE.1943-5436.0000455). Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dept of Civil Engg, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Mobile: 9448480671 Phone: 23600671, Fax : 23600404, E-mail ID: glsivakumar@gmail.com 26. Reliability Analysis of Pavement Rutting Models Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Scope and Objectives The scope of the study includes an analysis of the rutting models used in design of asphalt pavements by mechanistic-empirical method, based on reliability theory. The objectives can be stated as follows To address the need for reliability analysis in pavement design and to review the rutting models developed for design of asphalt pavements by mechanistic-empirical method, at the different levels of specified reliability. To consider the effects of the inherent variability of the input parameters on the pavement performance and to evaluate the consequence of choosing different reliability level on the design.

The nonlinear measurement of dynamic modulus is seen at intermediate temperatures like 15, 25 and 35 C. For 15 and 45 C, the measurement of dynamic modulus becomes nonlinear at lower frequencies The data quality statistics (dqs) have greater influence on the measurement of dynamic modulus. The measured dynamic modulus will not be correct if the value of data quality statistics obtained is above the permissible limits

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Jezna Fatima, Fatimas, T. C. 11/806, Krishna Nagar, Ulloor, Pattom P O, Trivandrum, Kerala, Pincode 695004., Mobile: +91-8891512072 Phone: 04712443424 , E-mail ID: jeznafatima@gmail.com 25. A Methodology for Pavement Design Evaluation and Back analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo Simulation Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Scope and Objectives The scope of the work is to implement the concepts of reliability in flexible pavement design and analysis using Monte Carlo simulation-based M-E procedure. The objectives can be stated as follows To address the need for reliability analysis in pavement design and to consider the influence of the uncertainties in the design parameters on the pavement performance Toincorporate the inherent variability as well as the model uncertainty in the mechanistic-empirical design approach To study the effect of pavement failure on the design reliability through a probabilistic back-analysis, and to identify the design parameters that the most significantly contribute to premature pavement failure.

Proposed Methodology The methodology proposed for the reliability analysis of pavement structures design in the MechanisticEmpirical framework is a numerical simulation technique based on reliability analysis methods including the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Monte Carlo Simulation.

Proposed Methodology The methodology proposed for the reliability analysis of the rutting models is a numerical simulation technique

road research in india 2011-12 based on reliability analysis methods including the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). Salient Findings and Conclusions The findings from the study are as follows: The effect of the variability of the design parameters on the pavement performance was studied through reliability analysis and it was found that variability of the thickness of the surface and base layers, and the subgrade modulus has a significant impact on the design reliability of pavements. In pavement design, the application of reliability methods in pavement design is underutilized, particularly in codes and design guides that depend heavily on empirical data and the criterion for selecting the reliability level is primarily governed by the importance of the road section. This study shows the importance of incorporating parametric uncertainty in the determination of pavement reliability through the estimation of partial factors, the drawbacks of assigning such reliability levels without the explicit consideration of the design uncertainties is highlighted.

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is fast and relatively simple; it is economical, and the materials to make it are widely available .Attempts are constantly made to improve these pavement through several programmes. As a result of these programmes, asphalt binder specifications and asphalt concrete mixture design methods have been completely revised and combined in a new system known as Superpave, which stands for superior performing pavements. Extensive research continues in an attempt to optimize the superpave system and construct better performing, long lasting pavements. Flexible pavements are prone to various distresses such as ravelling, fatigue crack etc one of the most common method to reduce these distresses is to reinforce the bituminous mix. Commonly fibers are used to reinforce the bituminous mix. Synthetic as well as natural fibers could be used for reinforcement. Studies on stability, flow and volumetric properties of FRBC revealed that by adding fibers showed varied result which is as follows. Generally, Stability increases because addition resistance provided by the fibers. Flow decreases because flow (deformation) was resisted by fibers. Air voids increases because fibers absorb binder needed to coat the aggregate there by introduces a air gap between aggregates. Present study is to investigate the effect of using fibers such as Recron fiber, Coir fiber and Polypropylene fiber on the Structural, Creep, Surface Characteristics of the bituminous mix. The objectives of this study are: To develop a mix design for bituminous mix with added Recron fiber, Coir fiber, and Polypropylene fiber To study the creep characteristics of the bituminous mix with added Recron fiber, Coir fiber and Polypropylene fiber To study the skid resistance of the mix with added Recron fiber, Coir fiber and Polypropylene fiber To make a comparative study of the results obtained before and after the addition of Recron fiber, Coir fiber and Polypropylene fiber

Reports/ Publications Dilip, D.M., and Sivakumar Babu, G.L. (2012), Reliability Analysis of Pavement Rutting Models , Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE (under review) Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dept of Civil Engg, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Mobile: 9448480671 Phone: 23600671, Fax : 23600404, E-mail ID: glsivakumar@gmail.com 27. Application of Study on Structural Characteristics of Bituminous Mix with Added Fibres Date of Start: August 2011. Date of Completion: August 2012. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R) Scope and Objectives Flexible pavements are the most common pavement structure. The surface course of the structure is bituminous mixture, i.e. a mixture of graded aggregates (either well graded or gap graded) and bitumen (asphalt cement). Asphalt pavements are a crucial part of our nations strategy for building a high performance transportation network for the future.Asphalt construction

The scope of the work is limited to laboratory investigations in the bituminous mix with added Recron fiber, Coir fiber and Polypropylene fiber. The study is also limited to stress strain characteristic and surface characteristics of bituminous concrete mix. Methodology a) Selection of materials b) Determination of Optimum Bitumen Content

114 c) Determination of Optimum Fiber Content ii. iii. iv.

General Report On Conclusion The main conclusion drawn from the investigation is: Stiffness modulus and surface characteristics of bituminous mixes can be enhanced by adding fibers Bituminous mix with Coir fiber shows better structural and creep characteristics than mix with other fibers From the lab investigations it was observed that the temperature of the mix influences the skid resistance It was seen that skid resistance under dry and wet conditions for mixes with added fibers higher than that of control mix As the mix become stiffer the vertical strain are reduced hence the deflections at various points are reduced and the stiffness of the mix increases when the creep strain decreases

Determination of Optimum Recron Fiber Content. Determination Content. of Optimum Coir Fiber

Determination of Optimum Polypropylene Fiber Content.

d) Determination of Creep Characteristics of the Bitumonous Mix using Servo Pneumatic Asphalt Tester e) Determination of surface characteristics using British Pendulum Tester f) Comparison of the results obtained with and without the addition of the fibers to the mix Findings/ Conclusions Findings Optimum Binder Content Optimum Binder Content(OBC) is 5.9 % by weight of aggregate blend

Publications Savitha T Sudhakaran , R Satheesh Chandran & Satyakumar M (2012), Study on Structural Characteristics of Bituminous Mix with Added Fibers, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT2012), August 10-11, 2012, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Prof R Satheesh Chandran, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 28. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Long Lasting Pavements Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Scope and Objectives The study explores the feasibility of designing longlasting pavements based on the theory of limiting structural responses and the economic advantages of such long-lasting designs was evaluated through a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA). The objectives of the study are To highlight the effect of increasing the thickness of the Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) over the granular layer on the critical pavement responses and overall design thickness, by designing pavements according to the philosophy followed in IRC:37(2012). To examine the effect of providing stiffer base materials on the pavement design for conventional

Optimum Fiber Content Optimum Recron fiber Content is 0.2% by weight of aggregate blend Optimum coir fiber Content is 0.3% by weight of aggregate blend Optimum Polypropylene fiber Content is 0.3% by weight of aggregate blend Creep Test Results The stiffness modulus value was increased by 12%by the addition of 0.3% coir fiber to the mix The stiffness modulus value was increased by 7%by the addition of 0.2% Recron fiber to the mix The stiffness modulus value was increased by 4%by the addition of 0.3% polypropylene fiber to the mix

Skid Resistance of the Mix Control mix have skid resistance lower than the mixes with added fibers As the temperature increases skid resistance also decreases for all the mixes

road research in india 2011-12 pavements pavements. (15 years) and long-lasting

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To design long-lasting pavements and to perform LCCA for all the design alternatives to highlight the economic advantages of providing perpetual pavements over an equivalent conventional pavement designed according to IRC:37(2012), over a period of 50 years.

and evaluates the influence of individual pavement parameters on the reliability index through a sensitivity/ elasticity analysis. The effect of changing Coefficient Of Variation (COV) in pavement parameters and varying traffic load on the Partial Safety Factors were also analysed. Proposed Methodology The probabilistic analysis of the pavement within the Mechanistic-Empirical framework was carried out based on the First Order Reliability Method (FORM), using the software STRUREL which is capable of determining both component and system reliability. Salient Findings and Conclusions The following conclusions were drawn from the study 1) From the perspective of design reliability, the most critical parameter was identified as the surface layer thickness as evaluated from the sensitivity/elasticity values. The determination of the most significant parameter is useful in attaining the designs with a target reliability level or the specified reliability range since higher levels of reliability can be achieved with small variations in this parameter. 2) The study shows that while the Partial Safety Factors are influenced considerably by the uncertainties in material properties such as layer thickness and layer moduli, the variations in the traffic load have a minimal impact on these factors. Reports/ Publications Dilip, D.M., Ravi, P and Sivakumar Babu, G.L. (2012), Development of Partial Safety Factors for Flexible Pavements , Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE (under review) Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dept of Civil Engg, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Mobile: 9448480671 Phone: 23600671, Fax : 23600404, E-mail ID: glsivakumar@gmail.com 30. Evaluation of Flexible Pavement by Kenpave Software for the Blended Soils Date of Start and Duration: June 2011, 10 months Date of Completion: March 2012 National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal Scope and Objectives The objective of present study is to design flexible pavements using finite element method of analysis.

Proposed Methodology The methodology proposed for the design of Long Lasting Pavements employs the concepts of perpetual pavements, wherein the critical pavement responses are computed using the pavement analysis software, KENPAVE and the economic feasibility of the design is evaluated through a life-cycle cost analysis, using LCCA Express. Salient Findings and Conclusions The study shows that although the concept of perpetual pavements advocates the increase of HMA thickness to keep the critical strains within the threshold limits, the provision of a stable foundation and the high stiffness base materials are equally significant from a financial perspective. This can be attributed to the increasing cost of asphalt in India, with the rising price of crude oil. Thus, the implementation of long-lasting pavements in India calls for development in the area of soil stabilization or the provision of treated subgrade, and the use of high stiffness base materials. Reports/ Publications Dilip, D.M., Ravi, P and Sivakumar Babu, G.L. (2012), Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Long Lasting Pavements, (IRC-6(13)/2012) (under review) Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dept of Civil Engg, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Mobile: 9448480671 Phone: 23600671, Fax : 23600404, E-mail ID: glsivakumar@gmail.com 29. Development of Partial Safety Factors for Flexible Pavements Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Scope and Objectives The objective of this study is to calibrate a set of Partial Safety Factors for the deterioration models implemented in the Mechanistic-Empirical design approach developed within a system reliability framework. The study also attempts to highlight the advantages of the reliability-based design over the deterministic approach

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General Report On Case 1: GSB is replaced by modified soil, without varying WBM thickness. Case 2: GSB is replaced by modified soil, by varying WBM thickness. Heavy volume roads: Case 1: Modulus of elasticity values based on subgrade strength for base and sub-base courses. Case 2a: Sub-base (GSB CBR20%) is introduced and corresponding E values are used for the analysis. Case 2b: Sub-base (GSB CBR25%) is introduced and corresponding E values are used for the analysis. Case 2c: Sub-base (GSB CBR30%) is introduced and corresponding E values are used for the analysis. Conclusions for low volume roads 1. The soil blended with 50% sand and coir mat can be a substitute for the modified soil and GSB (Granular Sub Base). 2. The vertical stress at the interface of modified soil for S1T3 is 28.09KPa, whereas for conventional pavement it is 29.21KPa. 3. By introducing of modified soil layer above the sub grade, the pavement section thickness is reduced by 75mm for S1T3 and similar trend is observed for other combinations of traffic. 4. The analysis indicates that as the number of axles increases the stress at interface of all the layers decreases. Maximum stress values are observed when a single axle single wheel load is applied . 5. For pavement thickness of 475mm for S2T6 the vertical stress at the interface of WBM-GSB, GSB-modified soil and modified soil-subgrade is 119.6KPa, 61.89KPa and 32.39KPa respectively. Whereas for conventional pavement having thickness of 400mm when GSB is replaced by modified soil of CBR 45% the vertical stress at the interface of WBM-modified soil and modified soilsubgrade is 101.5KPa and 30.6KPa respectively. For conventional pavement having thickness of 375mm when GSB is replaced by modified soil of CBR 60% the vertical stress at the interface of WBM-modified soil and modified soil- subgrade is 98.32KPa and 32.13 KPa respectively. 6. For pavement thickness of 300mm for S3T4 the vertical stress at the interface of WBM-GSB and GSB-subgrade is 220.92KPa and 83.69KPa respectively. Whereas for conventional pavement having thickness of 275mm when GSB is replaced by modified soil of CBR 45% the vertical stress at the

The following different pavements subjected to different conditions have been analyzed effectively using the available software packages KENPAVE (for flexible pavements). The main objective of this research is to improve the locally available lateritic soil. Due to high silt and clay content, the soil is blended with sand and quarry dust to improve its engineering properties (LL25%, PI 6%). The soil is further strengthened by placing a coir mat geotextile. Load-settlement behavior is analysed by conducting plate load tests. An FEM software package KENPAVE is used to study the vertical stress, vertical displacements and radial stress with respect to different radial coordinates. The strengthened soil is used as a modified soil layer above the sub-grade so as to obtain the modified thickness of pavement as given by IRC SP72-2007. Flexible Pavement analysis for low volume roads: The following sets of problems were performed over the selected flexible pavements:Analysis using KENLAYER is performed on the standard cases from the Pavement Design Catalogues, of IRC: SP: 72-2007. Analysis is performed on all the pavement sections subjected to stresses induced due to multiple axle loads Analysis is performed using modified soil with coir by replacing GSB and modified soil.

Flexible Pavement analysis for high volume roads: Analysis using KENLAYER is performed on the standard cases from the Pavement Design Catalogues, of IRC: 37-2001. Calculating modulus of elasticity values based on subgrade strength for base and sub-base courses. Introducing modulus of elasticity of subgrade, subbase and base independently. In this case the CBR values of sub-base (GSB) considered are 20%, 25%, 30%.

Proposed Methodology Experimental studies were conducted in Laboratory as mentioned above. Salient-Findings and Conclusions The following conclusions are drawn: Low volume roads: For all the layer materials the modulus of Elasticity values are given independently

road research in india 2011-12 interface of WBM-modified soil and modified soilsubgrade is 195.4KPa and 75.47KPa respectively. For conventional pavement having thickness of 275mm when GSB is replaced by modified soil of CBR 60% the vertical stress at the interface of WBM-modified soil and modified soil-subgrade is 207.36KPa and 71.29 KPa respectively. 7. When GSB layer is replaced by modified soil without changing the thickness of WBM the stresses at interface of WBM-GSB and GSB-modified soil are not within the limits. Hence the thickness of WBM has to be changed when modified soil is replaced with GSB. 8. When GSB is replaced by modified soil and increasing the thickness of WBM the stresses are within the limits. Therefore, when modified soil is introduced as sub-base layer, then the thickness of WBM has to be enhanced(150 to 175mm and 225 to 250mm) 9. When GSB is replaced by modified soil having CBR 45 and 60% there is a considerable reduction in pavement section. Conclusion for high volume roads 1. When modulus of elasticity of subgrade, sub-base and base course are introduced separately in the analysis for all the cases (case 2a, case 2b, case 2c) there is a reduction in pavement thickness. 2. When modulus of elasticity values of GSB are introduced according CBR values (20%, 25%, 30%) the variation in thickness of pavement is negligible. Therefore by changing GSB grades (1, 2, 3, 4) the reduction in pavement thickness is marginal. Hence any grade of GSB recommended by IRC can be used. 3. The pavement thickness has reduced when E values of subgrade, sub-base and base course are given separately. 4. For case 1 for subgrade CBR of 2% with 10msa cumulative traffic with a pavement thickness of 850mm the vertical stresses at interface of DBMGB, GB-GSB and GSB-subgrade is 146.29KPa, 56.84KPa and 13.68KPa respectively. For case 2a with pavement thickness of 500mm the vertical stresses at interface of DBM-GB, GB-GSB and GSB-subgrade is 136.27KPa, 27.42KPa and 13.46KPa respectively and for case 2b with pavement thickness of 500mm the vertical stresses at interface of DBM-GB, GB-GSB and GSBsubgrade is 139.47KPa, 29.52KPa and 13.23KPa respectively. For case 2c with pavement thickness of 500mm the vertical stresses at interface of DBMGB, GB-GSB and GSB-subgrade is 142.39KPa, 31.44KPa and 13.02KPa respectively. From the

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above results it is concluded that if the material properties (E values) are given independently there is reduction in pavement thickness. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. A U Ravi Shankar, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P O, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, Mobile: 09886525453, Phone : 0824-2474000 (Ext: 3041) Fax: 0824-2474033, E-mail ID: aurshankar@gmail.com , aurshankar@ yahoo.com 31. Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Coir Geotextiles on Adherence Property of Bituminous Mixes Date of Start: January 2011. Date of Completion: August 2012. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R) Scope and Objectives The scope of the work is limited to laboratory investigations by using five types of coir geotextiles collected from Charankattu Coir Mfg. co. (P). LTD, Cherthala. The coir geotextiles are cheap and easily available. The study was limited to finding the adherence stress between the bituminous concrete mix and coir geotextiles. The other limitation of this study was that the effect of variation in temperature, even though an important factor, was not considered in this study. This is because all the adherence tests were carried out at room temperature due to the absence of temperature controlled cabinet. The objectives of this study are: To determine the optimum tack coat content for obtaining the highest adherence stress To determine the maximum improvement in ultimate load of a pavement section when using different types of coir geotextiles To determine the type of coir geotextile which gives maximum adherence stress for a particular displacement To Model the behavior of pavement structure with Coir geotextiles as intermediate layer between existing pavement layer and new overlay using Regression Model Analysis.

Methodology For conducting the test, specimens were prepared with three layers of bituminous mix with two inter layers of

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General Report On Prof. Loui T.R, Assistant Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 32. Mix Design of Pervious Concrete An Experimental Study Using Crushed Stone and River Sand as Fine Aggregate Date of Start and Duration: June 2011, 10 months Date of Completion: March 2012 National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal Scope and Objectives The main objective of this investigation is to develop a strong and durable pervious cement concrete (PCC) mix using different types of fine aggregates with varying the quantity of fine aggregates. In addition, it is also aimed to compare the properties of these PCC mixes. In the present investigation, two types of fine aggregates viz., Crushed Stone (CS) and River Sand (RS) are used. The percentage of fine aggregates used in PCC mix is 15 per cent. The properties of PCC mixes investigated are compressive strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, permeability and clogging potential. Proposed Methodology Experimental studies were conducted in Laboratory as mentioned above. Salient Findings and Conclusions The major conclusions drawn based on the findings of the present investigation are as follows: With the increase in cement and sand content in the pervious concrete mixes, the compressive strength, flexural strength and dry unit weight are increased, where as the coefficient of permeability and the porosity get decreased. The minimum cement content for any pervious cement concrete is 230 Kg/m3. Addition of 50% more cement content resulted in a minimum of 66% increase in the compressive strength. The lowest compressive strength exhibited is 5.67 N/mm2. The flexural strengths of all the pervious concrete mixes tested were in the range from 1.83 to 3.8 N/mm2. This necessitates the need for special methods for design of pervious cement concrete pavements. Highly permeable and clog-resistant pervious concrete mix is the need for the day, to serve the purpose of pavement surface drainage. All the mixes tested had permeability in the range from

coir geotextiles and tack coat content between them. In this case, a new procedure was used to find the adherence stress between bituminous mixes and coir geotextiles. This configuration does not correspond to the one used in roads. No special testing equipment was required for this test and only a static press is needed for the testing of samples using UTM. The Methodology includes (a) Selection of mix materials and coir geotextiles. (b) Determining the properties of coir geotextiles and mix materials. (c) Preparation of test specimens with and without coir geotextiles (control specimen). (d) Conducting laboratory experiments. (e) A comparative study is done by using the results obtained with and without coir geotextile interface. (f) Results were analyzed and modeling is done to determine interaction between coir geotextiles and overlay using SPSS software. Findings/Conclusions Following conclusions were drawn from the study: Adherence stress between pavement layers was improved significantly with the coir geotextiles. The coir geotextiles helps to reduce the displacement of overlays compared to control specimen. The optimum tack coat content for obtaining the highest adherence stress for all types of coir geotextiles was 0.9Kg/m2 CCM 700 type coir geotextiles showed maximum improvement in load carrying capacity over control specimen. Among the five varieties of coir geotextiles used, CCM 400 was found to be the best choice for a particular displacement. The maximum improvement in adherence stress was 8.7 times and the minimum improvement was 3.15 times, control specimen value for a displacement ratio of 0.02.

Publications Abhijith R.P & Loui T.R (2012), Experimental investigation of the influence of coir geotextiles on adherence property of bituminous mixes, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT2012), August 10-11, 2012, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from

road research in india 2011-12 14 to 2.42 mm/s (1209 to 210 m/day). When, the same mixes were subjected to clogging, there was a reduction in the permeability by 40 to 67%. All the mixes tested, even after clogging simulation, exhibited a minimum permeability of 200 m/day. All the pervious concrete mixes tested had porosity in the range of 6.75 to 19.23%, irrespective of the method of computing porosity. The Cantabro abrasion test performed on all the pervious concrete mixes indicate that the maximum abrasion loss recorded did not exceed 19 %. This is an indication of durable pervious concrete mix. A variation in the above properties between pervious concrete mixes containing RS and CS was found to be insignificant. Curing of concrete had certainly contributed in terms of gain in strength in the range of 3.0 to 7.5N/mm2. Effects of steel fiber on specimens are not separately discussed. Since the steel fibers are used, there will be some percentage improvement in strength parameters. Steel fibres are incorporated in the pervious concrete mixes to improve their crack resistance, ductility, energy absorption and impact resistance

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characteristics. Since, the diameter of steel fibre is 1 mm, there is no much difference in effect of permeability as only a little percentage amount of steel fibre is used. Recommendations for Dissemination/ Revision of Codes/Specifications Delatte (2008) presents a set of design tables for the pervious concrete pavements, having a flexural strengths 2.1 - 3.1 N/mm2, as a part of light-duty pavement design. Based on the results of the present investigation, those mixes that have a 28-day flexural strength more than 2.1 N/mm2 can be recommended for the design of light-duty pavements or low-volume traffic pavements. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. A U Ravi Shankar, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P O, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, Mobile: 09886525453 Phone : 0824-2474000 (Ext: 3041) Fax: 0824-2474033, E-mail ID: aurshankar@gmail.com , aurshankar@yahoo.com

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B. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
SUMMARY
Research work on Effect of Wheel Load on Underground Tunnels has been carried out. It was found that by decreasing the height of the soil above the tunnel, the surcharge pressure coming over the tunnel is decreasing, but if a road comes over a tunnel due to the reduction of soil thickness above the tunnel, wheel loads has more significance.

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Effect of wheel load on underground tunnels

road research in india 2011-12 C. RESEARCH PROJECTS RELATED TO THESIS FOR POST-GRADUATION/ Ph.D 1. Effect of Tunnels. Wheel Load on Underground

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Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) The model analysis was done by preparing the model, loading test on model and analysing the result. Finite element analysis was also done and the results were obtained. Both these results were then compared. Salient-Findings and conclusion(s) By decreasing the height of the soil above the tunnel, the surcharge pressure coming over the tunnel is decreasing, but if a road comes over a tunnel due to the reduction of soil thickness above the tunnel, wheel loads has more significance. The effect of wheel load changes by various factors like height of soil, pavement thickness etc. compared to the flexible pavement the stress value is higher in case of rigid pavement conditions and while considering the direction of wheel loading, the wheel load perpendicular to the direction of major axis of tunnel induce almost double stress than the parallel loading condition in both rigid and flexible pavement condition. Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Address: Adarsh P R, M.Tech Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy -15, E-mail ID adarshv2001@gmail.com

Date of start and duration: 15TH JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion: 30th MAY 2012. National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Scope and Objectives In future development of this area above the tunnel, if it is a road when vehicles pass through it, loads of those vehicles may finally acts upon the tunnel. But for the present stress calculations the tyre load effect is not considered. The load effect depends upon the height of the soil above the tunnel. At higher thickness of the soil above the tunnel, the wheel effect is minimum and at lower thickness the tyre load plays an important role for the development of stress in the tunnel lining. So the effect of wheel load should be taken into consideration. The objectives are To assess the wheel load stress acting over the pavement, which finally comes to tunnel, by experimental analysis; To study the effect of wheel load over the tunnel. To prepare a design chart for underground tunnel, this includes the effect of wheel-soil-tunnel interaction. FEM analysis of tunnel in various surfaces and loading condition.

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C. BRIDGE ENGINEERING SUMMARY

Five research projects related to thesis for post graduation have been reported. The research findings are of importance in assessing the in-situ stress condition of PSC girder bridges, assessment of load carrying capacity of bridges under seismic forces and their strengthening and for understanding the complex anchorage zone stresses of PSC girder bridges.

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Techniques for in-situ stress assessment in concrete structures 2. Application of Push over Analysis for RC Bridges 3. Behaviour of Strengthened RC Beams under torsion 4. Anchorage zone Stresses in Post Tensioned Girder Bridges 5. Effect of overweight vehicles on Bridges

road research in india 2011-12 C. RESEARCH PROJECTS RELATED TO THESIS FOR POST-GRADUATION/ Ph.D 1 Development of Techniques for In-Situ Stress Assessment in Concrete Structures Date of Start and Duration : Sep. 2007 Date of Completion : Dec. 2011 CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai Scope and Objectives The objective of this research is to develop experimental techniques and methodologies to assess the in-situ stress in concrete and prestressed concrete structural elements under uniaxial- and biaxial- stress conditions. Proposed Methodology Laboratory study. Salient-Findings and Conclusions Three different techniques namely, concrete coredrilling technique, concrete core trepanning technique and concrete core-drilling strain gage technique were developed to evaluate the in-situ stress under uniaxial and biaxial stress conditions. A concrete core-drilling technique was developed by considering the practical aspects of the strain gage instrumentation using a special arrangement of electrical resistance strain gages suitably placed around the core for assessment of in-situ stress under uniaxial stress condition. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the reliability of this concrete core drilling technique. Calibration constants were evaluated experimentally for the used gage length, location and configuration. Comparison was also made with coefficients evaluated theoretically. Concrete core trepanning technique was developed to measure in-situ stresses in concrete under bi-axial stress state. This technique employs a three element strain gage rosette to measure the strain release due to core drilling. Numerical analysis was carried out using finite element method for evaluating the efficacy of the method. The reliability of this technique was established in the laboratory, by conducting experimental investigations on ten concrete specimens with known stress/strain field. Core-drilling strain gage (CDSG) technique was developed by suitable placement of electrical resistance strain gages around the core for assessment of insitu stress. Six strain gages were used, where three

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strain gages placed radially and the remaining three placed tangentially to the indented core. Experimental studies were carried out to assess the existing stresses with a known stress field using the core-drilling strain gage technique. Calibration constants were evaluated experimentally and compared with numerical results (Finite element method). The applied stresses and existing stresses obtained from core drilling strain gage technique using the calibration constants were matching closely. From the numerical studies and laboratory experiments have clearly indicated that the proposed techniques are efficient in assessing the existing stresses. Hence, these techniques can be used for in-situ stress evaluation of in-service structures under uniaxial and biaxial stress conditions. Recommendations for Dissemination/ Revision of Codes/Specifications The developed techniques can be used to evaluate the in-situ stress/ existing prestress in the bridges. Further information can be obtained from The Director, CSIR- Structural Engineering Research Centre, PO Taramani, Chennai-600 113, Phone : 04422549201, Fax : 044- 22541508, E-mail ID : director@ serc.res.in 2 Application of Pushover Analysis to RC Bridges Date of Start and Duration : Jan. 2011 Date of Completion : Jun 2011 Scope and Objectives Standard pushover analysis using FEMA 356 (2000) displacement coefficient method and an improved upper bound pushover analysis method were used to analyse a bridge structure. Proposed Methodology Analytical study. Salient-Findings and Conclusions After 2001 Gujarat Earthquake and 2005 Kashmir Earthquake, there is a nation-wide attention to the seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings and bridges. The aim of the project was to carry out a seismic evaluation case study for an existing RC bridge using nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. Bridges extend horizontally with its two ends restrained and that makes the dynamic characteristics of bridges

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General Report On respectively. The beam- PTT-1 was strengthened using CFRP fabric strip (400 g/m2 - Unidirectional, thickness 0.234mm) of U-shaped 50 mm wide with spacing of 75 mm c/c. Electrical strain gauges (1200.4 ) were provided at quarter, middle and three quarter span of the beam, on top and bottom of the longitudinal reinforcement, at the centre of vertical stirrups and on CFRP-Fabric to measure the strains during testing of the beam. During the laboratory investigations, it was seen that the failure of beam PTR-1 was due to crushing of concrete and yielding tension steel. The specimen PTT-1 failed due to failure of anchorage, debonding of the CFRP fabric strips, yielding of reinforcement provided in compression zone at mid span and finally due to crushing of the concrete. The torsional capacity based on the strain recorded in the CFRP fabric during the experiment shows the good agreement with the theoretical values. The significant increase of twist angle of 151% and 44% was observed corresponding to cracking torque and ultimate torque respectively. The internal longitudinal steel was observed to be yielded to both the cases. The torsional capacity of the PTT-1 exhibited 58% enhancement of torsional capacity with the application of CFRP fabric for strengthening. . Recommendations for Dissemination/ Revision of Codes/Specifications Based on the study it was concluded that the carbon FRP wrap could be used for the strengthening of RCC beams deficient in torsion after exercising proper care in the design of the rehabilitation scheme Further information can be obtained from Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad, Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi -110 042, Phone : 011-27871018, E-mail ID : akgupta@gmail.com 4. Analysis of Anchorage zone Stresses in Post Tensioned Girder Bridges Date of Start and Duration : Aug 2010 Date of Completion : Jun 2011 Scope and Objectives Anchorage zone is the most important region in a posttensioned concrete girder. In the anchorage zone the stresses are complex in nature during the application of prestressing forces. There are many factors which influence the bursting stresses of the anchorage zone. The scope and objective of this research is given below: 1. Detailed study of the various methods generally adopted for the analysis of the anchorage zone

different from building. Modal analysis of a 3D bridge model reveals that it has many closely-spaced modes. Participating mass ratio for the higher modes is very high. Therefore, pushover analysis with single load pattern may not yield correct results for a bridge model. A 12-span existing RC bridge was selected for the case study. Standard pushover analysis using FEMA 356 (2000) displacement coefficient method and an improved upper bound pushover analysis method were used to analyse the structure. Some of the analysis parameters were suitably modified to use in a bridge structure. The evaluation results presented here shows that the selected bridge does not have the capacity to meet any of the desired performance level. Recommendations for Dissemination/ Revision of Codes/Specifications The evaluation results presented here shows that the selected bridge does not have the capacity to meet any of the desired performance level. Further information can be obtained from Kaliprasanna Sethy, (Guide: Sarkar, P.), C/o Head of Department, Department Of Civil Engineering, National Institute Of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa 769 008, Phone : 0661 - 2462326, Fax : : 0661-2462301, E-mail ID : sarkarp@nitrkl.ac.in/ www.nitrkl.ac.in 3 Experimental Study of RC Beams Strengthened with CFRP Fabric under Pure Torsion Date of Start and Duration : August 2010 Date of Completion : : Jun 2011 Scope and Objectives The objective of the study is to understand the behaviour of torsion deficient RC rectangular beam specimens strengthened using carbon fabric in relation to the reference beam, which is designed for torsion Also, in this study attempts were made to understand the complexity of twist angle, torque and ductility of strengthened beams. Proposed Methodology Laboratory Study Salient-Findings and Conclusions Torsional failure of a RC Beam is an undesirable brittle failure. In this study, two specimens were tested, PTR-1 (reference beam designed for torsion ) and PTT-1 (Beam deficient in torsion). The span and size of the both the beams were 1.79m and 150 x 250 mm

road research in india 2011-12 stresses in the post-tensioned concrete girders. Investigate the effect of the following parameters on the anchorage zone stresses: (a) Size of the bearing plate (b) Eccentricity of the bearing plate and (c) Grade of concrete 2. Study of stresses in anchorage zone with multiple anchorages using 2-D and 3-D finite element analysis. Proposed Methodology Analytical study Salient-Findings and Conclusions In this research, to study the behaviour of a rectangular end block different methods such as Elastic analysis, Guyons method, Magnels method and codal provisions have been used. Also, the application of 2-D and 3-D Strut and Tie model (STM) to compute the bursting force in the end block has been demonstrated. Further, the finite element analysis of an end block has been carried out using the software CIVIL FEM-ANSYS 11. In this FEM analysis the end block has been analyzed using by both 2-D and 3-D models. The influence of the size and eccentricity of the bearing plate, and grade of concrete on the stress distribution of the end block has been investigated using Finite Element Method. More complex configuration of an anchorage zone with multiple anchorages in a girder has also been studied. Recommendations for Dissemination/ Revision of Codes/Specifications The various analytical methods can be used in understanding the complex stress pattern of anchorage zone of a PSC girder. Further information can be obtained from Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Suratkal, Mangalore 575025, Phone : 0824-2474000 5.

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Effect of Overweight Vehicles on RC T Girder Bridge Date of Start and Duration : July 2010 Date of Completion : Jun 2011

Scope and Objectives The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of overweight trucks, generally plying on the road network, on the existing reinforced concrete girder bridges. Proposed Methodology Analytical study Salient-Findings and Conclusions Analysis of the axle load data of trucks plying in specific routes have been carried out to understand the extent of overloading especially in 2-axle, 3-axle and 5-axle trucks. Subsequently, two R. C. T-girder bridges of 21m and 25m span respectively were analysed using the SAP 2000 software for different loads such as (i) loads specified for bridge design in IRC: 6(ii) GVW of 2 axle truck, 3-axle truck and 5-axle truck (iii) loads carried by excessively loaded 2-axle, 3-axle and 5-axle truck observed in specific routes, in eastern part of the country. Also, the analysis of the bridges has been extended to understand the effect of extremely heavy vehicles. Recommendations for Dissemination/ Revision of Codes/Specifications The findings of this research will provide an input for updation of live load clause in bridge design codes Further information can be obtained from Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, Phone: 0820-2571060, E-mail ID : mit@manipal.edu

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D. TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION SUMMARY

A total of 46 Research projects related to thesis for post-graduation/ PhD reported in the area of Traffic & Transportation area. Mainly these studies focused on, Traffic Engineering and management related studies, Transportation Planning, Advanced Modeling techniques and vulnerable road user studies. These are briefly in the following Traffic Engineering Management Related Studies: The studies include capacity analysis of three legged signalized intersection, Evaluation of Roundabouts versus Unsignalized and signalized intersections, Impact of Traffic Composition on PCU Values of Road Vehicles, Estimation of Road User Cost of Highway Construction Zones, Adaptive Traffic Signal Control as an ITS Measure for Urban Arterials, Traveller preferences for Advanced Traveller Information system, Travel time and congestion analysis under heterogeneous traffic conditions and Analysis of road accidents based on Accident Severity Index (ASI) Transportation Planning Related Studies: Application of dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) packages under Indian traffic conditions, Algorithms for reliability based optimal routing and traffic assignment in stochastic transportation networks, Travel Time Reliability Study at Urban Corridors on Selected Route Pairs, Highway Assignment Modelling in Cube Voyager Software for Feasibility Study of Proposed Coastal Road, GIS Based Safe Bus Stop Location , Land use and Transportation Planning, Development of GIS Based Framework to Plan and Monitor PMGSY Roads, Dynamic traffic assignment simulation and evaluation of Advanced traveler information systems. Advanced Modelling Techniques: These studies include Application of Multicriteria Decision Making Methods in Mode Choice Analysis and Development of Fuzzy Logic Based Performance Evaluation Model for Bus Transit. The Micro simulation Based Studies includes Modelling Heterogeneous traffic in VISSIM and Simulation of Vehicle Queuing at a Toll Plaza Vulnerable Road User Studies: Mainly focused on the Impact of Built Environment on Pedestrian Motor Vehicle Collision, Facilities for Pedestrians and Physically Challenged in Rural Highways, Micro simulation Study of the Effect of Vulnerable Road Users on Traffic Flow Characteristics, Road Safety with Emphasis on Non-Motorized Traffic

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Traffic Impacts of Construction work zones using Simulation 2. Capacity analysis of three legged signalized intersection 3. Evaluation of Roundabouts versus Unsignalized and signalized intersections 4. Travel Time Reliability Study at Urban Corridors on Selected Route Pairs 5. Impact of Traffic Composition on PCU Values of Road Vehicles 6. Study of flow characteristics at signalised intersections under heterogeneous traffic conditions 7. Model Based Analysis and Control of Indian Traffic 8. Analysing The Relation Between Land Use And Travel Demand Using 3s Technology. 9. Application of Multi-criteria Decision Making Methods in Mode Choice Analysis 10. Highway Assignment Modeling in Cube Voyager Software for Feasibility Study of Proposed Coastal Road 11. Estimation of Road User Cost of Highway Construction Zones 12. Impact of Land Use on Trip Generation- A Case Study 13. Algorithms for reliability based optimal routing and traffic assignment in stochastic transportation networks 14. Application of Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) packages under Indian traffic conditions

road research in india 2011-12 15. Urban Speed Management for Tiruchirappalli City Using ITS 16. Adaptive Traffic Signal Control as an ITS Measure for Urban Arterials in Chennai City 17. Land use and Transportation Planning 18. Application of Multicriteria Decision Making Methods in Mode Choice Analysis 19. Impact Of PMGSY Roads on Socio-Economic Aspects and Travel Characteristics 20. Development of GIS Based Framework to Plan and Monitor PMGSY Roads 21. GIS Based Safe Bus Stop Location in Trichy City 22. Simulation of Vehicle Queuing at a Toll Plaza 23. Modelling Heterogeneous traffic in VISSIM 24. Dynamic traffic assignment simulation and evaluation of Advanced traveler information systems 25. Dynamic Traffic Assignment for Multi Vehicle Class Traffic 26. Activity based trip distribution models for Indian conditions 27. The Impact of Built Environment on Pedestrian Motor Vehicle Collision 28. Algorithms on Stochastic Networks 29. Estimation of dynamic origin-destination matrices for general networks 30. Corridor Signal Optimisation under Heterogeneous Traffic Using Cluster Analysis

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31. Capacity Analysis of Signalised intersections under Heterogeneous conditions using Area occupancy concept 32. Facilities for Pedestrians and Physically Challenged in Rural Highways. 33. Development of Fuzzy Logic Based Performance Evaluation Model for Bus Transit 34. Intercity Passenger Travel Demand Modelling and Mode Choice Analysis for Mysore-Mangalore City Pair 35. Study of traffic characteristics under varying degrees of lane following 36. Congestion analysis of heterogeneous traffic using GPS-fitted probe vehicles 37. Data Fusion Based Spatial Traffic Parameter Estimation and Prediction 38. Development of Traveller Information and Route Guidance System Using GPS-GIS Integration 39. Traveller preferences for Advanced Traveller Information System in Trivandrum City 40. A Lumped Parameter Model-Based Approach for Estimation Of Traffic Density 41. Travel time and congestion analysis under heterogeneous traffic conditions 42. Micro simulation Study of the Effect of Vulnerable Road Users on Traffic Flow Characteristics. 43. Road Safety with Emphasis on Non-Motorized Traffic 44. Analysis of road accidents based on Accident Severity Index (ASI) method and GIS: 45. Studies on Safety Performance of Two-Lane Rural Highways Under Mixed Traffic 46. Prediction of Roadside Pollutant Concentration

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General Report On considering 15 min time interval and the above two methods will be compared with the one obtained through VISSIM. The monetary value of associated delay will be calculated. Salient-Findings and conclusions It was observed that there was speed reduction in different category of vehicles from Stage-I to II due to the transition zones and newly laid road caused increase in speeds in stage III. The speed of the vehicle drops significantly while entering the construction zone. On the basis of the results from the study, speed of the vehicle is more in the advance warning zone and decreases as it enters the approach transition zone and then decreases further in the activity zone and increases again in the terminal transition zone. The average speed of the vehicles at the transition zone of the construction area was reduced by 60 % of the speed at the advance warning area. A statistical analysis confirms the differences in mean speeds are statistically significant in the advance warning zone and terminal transition zone in all vehicle categories at the 95% confidence level both in stage II and stage III respectively in spite of increase in mean speed in stage III. Average speeds of different categories of vehicle obtained from the VISSIM model were found comparable with that obtained experimentally in all the three stages of construction. With the increase in length of the work zone, speed increases and after a certain length of the work zone, the speed remains constant. This particular length of the work zone beyond which the speed remains constant is termed as Critical Length. The critical lengths of the work zone obtained from the VISSIM model are 790 m and 780 m for Stage II and III respectively which are more than the ones obtained experimentally (730m and 710 m respectively).

C: RESEARCH PROJECTS RELATED TO THESIS FOR POST-GRADUATION/ Ph.D 1. Study of Traffic Impacts of Construction Work Zones Using Simulation Date of start and duration: February, 2009 Date of completion (Targeted): March, 2013 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli. Scope and Objectives The objectives of the study are: To study the traffic flow Characteristics of work zone and develop speed-flow, speed-occupancy model criteria for work zones during different stages of Highway widening under mixed traffic condition. To study the effect of Speed on Length, width and Surface characteristics of work zones due to lane closure. To determine the reduction in Volume due to work zones and quantify delay associated to speed reduction in work zones corresponding to lane closure, length and percentage of heavy vehicles during different stages of construction. To develop a simulation model of work zone using VISSIM software and predict the vehicle throughput, average speed, travel time, and delay. To determine the delay road user costs of work zone.

Methodology The research methodology is to be carried out in three Phases: Phase I: work sites were identified and data collected in four zones (Advance Warning Zone, Approach transition zone, Work zone and Terminal transition zone) during three stages of Construction. The traffic parameters were analysed during three stages and their inter relationship between speed, flow, occupancy, headway, carriageway width and composition of traffic have been established. The surface charactersistics of the pavement and their relation with the speed reduction were analyzed and established. Phase II: consists of Simulation modelling of work zone in VISSIM and its Validation. Phase III: The scenario analysis of the model is to be done to find the effect of varying width, length, directional split and the composition of the traffic on speed, headway and delay during different stages .The capacity reduction in different stages have to estimated by the Time headway method and the Volume method

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Vidya.R, Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering and Management, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Tiruchirappalli, Trichy-15, E-mail ID: vidyarajesh123@ gmail.com. 2. Capacity Analysis of Three Legged Signalized Intersection using Cellular Automata Date of Start: August 2010. Date of Completion: August 2011. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

road research in india 2011-12 Scope and Objectives The cellular automaton concept is used to simulate the traffic flow at a three legged signalized intersection. A Cellular Automata (CA) model is developed for the movement of the vehicles under heterogeneous traffic conditions. The stopping of vehicles at the signal controlled intersection and discharge of vehicles into the intersection during green time was simulated. The lane group capacity of the intersection was determined on each of the intersection approaches. Simulation results show the ability of the model to capture most important features of traffic phenomenon. The present study was undertaken with the following objectives: To develop a CA model for the heterogeneous traffic flow along a two lane To develop a CA model for the traffic flow at a three legged signalized intersection To determine the approach capacity of the signalized intersection

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Percentage error between the capacity obtained from field observation and simulation output ranges from 5.75 to 10.46% The validation of the simulation program has been done based on the observed and the simulated discharge at the intersection The observed chi-square value is less than the critical chi-square value at 5% level of significance and 29 degree of freedom

Publications Anupama Krishnan and Mrs.Leema Peter (2011), Capacity analysis of 3-legged signalized intersection using cellular automata, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT2011), August 19-21, 2011, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala.

Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Ms. Leema Peter, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum. 3. Evaluation of Roundabouts versus Unsignalized and Signalized Intersections in Trivandrum City Date of Start: August 2010. Date of Completion: July 2011. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

Methodology Simulation of CA model Application of CA rules Data collection Simulation Output Determination of approach capacity Comparison of approach capacity determined using field data and from the simulation output Validation of the simulation program using chisquare test

Scope and Objectives 1. To analyse the performance of roundabouts against an unsignalized and signalized intersections under varying volumes based on certain measures of effectiveness. To obtain the traffic volume ranges at which roundabouts perform better than unsignalized and signalized intersections.

Findings/Conclusions To incorporate heterogeneity, NaSch model is modified by considering different types of vehicles depending on their dynamic characteristics like maximum speed, acceleration and deceleration The lateral movement of the vehicles along the lane is also considered The position of the vehicles moving along the lane is obtained from the simulation run which is an indication of the movement of the vehicles based on the CA rules The discharge of vehicles at the signalized intersection from each approach has been obtained as the output Capacity of each approach has been determined using HCM method.

2.

The performance measures or measures of effectiveness (MOEs) are capacity, degree of saturation, average control delay, 95th percentile queue length and emissions (Carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Nitric oxides (NOx).The present study was limited to 3-legged and 4-legged roundabouts with 2-lane approach from every direction. These two types of intersections were selected since they were the common types observed. Methodology i. Identify the locations of study suitable for the study within Trivandrum city.

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General Report On The average control delay at an uncontrolled intersection was higher than roundabout at all volumes. Hence based on delay, performance of roundabout was better than uncontrolled intersection. The average control delay of signalized intersection remained unchanged till 2000vph for 3-legged as well as 4-legged intersection and thereafter increased gradually. When the traffic volume was low, vehicles at uncontrolled intersections produced lesser pollution than other two types of intersections. At lower inlet volumes, vehicles at signalized intersection produced greater emissions compared to other two types of intersection due to compulsory stopping of vehicles. But at higher total inlet volumes vehicles at signalized intersection produced lesser emissions due to orderly movement of traffic and due to the absence of frequent acceleration and deceleration of vehicles. A 3-legged roundabout with 2-lane approach was found to perform better than other two types of intersections at a total inlet volume of 872 to 4143 vph while a 4-legged roundabout with 2-lane approach performed better at the total inlet volume range of 1163 to 5524 vph.

ii. Data collection, which includes geometric measurements of the existing roundabout intersection using a measuring tape and video recording for 5 days of a week to obtain the traffic details. iii. Traffic volume with proportion of turning movement was extracted from the video. The video was played and the total number of specific type of vehicle in each direction was obtained manually. iv. Traffic volume was divided to 15min datasets (total inlet volume with proportion of each turning movements). 15min data was inputted into the SIDRA software. Hence a total of 120 datasets were obtained v. Geometric features measured and extracted traffic data was the input to the SIDRA software. vi. Various performance measures were obtained after analysis from the SIDRA software. vii. The roundabouts were replaced by hypothetical uncontrolled and signalized intersections and its performance measures will be determined. Comparisons were made between. a. 3-legged roundabout, 3-legged signalized intersection and 3-legged unsignalized intersection. b. 4-legged roundabout, 4-legged signalized intersection and 4-legged unsignalized intersection. viii. Roundabouts were compared with hypothetical intersections at various traffic volumes based on the performance measures. ix. Traffic volume range at which roundabout has better performance than other types of intersections was determined. Findings/Conclusions The capacity of uncontrolled and roundabout intersections was found to reduce with increasing inlet volume. The capacity of a signalized intersection had only slight variation up to a total inlet volume of 2500vph and 3500vph for 3-legged and 4-legged roundabout respectively and thereafter increased rapidly. The degree of saturation of uncontrolled and roundabout intersections increased with total inlet volume. The degree of saturation of signalized intersection increased rapidly till total inlet volumes for which capacity remained unchanged, then decreased and thereafter remained a constant value.

Publications Asish Jayakumar and Mrs. Preethi P (2011), Evaluation of a 4-legged Roundabout with 2-lane approach versus hypothetical Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2011), August1921, 2011, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Travel Time Reliability Study at Urban Corridors on Selected Route Pairs in Trivandrum City Date of Start: August 2010. Date of Completion: July 2011. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

4.

Scope and Objectives The specific objectives of this study are: To compute the Travel Time Reliability indices such as Buffer Time Index and Planning Time Index of different routes in a few selected route pairs at Trivandrum. To identify the most reliable routes among several selected routes connecting route pairs by comparing its reliability indices.

road research in india 2011-12 To model congestion on these routes by relating the reliability indices to congestion. To study the influence of various geometric and traffic factors on the variation of travel time and to model it. To predict the travel time of these routes using Artificial Neural Network.

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In both the above cases, the driver perception towards selection of reliable route was due to shorter length and good surface conditions. Day wise comparison shows that the travel time on Monday is unpredictable than that on Wednesday. The relation between travel time reliability and congestion is established. From the plot of Planning Time Index vs Travel Time Index, an upward trend was found to be existing between the travel time variability and congestion. As the traffic volume of the stretch increases, variability in travel time also increases due to the uncertainty which results in the reduction of travel time reliability. A Multiple Linear Regression Model was developed connecting the Planning Time Index as dependent variable and different geometric and traffic factors as independent variables. Travel time variability decreases with increase in free flow travel time and average width of the road. Travel time variability increases with increase in length of the link, number of secondary intersections, traffic volume and percentage of cars increases. ANN is found to be effective in predicting the travel times on these routes. Travel time prediction models for considered routes in the route pairs were developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN).

Methodology Selection of study stretch Two route pairs were selected in this study which are Ulloor- Pattom route pair and Thirumala- Vazhuthacaud route pair Data Collection Videographic recording and license plate matching method Data Extraction time taken to travel through different routes in the route pair by car at different times of the morning peak hours Calculation of Travel Time Reliability Indices like Planning Time Index and Buffer Time Index Comparison of TTR Indices of different routes in the route pair and finding out the reliable route in the route pair and reliable times for travelling through these routes. The relation between travel time reliability and congestion was established with Planning Time Index and Travel Time Index were used as the indicators for travel time reliability and congestion respectively. Travel Time Variability was modelled with Planning Time Index as the dependent variable and various geometric and traffic factors as independent variables. Travel times on these routes were predicted using Artificial Neural Network

Publications Surya, S, Nair., and Satyakumar, M. (2011), Travel Time Reliability Study at Urban Corridors in Trivandrum City, Proceedings of the 12th National Conference on Technological Trends, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, pp. 387-393.

Findings/ Conclusions From the comparison of travel time reliability indices calculated for Ulloor- Pattom route pair, route via Kesavadasapuram is found to be more reliable than the other route in the morning peak hours. For Ulloor- Pattom route pair, route via Medical College shows a wide variation in travel time reliability indices on both Monday and Wednesday. But the variation of travel time reliability indices for route via Kesavadasapuram on Monday and Wednesday is almost constant. From the comparison of travel time reliability indices calculated for Vazhuthacaud- Thirumala route pair, route via Pangode is found to be more reliable than the other route in the morning peak hours.

Further Information/ Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. M. Satyakumar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 5. Impact of Traffic Composition on PCU Values of Road Vehicles Date of Start and Duration: December 2009, 3 years , Date of Completion: on-going Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives The principal objective of the work proposed here is to study the possible variation of Passenger Car Unit

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General Report On Scope and Objectives 1. To study the influence of traffic composition on control delays. 2. To study the sensitivity of delays to lane widths . 3. To assess the effect of lane discipline at intersections on flow characteristics. 4. To develop conclusions and recommendations. Proposed Methodology Problem definition Modification to simulation model Simulations runs Analysis of results Conclusions and recommendations

(PCU) values of different categories of vehicles due to changes in traffic composition, under heterogeneous traffic conditions prevailing on Indian roads. The available simulation model will be used to derive Passenger Car Unit (PCU) values for different types of vehicles under the prevailing traffic condition. The effect of variation of traffic composition on PCU value will be studied by deriving PCU values for the different types of vehicles for a set of vehicle composition falling over a wide range. Proposed Methodology The PCU values for the different types of vehicles, at various volume levels and vehicle composition, will be estimated by taking the average stream speed as the measure of performance. Accordingly, the stream speed of the heterogeneous traffic of chosen composition for a chosen volume and composition will be first determined. Then certain percentage of cars will be replaced by the reference vehicle type in the mixed traffic stream, such that the average stream speed remains the same as before the introduction of the additional reference vehicles in the stream. This can be achieved by varying the number of the reference vehicles introduced to substitute the removed cars until the original speed of the traffic is obtained by simulation. Then, the number of cars removed divided by the number of introduced reference vehicles will give the PCU value of that vehicle type. This procedure will be repeated for different volume levels and vehicle composition falling over a wide range. A recently developed microscopic simulation model of highly heterogeneous traffic flow named HETEROSIM was used for the analysis. Salient-Findings and Conclusions It is found that, under heterogeneous traffic conditions, for a given roadway condition and traffic composition, the PCU value of vehicles varies significantly with change in traffic volume and composition. Hence, it is desirable to treat PCU as dynamic quantity for the different vehicle categories. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Praveen P. S., UPASANA, Monvila, Kulathoor P. O., Trivandrum, Kerala., Mobile: 9445517754 / 9495558559 E-mail ID: pspraveenps@yahoo.co.in 6. Study of Flow Characteristics at Signalised Intersections Under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions Date of Start and Duration: 01/08/2011 Date of Completion: 31/05/2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036

Salient-Findings and Conclusions 1. For non-lane-following case, when the volume is less than or equal to 1500 PCU/h, the traffic composition does not make much difference on the delays at the intersection. If the volume is greater than 2000 PCU/h and if cars composition is also increasing in traffic the delay of vehicles are increasing due to more space acquirement by cars, lower dissipation rate of cars compared to two wheelers, filtering of two wheelers is lesser between gaps even if its composition is lesser. 2. For vehicles with lane following, when the volume is less than 1000 PCU the traffic composition dont make much difference on the delay of intersection. 3. For lane following case, if two wheelers composition is predominant, maximum number of vehicles crossing the stop line at intersection is 1500 PCU. For this case, when car composition is increasing the delay of the intersection is increasing compared to two wheeler dominant composition. 4. For lower volume levels, the overall delay of vehicles is greater in lane following case scenario compared to non-lane following scenario. 5. The dissipation of vehicles in PCU per cycle from field and simulation model is statistically significant and the percentage of error between field and simulation is 5%, which shows that the simulation model reasonably represent the heterogeneous traffic conditions. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from R.V.Yogesh Kumar, s/o R.Thirupathaiah, D.No: 206-15, Anajaiah Road, , Ongole, Prakasam District,

road research in india 2011-12 Andhra Pradesh. Pin: 523002, Mobile: 8015933632 Phone: 8977365022 , E-mail ID: ravulapalli.yogesh@ gmail.com 7. Model Based Analysis and Control of Indian Traffic Date of Start and Duration: 23-12-2011 Date of Completion: 01-01-2015 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives 1. To develop a macroscopic traffic flow model that can be used to characterise the Indian traffic using the fundamental variables speed, flow and density along a mid block section. 2. To formulate an optimum signal design using the queue length as the parameter. 3. To model a control system that optimizes the signal and the flow from the model. Proposed Methodology Methodology includes: 1. Data collection 2. Estimating traffic flow using density and developing a suitable flow model 3. Signal design based on the estimated traffic flow 4. Comparing the signal developed with the traditional way of signal design Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Vincy Verghese, Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT-Madras, Chennai - 600 036., Mobile: 9445117022 E-mail ID: vincyverghese@gmail.com 8. Analysing The Relation Between Land Use And Travel Demand Using 3s Technology. Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, . Date of completion 30th MAY 2012

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that require large scale and highly dimensional data analysis. The objectives are: To extract land use of the wards of Tiruchirappalli city using RS and GIS. To find trip generation and trip attraction of all wards of Tiruchirappalli city using GIS, To estimate an origin destination matrix based on land use status. To assess the performance by comparing the assigned traffic volume with the actual traffic volume based on link volume counts. To assign the estimated O-D to the existing road network so that demand for traffic between every pair of zones is allocated to available routes. To develop a travel demand model using CUBE and compare the results of the land use model with the traditional model developed using the software.

Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) From the land use extracted, trip production and trip attraction are calculated by land use method and the obtained trips are compared with the base year matrix of 2003 to develop the O-D matrix for 2012. The data was collected, image classification was done, trip generation and trip attraction was found and travel demand was calculated by estimating an O-D matrix after generating trip generation and trip attraction. The obtained matrix is validated by link volumes and compared with the traditional model developed using CUBE 6. Salient-Findings and conclusion(s) The O-D matrix of 2012 shows an increase of almost nine times travel demand compared to the base year matrix of 2003 and the validated results shows a RMSE of 5% 3S technology helps in updating the land use and hence travel demand estimation will be easier compared to the traditional method since changes in land use pattern cannot be easily incorporated in the traditional model. The accuracy of estimation of O0D matrix from the traditional model would have been improved if more parameters have been included, but collection of these data are very difficult when compared to the land use method.

National Institute Of Technology,Tiruchirappalli

Scope and Objectives 3S technology is the integration of three technologies. ie RS (remote sensing), GPS (Global positioning system) and GIS (geographic information system).The motivation for incorporating 3S data into travel demand modelling stems from its apparent relevance to problems

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General Report On Network Process using the Super Decisions Software Creation of control hierarchy for FAHP and network for FANP involving the criteria and sub criteria. The fuzzy pair-wise comparison matrices with fuzzy-ratio judgments were formed according to the control hierarchy or network developed. Triangular fuzzy weights were derived from fuzzy pair-wise comparison matrices. After calculating the triangular fuzzy weights, the fuzzy evaluations of the alternative modes were derived. The alternative modes were then ordered by using the maximum membership principle of defuzzification and the transportation mode with highest priority was chosen.

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Aswathy R, M.Tech Transportation engineering and management, Department of Civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy-15, E-mail ID aarchidevi@gmail.com 9. Application of Multi-criteria Decision Making Methods in Mode Choice Analysis - A Case Study Date of Start: August 2010. Date of Completion: August 2011. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R) Scope and Objectives The objectives of this study are: To determine the factors affecting mode choice using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) based evaluations like Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) To investigate the influence of various parameters in mode choice To determine the mode choice priorities of commuters To carry out the sensitivity analysis for finding out the effect of various factors in mode choice To analyze the possible modal shift to a non existing ideal mode likely to be implemented in the future

e) Validation of the FAHP model and FANP model was done by comparing the final results with the actual mode choice proportion obtained from the main questionnaire survey A gap analysis procedure was carried out using the FAHP model in Expert Choice software to find out the change in mode choice behaviour and the possible modal shift from other modes if an ideal mode like BRTS is introduced. Findings/Conclusions Following conclusions were drawn from the preliminary survey: The parameter Route of travel is not affecting the mode choice behaviour of work trip commuters as most of them are using the same route during the trips The parameter Time under which journey is undertaken is also not affecting the mode choice behaviour of work trip commuters since they are carrying out the during the morning and evening peak hours and similar conditions exist during these hours.

The scope of this study is limited to the prediction of mode choice proportion of commuters in Trivandrum city who carry out daily work trips. Methodology a) Determination of factors (criteria and sub criteria) influencing mode choice by conducting a pilot survey b) Main Questionnaire survey Factors affecting mode choice determined from the pilot survey were stated in the questionnaire. Respondents were asked to compare the factors and rate them.

Following conclusions were drawn from the FAHP and FANP models: The fuzzy weights of criteria clusters showed that the socioeconomic characteristics was more important than trip and system characteristics while choosing a mode Among the socio-economic characteristics, income and vehicle ownership were the main factors affecting mode choice

c) The ratings of the various factors affecting mode choice were transformed into triangular fuzzy numbers. d) Execution of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical Process using the Super Decisions software and Expert Choice software and execution of Fuzzy Analytic

road research in india 2011-12 Similarly among trip characteristics, travel distance and travel cost were affecting mode choice than travel time Among system characteristics, comfort & convenience and reliability were the main factors affecting mode choice The results from the FAHP and FANP model showed that the transportation mode with highest priority was bus followed by two wheeler and car. FANP model was more accurate compared to FAHP model as it was more close to actual mode choice proportion with lesser RRMSE of 0.425% The gap analysis using Expert Choice indicate there is a possible modal shift from existing modes to an ideal mode like BRTS if an ideal mode is introduced in the city and it showed that the mode choice proportion of BRTS will be 0.421 The possible modal shift from bus will be greater than that from other modes to ideal mode by 24.9%

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and passenger traffic coming from Thane, Gujarat, Rajasthan, etc., and going to JNPT and Uran use this road. At present this road is heavily trafficked and the commissioning of the proposed new airport in Navi Mumbai will further increase the traffic. The proposed coastal road is envisaged with a view to ease the traffic on the Thane-Belapur Road. The study objectives are: Arrive at the Likely Traffic Demand for Base and Horizon year. Economical Benefits of the Proposed Coastal Road.

Scope of work includes: Data collection through field surveys. Analysis of traffic survey. Travel demand analysis and modeling. Calibration and validation of TDM Traffic forecast. Economic analysis of proposed costal road.

Publications Anu Baby & Manju V.S. (2011), Analysis of Mode Choice Using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical Process (FAHP)- A Case Study , National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2011), August 19-20, 2011, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. Manju V.S, Assistant Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 10. Highway Assignment Modeling in Cube Voyager Software for Feasibility Study of Proposed Coastal Road in Navi Mumbai Area Date of Start and Duration : June 2011, 10 months Date of Completion : March 2012 I. National Institute Karnataka,Surathkal of Technology

Proposed Methodology Collection of planning variables from Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA) for Base year. Using the model developed by MMRDA, obtain OD matrix for internal zones for the base year. Selection of screen line location and Determination of base year travel pattern from field survey (External and internal trips, Traffic volumes on screen lines). Calibrate travel demand model by Comparing traffic volumes obtained from field survey and traffic volume assign in the model. validation of travel demand model for base year Determination of likely traffic on proposed costal road in base and horizon year. Compare base year and horizon year transport network with and without proposed costal road.

II. M/s. AakarAbhinav Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Navi Mumbai Scope and Objectives The Thane-Belapur Road which connects Navi Mumbai to Thane is used by commuters for going from Thane city to MIDC industrial area, Navi Mumbai, Panvel, Pune and further to South India. The road is an important link between Mumbai / Thane and Industrial areas of Kalyan, Dombivli and Badlapur. All goods traffic

Salient-Findings and Conclusions The factors affecting the choice of route selected by drivers includes the travel time, travel cost, comfort and level of service or volume to capacity ratio. In the present work described in the thesis, the trip assignment was performed in Cube Voyager using the User Equilibrium Highway Assignment approach for 92 internal and external zones of the study area for the

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General Report On To estimate the delay caused by the speed reduction in construction work zone To estimate the work zone impacts on travel delay and vehicle operation To compute the unit cost for each impact To estimate the road user cost

base 2011 and horizon years 2016, 2021 and 2031. In the base year model highway assignment is performed without proposed costal road and the model is validated with existing transport network. The proposed link was then added in the validated model and the model is processed. The output obtained from analysis shown the likely traffic diverted from existing road to proposed road. From the travel demand model of base year and horizon year the following conclusions are made: Considering the diverted traffic on proposed costal road, it can be concluded that a six lane divided arterial road is feasible. Proposal of costal road will definitely reduce the traffic on congested road in the Navi Mumbai area. The proposed costal road will serve with LOS-C for next 15 years, after 15 years the widening of road will be require to keep the flow steady.

Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) The project work started with the pilot study followed by selection of sites for the actual survey work in rural and urban areas. Data collection was done using Registration Number Plate method. Then Speed and Journey time was determined and Speed-Flow curve was obtained through which delay through work zone, impacts on work zone, unit cost on each impact was found and Road user cost was estimated. Salient-Findings and conclusions The conclusions derived from results are The speed of the vehicles drops significantly while entering the construction zone. Variation of speed in the advance warning zone is less compare to the freeway speed without construction zone. The average speed of vehicle is more in the advance warning zone, decreases as it enters the approach transition zone and work zone and then increases in terminal zone. The speed of the vehicles at the transition zone was reduced by 60% compare to the advance warning area With the increase in road width, as speed increases and intern it decreases the road user cost. Delay cost is the most significant factor in the road user cost. With the difference of 4 km/hr RUC is increasing at a rate of 40%. With the increase in length road user cost is increasing at a constant rate. The change of length and width of road it directly affects the travel time and vehicle operating cost.

Major contributions of this study are: Internal and External travel pattern in Study area for Passenger as well as Freight Vehicles is assessed. A Standard Four Stage Travel Demand Model is developed and validated for Navi Mumbai Area and Feasibility of proposed link is determined. Effect of proposed link on existing transport network is also determined. The traffic on proposed link is forecasted for horizon year 2016, 2021 and 2031.

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. A U Ravi Shankar, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P O, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, Mobile : 09886525453 Phone: 0824-2474000 (Ext: 3041), Fax: 0824-2474033, E-mail ID: aurshankar@ gmail.com, aurshankar@yahoo.com 11. Estimation of Road User Cost of Highway Construction Zones Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion 30th MAY 2012 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappally

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Banumathim, M.Tech Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy-15, E-mail ID: banu.gct@gmail.com 12. Impact of Land Use on Trip Generation- A Case Study Date of Start: July 2010. Date of Completion: July 2011. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

Scope and Objectives: The main objectives of this project are: To develop speed-flow relationships for construction work zone

road research in india 2011-12 Scope and Objectives The process of urban development is leading to highly unsustainable urban sprawl by the migration of population from rural to urban areas and thus changing small population centres to large metropolitan cities. In the urban system, land development generates travel, and travel generates the need of new facilities, which in turn increases accessibility and attracts further development. Hence, there is a constant interrelation between land use, demography and transportation, the knowledge of which will be helpful in knowing the generation of traffic. In the present study, an attempt was made to assess the land use characteristics of a semi urban city with the main objective to estimate the trip generation due to new basic employment. Future developments will create new employments in the basic sector which in turn influences the spatial distribution of the population and service employment. The effect of new employment on trip generation has to be studied. The Technopark, a major business centre in Trivandrum is located at the borders of Kazhakuttom block. There are plans for the expansion of Technopark. The impact of such an expansion on transportation has to be studied. Hence the scope of this work is limited to Kazhakuttom block in Trivandrum district. The study area will have to cater to the projected traffic. The following are the objectives of the study. To study the existing land use of the study area To analyse the land suitability for the study area To develop a Land Use Model based on GarinLowrys concept To analyse the impact of expansion in basic employment on trip generation

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Estimation of trip generation using TransCAD software. Category analysis was used for estimating trip production and regression model was used for trip attraction.

Findings/Conclusions The majority of land use in the study area is agricultural which constitutes about 69%. Forest area constitutes around 0.2% and water body constitutes around 3.4%. Residential area is about 5% of the total area. Weighted overlay analysis showed that about 7 % of the total area is restricted for any development. The percentage of land which is highly suitable was found to be 21%. The area required for the projected number of households in the year 2020 was found to be 5.96 sq.km and the area available for development was19.72 sq km. The total generated population of the study area due to a new basic employment is 2, 22, 034 which was within the maximum holding capacity. Total trips produced in the study area were 19,1945 trips/day and the total trips attracted to the study area were found to be 12,7859 trips/day. It was seen that by 2020, the rate of growth of trip production is about 15% and the rate of growth of trip attraction to the study area is 7.5%.

Publications Nivedya M.K., Manju V. S. and Sathikumar R.(2011), GIS Based Land Suitability Analysis, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2011), August 19-20, 2011, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr.Manju V.S., Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum. 13. Algorithms for Reliability Based Optimal Routing and Traffic Assignment in Stochastic Transportation Networks Date of Start and Duration: 21-06-2007, 5 years Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives 1. Most reliable shortest paths: To characterize the different measures of reliability at the link/path level, and

Methodology Identification of the study area- Kazhakuttom block in Trivandrum district is selected as the study area. Collection of data -Primary data like socio-economic data, travel characteristics was collected by conducting interviews and surveys and secondary data like demographic data, employment data, existing land use network pattern etc. was also collected. Analysing the land suitability of the study area and development of land use model. By using the software ArcGIS, the land suitability for the study area was carried out to analyze suitability of development. A program in MATLAB was written to obtain the generated population and service employment for new basic employment.

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General Report On a. Formulate the most reliable travel time path (ORP) problem on a network with random and correlated link travel times, and develop an algorithm to solve this ORP problem; examine computational performance of proposed algorithm on synthetic networks.. b. Application: To model, calibrate and quantify the distribution of travel times, and apply the developed ORP algorithm to the Chennai road network. and implemented to compute the MRCP on networks with stochastic link travel times under certain correlation structures. In addition, a pruning strategy within a label correcting procedure is proposed/ implemented to relax the previously imposed restrictions on correlation structure. After implementation of the solution algorithms, computational experiments are conducted to study their performance under different network conditions and user risk preferences. In addition, the impact of distributions, variability, correlations and risk attitudes for different metrics is investigated by studying their influence on the MRP at varying input levels. With regard to the tasks involved under objective three, the robust traffic assignment problem is first formulated as an equilibrium problem. A solution scheme will then be proposed that iteratively uses the MRCP algorithm developed under objective 2a. The developed algorithm is then applied to the Chennai network and calibrated suitably using, (1) Secondary travel time and volume data (2) Primary data from a questionnaire based stated/revealed preference survey. Suitable performance measures are to be then identified and the calibrated model is compared with existing static assignment models on suitable real world networks. Salient-Findings and Conclusions Questionnaire based stated preference route choice survey conducted (as part of Advanced Traveler Information Systems Survey) and 400 responses obtained from workers and non-workers in Chennai city. Development of reliability based route choice models from SP section. The coefficient of risk aversion was estimated for two wheeler/four wheeler users in Chennai city, and these estimates will be used in the empirical application of the robust assignment model. The coefficient of travel time for cars was found to be higher than that of 2 wheelers reflecting the fact that car users accord a higher value to time than 2-wheeler users. Consequently, car users are less averse to risk (DORA= 2.36) compared to 2- wheeler users (1.40). The use of the robust UE model and the significance of modeling reliability are illustrated using a simple example of evaluating the effect of an infrastructure improvement for the Sioux Falls Network. The two scenarios considered are: 1. Base: Current existing network (Figure 1) 2. Alternate: Existing network + new corridor/ expressway (Infrastructure improvement) The salient findings from the experiment are summarized below:

2. Robust Shortest paths: a. To formulate the optimal robust cost path problem (MRCP) on a network with random and correlated link travel times and propose/ implement solution algorithms to compute the optimal robust cost path under various correlation structures; to examine computational performance of proposed algorithms on synthetic networks. b. Application: To model & calibrate the flow dependent distribution of link travel times, & apply the developed optimal robust path algorithms to the Chennai road network. 3. Robust (Reliability Based) Traffic Assignment a. To propose a robust traffic assignment algorithm to compute the link traffic volumes on the network resulting from individual travelers choice of his/her optimal most robust/reliable path. b. To calibrate and validate the robust traffic assignment model for Chennai City. Proposed Methodology To address objective one and two, the various measures of reliability are first identified from the literature and their pros/cons are examined. Based on the suitability of the different measures for the present context, two measures of reliability, namely probability of on time arrival (travel time reliability) and robust cost (weighted combination of mean and variance of path travel time) are selected. Next, the most reliable path problem (ORP) and optimal robust cost path (MRCP) problem are formulated as integer non-linear programming problems. Optimality criteria are subsequently established for the formulated ORP/MRCP problems, based on which, first, an efficient algorithm combining simulation and network optimization is developed to compute the ORP on networks with stochastic correlated link travel times. The algorithm is illustrated for the case of multivariate normal and multivariate log normal link travel times. Next, an algorithm that applies a label correcting procedure for the multi criteria SP problem is proposed

road research in india 2011-12 The results indicate that for the base scenario the robust user equilibrium solution has a marginally lower total system travel time with a reduction of 0.8% On the other hand, the system variance reduces significantly by 27%. RUE flow solution as a benchmark improves on both the mean travel time and travel time reliability over the corresponding UE solution. For the alternate scenario, the increase in system capacity results in a significantly lower variability reduction at 5% whereas the reduction in mean travel time increases to 2%. Thus, in both cases the RUE solution improves on both the mean travel time and the travel time variability for the empirically estimated value of the risk aversion weight w=0.45.

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Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Parvathy. V.S, M.S. Scholar, Transportation Engg: Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras Mobile: 9444401423 E-mail ID: parvathy.vino@gmail. com 15. Urban Speed Management for Tiruchirappalli City Using ITS Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion 30th MAY 2012 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappally Scope and Objectives Objectives: To identify and implement tools in the area of Urban Speed Management applicable to Tiruchirappalli city traffic conditions. To identify accident prone sections with excessive vehicle speed for providing effective traffic management measure. To explore the use of ANPR cameras for vehicle identification and speed detection of vehicles classified by mode. To explore the use of Video Image Processing (VIP) techniques for estimating the speed of vehicles. To propose appropriate technology for providing speed warnings to those users violating speed limits and to study the influence of such warnings on the speed pattern. To compare and analyse the effect of implementation of the ITS technology in Tiruchirappalli city.

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Ravi Seshadri., Ph. D. Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai - 600 036, Mobile: 9884517532 Phone: 044 22575292 , E-mail ID: ravi0.seshadri@gmail.com 14. Application of Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) Packages Under Indian Traffic Conditions Date of Start and Duration: August 3, 2010 - 3 yrs, Date of Completion: Dec 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036

Scope and Objectives In this research work, we propose to demonstrate detailed application of DTA in Indian traffic conditions. DTA models differ in the implementation of three components: they are network loading, path adjustment or traffic assignment, and path update. Most DTA applications have been developed for homogenous traffic conditions. However Indian traffic conditions are highly heterogeneous. Therefore the traffic flow modeling in network loading step of DTA needs to be suitably calibrated for Indian traffic conditions. Calibrating the network loading step accounting for mixed traffic conditions will be the primary objective of the proposed research work. Proposed Methodology Laboratory Salient-Findings and Conclusion Models, after calibration, were able to reproduce field observed travel times and overall counts within reasonable accuracy

Scope: The study looks forward to provide effective traffic management measure in regulating the speed of vehicles that helps in reducing the rate of fatalities within the urban centre. The focus lays on the implementation of low cast ITS technology for safe and efficient management of traffic speed in Tiruchirappalli city. Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) Primary datas like Classified Volume Count, Spot Speed Data, Speed Profiling, Roadway Geometrics and Secondary Data (Accident data) were collected. From the collected data Speed-Volume-Accident Analysis had done. From the Analysis Speed profile and Speed

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General Report On Scope: Traffic congestion is an ever increasing problem in towns and cities all over the world. Different approaches can be used to minimize the traffic problems in which, control of traffic light signal timings is one of the least expensive and most effective means of reducing vehicular congestion in metropolitan road networks. There is a requirement to optimize the current road model by properly allocating the time to traffic signals. Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) Cycle lengths and phase timings of all the intersections in the study area were collected from Chennai City Traffic Police (CCTP). The collected data were analysed to calculate the traffic load in PCU/12 hour for each intersection. Using the values of the traffic volumes, the signal timings were designed. Traffic information is transmitted to the central computer at the control centre and is processed to determine optimal signal timing. SCOOT performs optimization at three levels. SCOOT measures vehicles at a detector ideally placed at least eight seconds of travel time upstream from the stop line. Every second, the central program predicts the profile of arrivals to the signal based on the profile measured at the detector. TRANSYT was used in this study which attempts to model an approach to real-time control which is very similar to SCOOT. Salient-Findings and conclusions The delays could be reduced in the Study Stretch during peak hours if the signals were synchronized. The time savings for the peak hour were multiplied by peak hour factor and the total number of vehicles in the stretch for obtaining the overall savings, which could be extended to the annual savings and in turn it reduces the road user cost. By introducing Adaptive Road Traffic Control system which may react dynamically based on the situation.

prediction Models were obtained. Safety Evaluation of Selected roads were done and accident locations were identified. Urban speed management using ITS tools were done by dissemination of information through VMS and Installation and suitability assessment. Salient-Findings and conclusion(s) Study has been focused on the selected urban arterial and sub arterials of Tiruchirappalli city. Traffic parameters including classified volume and speed were determined for the 24 roads selected for study in addition to the accident data collected. Out of 24 roads, 6 roads were considered for the present study based on traffic and accident characteristics. Speed profiling studies were carried out and speed profile of cars and two wheelers were erected. Speed prediction models were developed for roads with and without median. Linear regression is found to be better fit for roads with median and generalized linear regression model for roads without median. Safety level of the roads have been determined with respect to the accident severity, level of service and speed variance studies. Image processing tool were employed to estimate the speed of vehicles using JAVA programming and MATLAB.

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Basil Basheerudeen, (M.Tech), Transportation, engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy 15, E-mail ID bazeeb4@ gmail.com 16 Adaptive Traffic Signal Control as an ITS Measure for Urban Arterials in Chennai City (Ph.D.) Date of start: 26.07.2010 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Naveen Kumar. S, Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620 015., Mobile - +91 9789244563 E-mail ID - snaveenkmr16@gmail.com 17. Land Use and Transportation Planning Date of start and duration: 18.08.2009 Date of completion (Targeted):18.08.2013 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli.

Scope and Objectives Objectives: To propose a system architecture best suited for heterogeneous traffic conditions. To study the major traffic components of the system with the help of field data. To explore the feasibility of a simulator like TRANSYT/ VISSIM for pre-implementation evaluation of ATC systems.

road research in india 2011-12 Scope and Objectives Conventional survey and mapping techniques are expensive and time consuming for the estimation of urban expansion and such information is not available for most of the urban centers, especially in developing countries. As a result, increased research interest is being directed to the monitoring of urban growth using GIS and remote sensing techniques. GIS provides a flexible environment for collecting, storing, displaying and analyzing digital data necessary for change detection. In the past few years, there has been considerable infrastructural, industrial and transportation network development in Tiruchirappalli City but up-to-date information relating to LU/LC are frequently missing at the Municipal and State level and thus, an attempt will be made in this study to map out the status of LU/ LC of Tiruchirappalli between 1992 and 2009 so as to detecting LU/LC changes and predict possible changes that might take place in the next nine years using both GIS, and RS data with the help of Markov model. The objectives of the study are: To quantify the amount of development along the study area, Tiruchirappalli City, by analysing the changes in the LU/LC, estimated using IRS and Landsat imageries. To define the different classes from the images for the study area based on LU/LC classification system devised by National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) for Indian conditions, by visual interpretation and by using image processing software technologies and to find the classification accuracy. To estimate quantitatively the spatial and temporal changes in the LU/LC defined classes using multidated satellite images. To forecast the future changes in LU/LC and integrate in to Transportation Planning.

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The final outputs are used for the Transportation Planning and development. Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Sathees Kumar P, Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering and Management, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Tiruchirappalli, Trichy-15., Mobile: 9486125352 E-mail ID: geosat08@gmail.com. 18. Aplication of Multicriteria Decision Making Methods in Mode Choice Analysis - A Case Study Date of Start: August 2011. Date of Completion: August 2012. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

Scope and Objectives Highways constructed and maintained properly play a major role in nations development. Among pavement components, subgrade soil is considered as an integral part of pavements as it provides support to the pavement and hence subgrade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure. India is a large country with varying terrain, climatic and environmental conditions. About 33% of the total land area in India is the Expansive soils. Most of the places in the district of Alappuzha in the state of Kerala have pavement and foundation problems due to the presence of weak clayey soils that are expansive in nature. Kuttanad region in Kerala is a unique agricultural area. A major portion of this area lies below mean sea level and is submerged under water for more than a month in every year during rainy season. The soil of Kuttanad region is entirely different from normal well drained soils in their morphological, chemical and physical characteristics. Thus construction of roadbeds on or with soils, which do not possess sufficient strength to support wheel loads imposed upon them either in construction or during the service life of the pavement is a commonly encountered problem. Such jobs are challenging for engineers because of the low shear strength of the foundation soil, which causes excessive consolidation settlement and bearing capacity failure. There are plenty of natural materials available such as jute, coir, sisal, bamboo, wood, palm leaf, coconut leaf truck, coir dust, cotton and grass, etc., for being used a soil reinforcement material to improve certain engineering properties of soil. Many researchers have explained the effect of coir reinforcement on various types of soil including expansive soils but only limited studies have been carried out on the use of sisal fibres, which is a natural fibre, as soil reinforcement and hence it will be worthwhile to investigate the efficiency of reinforcement of Kuttanad clay with sisal fibres, after lime stabilization. This study is intended to bring out

Proposed Methodology (Type of study,Laboratory/ Field) The research methodology is divided into 5 sections. They are collection of data, pre-processing, study area details; image classification and forecasting of land use and land cover change. This research addresses LU/ LC changes over a 17 year period of study, 1992 to 2009, in Tiruchirappalli city. The creation of LU/LC maps of Tiruchirappalli city for the years 1992 to 2009 were derived from three IRS images and four multi-temporal Landsat TM and ETM+ images. Markov model is used to forecast the LU/LC changes in Tiruchirappalli city. The image processing techniques employed in this study were conducted using ERDAS Imagine 9.1 image processing software.

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General Report On

the effectiveness of chemical stabilization and fibre reinforcement in clayey soils. The objective of the present study is to experimentally investigate the reinforcing effect of randomly distributed sisal fibres in Kuttanad clay. It is proposed to conduct the study after stabilizing the clay with lime. The load deformation behaviour of clay gets improved with surface friction between fibre and soil. Sand is considered as an efficient tool for the same. In order to efficiently use the fibres, the optimum fibre content and optimum fibre length have to be obtained. Detailed investigation is to be carried out to analyse the effect of reinforcement on the compaction and hence the strength characteristics of Kuttanad clay. The objective of the present study is to study the effect of chemical and mechanical stabilization on the properties of Kuttanad for being used as a subgrade. To study variation in compaction characteristics and CBR value of Kuttanad clay with the addition of lime river sand content sisal fibre of varying aspect ratio and content 5. Findings/Conclusions From the results obtained from the experimental programme the following conclusions were made Addition of lime resulted in decrease in MDD and OMC and an increase in CBR value. Maximum value of OMC is attained by a sisal fibre aspect ratio of 120 and fibre content of 1% and minimum value is attained by a fibre aspect ratio of 120 and fibre content of 1%, irrespective of sand content. Addition of river sand resulted in improvement in CBR value of Kuttanad clay. CBR value improves with fibre aspect ratio upto 80 and fibre content of 0.75% and decrease thereafter. For a fixed sand content, maximum CBR increase is about 3 times for fibre content of 0.75% and fibre aspect ratio of 80 than fibre content of 0.75% and fibre aspect ratio of 60. Optimum content and fibre aspect ratio were 0.75% and 80 respectively. CBR value improves with increase in sand percentage. From economical point we can adopt 7.5% as optimum sand content. Both stabilization and sisal fibre reinforcement resulted in considerable reduction in Swell potential. Benefits in terms of Construction cost, TBR and N20 shown that sisal fibre reinforcement along with river sand and lime is an effective and economic tool for pavement construction in Kuttanad area.

To arrive at Optimum sand and fibre content and fibre aspect ratio of sisal fibre based on the improvement in CBR value To study effect of stabilization on Swelling behaviour of clay Elastic modulus of clay

To estimate the decrease in pavement construction cost effected due to stabilization To conduct an analytical study on the effect of stabilization on Kuttanad clay using Finite Element Modeling (FEM) in ANSYS

4. Methodology

Publications Gayathri Mohan & Binu Sara Mathew (2012), Effect of stabilization characteristics of Kuttanad clay as a

road research in india 2011-12 subgrade soil, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2012), August 10-11, 2012, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. Binu Sara Mathew, Assistant Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 19. Impact Of PMGSY Roads on Socio-Economic Aspects and Travel Characteristics A Case Study of Tiruchirappalli District Date of start and duration: 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion: 30th MAY 2012 National Institute Of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

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terms. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was done to generate a model for the impact study. Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) was used to generate equation statements to fit the models developed. Salient-Findings and conclusions The impact assessment led to the following findings: PMGSY roads have led to an increase in the income of the households either directly or indirectly. Improved accessibility and mobility has ensured better agricultural profit and opened up new opportunities for employment. An overall improvement was observed in access to health facilities especially in case of emergencies. The reflexive comparison also showed regular attendance of teachers after connectivity by PMGSY. Similar trend was also observed in case of visits by government officials. Frequency of transport increased by 10 times after the proper connectivity. Land price increased by 10 times because of the easy accessibility and subsequent availability of transport facilities. The factor analysis extracted four factors. There appear to be two orthogonal dimensions which underlie impact of the new connectivity one representing LOS of road infrastructure and the other representing socio economic status of road user.

Scope and Objectives Rural connectivity is a key component of rural development in India. The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadhak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched by the Government of India to provide rural road connectivity to the unconnected rural habitations. This study aimed at assessing the socio-economic and travel characteristic impact of PMGSY roads through participatory approach. The objectives of the study were as follows. To assess the overall socio-economic impact on the lives of the rural people as a result of enhanced rural connectivity provided through the PMGSY at the household level and village level. To assess the impact of the road on the lives of the villagers in terms of agriculture, employment, education, health, etc. To assess the impact of road construction on financial status and physical capital of the households. To assess the impact of road on travel characteristics of the rural people.

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from ABHARY E ,M.Tech Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy 15, E-mail ID: abharytcr@gmail.com 20. Development of GIS Based Framework to Plan and Monitor PMGSY Roads Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion 30th MAY 2012 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappally

Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) The methodology used for data analysis is Factor Analysis, a statistical technique which simplifies a complex data set by representing the set of variables in terms of a smaller number of hypothetical variables. The proposed impact assessment relied primarily on survey based data collection. The data collection ranged from traffic density survey to socio economic survey of households. Within each habitation, 10 randomly selected households were surveyed using the reflexive comparison approach. The observed variables were modelled as linear combination of factors, plus error

Scope and Objectives The study aims at developing a database of PMGSY road network and framing a setup foe planning, monitoring and decision-making using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) platform. ArcGIS, a reputed GIS software package is made use for the purpose. Tamil Nadu state has been considered for study.

144 The objectives of the study are:

General Report On centres and markets are well concentrated compared to schools. Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Address Hemalatham, M.Tech, Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy 15, E-mail ID: hemalatha.mohanavel@gmail.com 21. GIS Based Safe Bus Stop Location in Trichy City. Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion 30th MAY 2012

To develop a Geo-database comprising habitation level data, road inventory, core network, etc. To measure the connectivity of road network by using index parameters like Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Accessibility To find the concentration and de-concentration of facilities available in all the districts using spatial concentration parameter Location Quotient To develop a planning methodology to select a core network and roads for upgradation using network planning based on Utility Value, Road Index as recommended by PMGSY and IRC-SP 20 To develop a suitable toolset having models to monitor and analyse the road network during and after the planning stage

National Institute Of Technology, Tiruchirappally

Proposed Methodology (Type of study,Laboratory/ Field) The database as well as the core network was developed for Nammakal, Salem, Erode, Coimbatore and Pudikottai districts of Tamil Nadu state in GIS environment. The four indices were found, and they have been ranked individually. The significant value is found for all indices. The spatial concentration of public facilities for all the blocks of Karur, Ariyalur, Namakkal, Salem, Erode and Pudikotai have been determined with the help of Location Quotient. A toolset called Monitoring Toolset have been developed to monitor the PMGSY roads. Salient-Findings and conclusion(s) The four indices were found, and they have been ranked individually. If we consider all the four indices it shows the connectivity level in Karur, Arayakuruchi block, in Ariyalur, Ariyalur block, in Namakkal, Namakkal block, in Salem, Yercaud block, in Erode, Thalavadi block, in Coimbatore, Sarcarsamakulam block, in Pudukotai, Arimamalam block has the higher connectivity compared to other blocks. The lower level connectivity in the above mentioned respective blocks are K.Paramathi, Thirumanur, Pallipalayam, Pethanaickenpalayam, Mulanur, Pollachi (South), Anavasal. The significant value has been found for all indices for alpha ranges from 0.01 to 0.094, Beta ranges from 1.02 to 1.07, Gamma ranges from 0.340 to 0.360 and Accessibility ranges from 1.02 to 1.07. The spatial concentration of public facilities for all the blocks of Karur, Ariyalur, Namakkal, Salem, Erode and Pudikotai have been determined with the help of Location Quotient. It shows that healthcare

Scope and Objectives The present study aims at finding unsafe bus stops in Tiruchirappalli city using GIS platform. Bus route from Thuvakudi to Chathram, Tiruchirappalli city of state Tamil Nadu has been considered for study. The main objectives are To identify unsafe bus stop using GIS on a single bus route in Tiruchirappalli city. To conduct preliminary survey along the selected bus route. To conduct the inventory survey along the selected bus route. To identify unsafe bus stops based on number of pedestrian accidents. To create logistic regression model, to find the unsafe bus stop. To suggest measures to improve the safety of bus stops in the selected bus route.

Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) Data were collected and spatial queries were performed to identify risky bus stops. The tiruchirappalli road network was obtained from google maps. The location of bus stop and road intersection were obtained from the hand held GPS instrument. The attributes such as the shelter, parking, obstruction and location of bus stop were obtained from ground survey. The bus route from Thuvakudi to Chathram was digitised as polyline. The location of bus stop and road intersection was located in digitised road network map by Geo referencing. A buffer zone with a radius of 75 m was created around each road intersection. The unsafe bus stops were found using spatial query using ArcGIS.

road research in india 2011-12 Salient-Findings and conclusions The following conclusions were made from the study: Out of the 14 high risk bus stops BHEL boiler and the Palpannai bus stops are prone to accidents as they are near to the intersections. Even though the pedestrian accidents are not high along the route, facilities should be improved to overcome the future risk. Accidents generally occur near the junctions and intersections. To avoid this sign boards should be placed. Logistic regression model was created to know which parameter leads to unsafe bus stops. Methodology

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The toll booth was identified for the study and the system geometrics were determined. The number of servers, method of toll collection, whether a barrier is provided or not, toll collection rate, the peak and off peak timings at the toll booth were studied. Video data was collected at peak morning and evening hours near the toll booth premises to determine the arrival and service time distribution. Video cameras were kept at vantage points to record the arrival patternwhich should be away from the toll booth and service pattern which should capture the service timings of vehicle approaching the toll at all the servers. The video data captured was extracted and the classified count of vehicle arrival and service time were determined for every one minute. The distribution of arrival and service time were determined by checking for the various available distributions. The number of arrivals per unit time and the average service time were determined. The simulation model of the system was developed using Queuing ToolPak, version 4, an excel add-in, based on the arrival and service time distribution and the average arrival rate and service time. The arrival rate, service rate, number of servers and queue capacity were the input data to the model. System utilization, traffic intensity, average number of vehicles in the queue and in the system, average time spent in the queue and in the system, probability of empty, full and having to wait in the system were obtained as output. The output of the simulation model was compared with that of the data set aside for validation purposes. The model was used to study the field performance to optimize the toll booths, the future toll configuration required for an estimated traffic flow, with change in the vehicle composition pattern etc. The length of influence zone of the toll booth for the present condition was studied and suggestions were given for improving it. The influence zone length was identified from the queue length formed from the video data. Optimization methods were suggested to cope with the future traffic growth. The users preferences for ETC were collected by conducting questionnaire survey by sending email to the travelers using the toll facility. The awareness, willingness and the rate at which the users were ready to shift to ETC were determined. Findings/ Conclusions The following conclusions were made from the study: From the performance analysis of the system, it is found that the utilization of the system will hit 100% in the year 2013

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Sandhia, M.Tech Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy 15 22. Simulation of Vehicle Queuing at a Toll Plaza Date of Start: August 2011. Date of Completion: August 2012. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

Scope and Objectives The objectives of the study are: To have a preliminary study of the system : toll collection system To model the distribution of arrival pattern of the system To model the distribution of service time of the system To develop a simulation model of the system To apply the developed model to actual field conditions and evaluate its performance To suggest possible improvements to be made to the toll collection system to cope with the future traffic growth To determine the length of influence zone on upstream of the system To evaluate the performance of the system and to determine the users preference on the introduction of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)

The study is limited to the toll booth near Akkulam Bridge, Kazhakuttam- Kovalam NH bypass, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

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General Report On Doubling the number of servers, re-tracking the two wheelers and introduction of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) is found to Drastically reduce the utilization of the system by 50%, 46% and 63% respectively Enables the system to run safe till 2021, 2020 and 2026 respectively 4. The Tidal park intersection in IT corridor and Gurunanak intersection in Velachery are the intersections chosen for study

Proposed Methodology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Data collection Modelling in VISSIM Sensitivity Analysis Model Calibration Model Validation

Doubling the servers and introduction of ETC requires change in system configuration; hence as an immediate solution, re-tracking of the two wheelers could be implemented from the start of influence zone to improve the utility Among the three methods- doubling the servers, re-tracking of two wheelers and introduction of ETC, ETC is found to be more effective than the other two options From the questionnaire survey, it is found that the system users have time saving as their main motive and are willing to shift to ETC, even though their awareness of ETC is less

Salient-Findings and Conclusions 1. Error was in Tidal intersection for calibration found to be 15.8%. The model was validated for independent data set and error for which came to 19.9%. Error was in Tidal intersection for calibration found to be 14.8%. The model was validated for independent data set and error for which came to 16.03%. The calibration code was able to find the best parameter set for the above 2 intersection models

2.

Publications Resmi C S and Satyakumar M (2012), Simulation of Vehicle Queuing at a Toll Plaza, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2012), August 10-11, 2012, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. M. Satyakumar, Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 23. Modelling Heterogeneous Traffic in VISSIM Date of Start and Duration: August 2011, 10 months Date of Completion: June 5th, 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036

3.

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from 19 Peter Koil Sannathi Street, Tuticorin-628001, Tamilnadu, Mobile: 9819735845 Phone: 04612330865, E-mail ID: siddharthsmp@gmail.com 24. Dynamic Traffic Assignment Simulation and Evaluation of Advanced Traveler Information Systems Date of Start and Duration: 18 July 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036

Scope and Objectives To develop a dynamic traffic assignment model for Chennai and to evaluate the influence of various Advanced Traveler information systems. Proposed Methodology 1. 2. 3. To develop a DTA Simulation Model for Chennai Network. To calibrate a DTA model for a sub network in Chennai. To analyze simulation. different ATIS scenarios by

Scope and Objectives 1. To find the parameters that affect driving behaviour and which are sensitive for Indian heterogeneous conditions. To develop code for automatic calibration of VISSIM in Visual C++ using COM interface available in VISSIM 5.40. To calibrate the model by finding optimal combination of parameter values using Genetic Algorithms tool box in MATLAB.

2.

3.

road research in india 2011-12 Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from No.27/14, Chitrakulam North Street, Mylapore, Chennai 600 004, Mobile: +91 9500186087 E-mail ID: archanavenkatraj@gmail.com 25. Dynamic Traffic Assignment for Multi Vehicle Class Traffic Date of Start and Duration: July 2010 Date of Completion: May 2014 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036 2. DTA for heterogeneous traffic

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Embedding the model into an iterative MSA based DTA algorithm Check for convergence

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Ranju Mohan, Ph. D Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai - 600 036, Mobile: 9884992976 E-mail ID: sasthamgmrm@gmail.com 26. Activity Based Trip Distribution Models for Indian Conditions Date of Start and Duration: 18 July 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036

Scope and Objectives 1. The model will consider four types of vehicles: Two Wheeler, Three Wheeler, Light Motor Vehicles (LMV), and Heavy Motor Vehicles (HMV). Traffic flow will be modeled at a macroscopic level to reduce the complexity of DTA algorithm. It is acceptable since the desired output from the flow model in DTA is the overall stream characteristics. The solution techniques for proposed model will be based on MSA algorithm; however, there exist other algorithms which can give better convergence with less computational cost.

2.

Scope and Objectives To formulate efficient and accurate trip distribution models which can be useful for planning transportation facilities for Indian cities. Proposed Methodology (Type of Study, Laboratory/ Field) Estimation of relationships between tours and activity of individual road users. Formulation of an equivalent of trip distribution step in four step planning process using these relationships.

3.

The objective of this work is to develop a DTA model for Indian Traffic Condition. More specifically, the objectives are: 1. Studying the mixed traffic flow condition and identification/selection of an existing advanced traffic flow model that is best suited for multiplevehicle classes. Modeling mid-block and node traffic flow using the selected model calibration of parameters Embedding the mid-block and node model in a DTA algorithm, the solution techniques of which is based on an iterative MSA procedure. Convergence check for the model.

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Viswanath Gopisetty, Ph.D Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering Division, Civil Engineering Department, IIT Madras, Chennai. Mobile: 08220541914 E-mail ID: g.viswanath24@ gmail.com 27. The Impact of Built Environment on Pedestrian Motor Vehicle Collision along Tiruchirappalli City Urban Road Network Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion 30th MAY 2012 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli.

2. 3.

4.

Proposed Methodology 1. Development of network heterogeneous traffic flow model blocks for and

Simulation models for mid intersections of urban network Traffic data collection Calibration of model parameters

Scope and Objectives: The study emphasises pedestrian injury and fatality to greater consideration while planning and designing the nations roadways.

Merging mid block and node models

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General Report On it helps to understand the interplay between the built environment elements and pedestrian safety. It helps in creating a better built environment for the forthcoming roadway designs. This study will help to formulate research hypothesis for investigating pedestrian crashes. The objectives are To collect pedestrian accident data and mapping the accident spot in the base map. To identify location of high density pedestrian crashes using spatial analysis tool in Gis. To identify the clustering distance around the hotspots influencing the pedestrian accident using spatial statistical tool in GIS. To conduct built environment audit and land use classification on hotspots. To develop a logistic regression model. Scope and Objectives 1. To quantify uncertainty in travel times on stochastic time dependent urban road networks using empirical data. To study robust user equilibrium deterministic and stochastic conditions under

2. 3.

To develop appropriate algorithms based on uncertainty quantification to determine the robust optimal path on STD networks with link correlations.

(P.S.: Apply the proposed algorithms for traffic assignment and ITS applications such as advanced traveler information systems.) Proposed Methodology 1. 2. Develop algorithms to determine optimal paths on STD networks with reliability as the objective. Study Robust User equilibrium using gradient projection algorithm and extend it to stochastic networks Determine relationship between the uncertainty of the travel times and traffic characteristics using field data.

Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) The three years accident data of Trichy city was collected from the traffic control room Trichy. Mapping the accident spots in the base map and identification of high accident density locations(hotspots) was done using the spatial analysis tool in ArcGIS 9.2. Environment audit survey and land use classification was done on the identified hotspots to review the presence/absence of built environment elements selected for study on that spot. Salient-Findings and conclusions The kernel accident density map helped to understand the spatial distribution of pedestrian accidents in the Tiruchirappali city.80% of unknown accidents were happened in NH. Enforcing highway patrol in full swing and fixing cameras would be helpful to identify the accused vehicles. The examination of built environment elements in the hotspot showed that they had lack of pedestrian infrastructure. Improvement of these hotspots in terms of modifying the built environment will make it more pedestrian friendly roadways. Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Vinodh Kumar K R, M.Tech Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy 15 28. Algorithms on Stochastic Networks Date of Start and Duration: 23rd July 2010 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036

3.

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Arun Prakash, Transportation Research Lab, Transportation Division, Building Sciences Block, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036 Mobile: +919884446773 E-mail ID: arunakkin@gmail. com 29. Estimation of Dynamic Origin-Destination Matrices for General Networks Date of Start and Duration: Jan 2011 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives To develop an OD estimation methodology that combines Bluetooth data with traffic counts. Proposed Methodology Bi-level estimation of O-D trips by using bluetooth data, a priori O-D, and link counts Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Karthika R. Nair, Ph. D Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering,

road research in india 2011-12 IIT Madras., Mobile: 08608651677 karthikarnair@yahoo.com E-mail ID:

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30. Corridor Signal Optimisation Heterogeneous Traffic Using Analysis Date of Start: August 2011. Date of Completion: August 2012. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

under Cluster

Thus the objective of minimum delay can be satisfied using optimum offsets. The optimum offsets obtained in the study would result in better coordination along the corridor minimising delay and number of stops. From the time space diagram it can be observed that, the efficiency of bandwidth for the up and down directions were 25 and 29.2% respectively. A bandwidth of 40 to 55% is considered good. Bandwidth is limited because of the minimum green in the direction of interest. Thus based on the bandwidth objective, the system needs a thorough retiming. Publications Sharon Bin Rasheed & R Padmakumar. (2012), A Critical Appraisal of Signal Coordination along a Selected Corridor in Trivandrum City, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2012), August 10-11, 2012, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/ Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. R. Padmakumar, Assistant Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 31. Capacity Analysis of Signalised Intersections Under Heterogeneous Conditions Using Area Occupancy Concept Date of Start: July 2011. Date of Completion: July 2012. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

Scope and Objectives The objectives of this study are: 1. To find the speed, travel time and delay along the study corridor, thus evaluating the efficiency of present signal system using GPS SMART ANTENNATM Determination of most influential cluster using cluster analysis Determination of ideal offsets from the centroidal speed of most influential cluster Optimization of the offsets

2. 3. 4.

The scope of the study is restricted to a selected stretch of corridor consisting of ten signalised intersections in Thiruvananthapuram city. Methodology The methodology of the study is given as a flow chart. Selection of Study area Speed and travel time using GIS Inventory Geometric details Signal timing details Cluster Analysis using Video data Ideal offset determination Annual offset optimisation

Scope and Objectives The objectives of the present study are: To review the studies on capacity analysis of signalized intersections under heterogeneous traffic conditions. To develop a new method for determination of dynamic PCU values based on area occupancy concept. To determine the dynamic PCU values for approaches of different signalised intersections under study. To determine the variation of PCU values with approach width, traffic composition and saturation flow. To develop a Multiple Linear Regression model for prediction of saturation flow of straight traffic at approaches of signalised intersections under study. To arrive at adjustment factors for approach-width, heavy vehicles, proportion of left turners and proportion of right turners.

Findings/ Conclusions Based on the study it may be concluded that installation of a new signal and retiming of signals along the corridor has slightly improved the situation. The present level of service reflects adverse signal progression and inadequate signal timings along the corridor. Coordination of signals can further improve the situation, and hence optimum offsets were arrived at. Cluster analysis, so far seems to be a realistic solution to arrive at the cluster speeds for heterogeneous traffic conditions. From the time space diagram, it was observed that the delay along the corridor was reduced by 74% in the up direction down and 84% in the down direction, when optimum offsets were used.

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General Report On To derive a relationship between capacity and area occupancy of an approach to an intersection. area occupancy concept for heterogeneous traffic condition. Effect of dynamic characteristics of vehicles was evident from the variation of PCU values. The increase in proportion of a vehicle type will certainly increase the level of interaction in the traffic stream. The simultaneous equation system automatically accounts for mutual interaction of vehicles present in the traffic stream. The saturation flow model developed can be used for prediction of flows under identical traffic scenario. Further if study extended to a wider scale considering more number of signalized intersections, reliability of results can be improved.

The scope of the work were limited to five sensitive four legged signalised intersections under heterogeneous conditions, namely, Thiruvanmiyur and Nandanam junction in Chennai, Pattom, Overbridge and Vazhuthacaud junction in Trivandrum city. The approaches with grade were avoided as it brings in more complexity in study. Influence of pedestrians were also not considered. Methodology b) Data collection was done by video capturing from a vantage point for a duration of one hour during peak period to cover all arms of the study intersection. f) Data extraction was done using AVS video editor and extracted data includes classified count of vehicles, occupancy time of each vehicle while covering clearing section of intersection during saturated time and saturation flow. g) Application of area occupancy concept determination of dynamic PCU values for

Publications 1. Arsha Nath P.R. & Sheela Alex (2011), Determination of Dynamic PCU values, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2011), August 19-20, 2011, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Arsha Nath P.R. & Sheela Alex (2012), Modelling Saturation flow under Heterogeneous conditions using Area-occupancy concept, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2012), August 10-11, 2012, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala.

i) Determination of area occupancy of each category vehicle ii) Determination of equivalent area occupancy of each category vehicle iii) Determination of effective area occupancy of each category vehicle iv) Estimation of dynamic PCU values for selected approaches of intersections under study v) Variation of PCU values with approach width, traffic composition and saturation flow was studied. h) Development of saturation flow model for though traffic in SPSS i) j) Development of adjustment factors for saturation flow Validation of model and adjustment factors using MAPE value 2.

Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Smt. Sheela Alex, Assistant Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 32. Facilities for Pedestrians and Physically Challenged in Rural Highways. Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion 30th MAY 2012

k) Obtained dynamic PCU values were also optimized to make the saturation flow per cycle a constant value. The obtained saturation flow which incorporates the dynamic PCU values developed using area occupancy concept can be used for capacity analysis. Findings/Conclusions Following conclusions were drawn from the study: The present study proves that PCU values have dynamic nature and brings out the importance of

National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappally

Scope and Objectives The objectives are To review guidelines and standards from India and abroad on pedestrian facilities. To study the difference in behaviour of different types of pedestrians.

road research in india 2011-12 To suggest guidelines, standards and specifications for the safe path of pedestrians using innovative techniques. To provide guidelines to make it as disabled-friendly with ramps/ lifts for physically challenged. To implement inter-disciplinary concepts providing lighting and signalization. in

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far gaps in contrary to young people. When the gap size is less, people usually go for far gaps and when the approaching vehicle is one of low PCU, people will go for far gaps. Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Address Hima Abraham, M.Tech Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy 15, E-mail ID: hima_ deepak@yahoo.co.in 33. Development of Fuzzy Logic Based Performance Evaluation Model for Bus Transit Date of Start: August 2011 Date of Completion: August 2012. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) This project deals with the preparation of State of the Art report on pedestrian facilities. For this, pedestrian facilities and the guidelines followed in different countries have been collected. To analyze the crossing behavior of different types of pedestrians, gap acceptance behavior of different types of pedestrians was studied. Pilot survey was conducted in NIT, Tiruchirappalli Quarters Gate and Electronics Stop along NH-67 to identify the parameters to be considered. Then video survey was conducted in BHEL Training Centre and Ganesha Point considering seven parameters like the age and gender of pedestrians, walking speed, group size, gap size, waiting time of the pedestrians and the type of the approaching vehicle. Binary Logit model was developed to arrive at the probability of accepting a near or far gap by the pedestrians. Based on the study, it was found out that pedestrian walking speed, gap size, age and type of the approaching vehicle should be considered while selecting a pedestrian facility. Salient-Findings and conclusions At NIT, Tiruchirappalli Quarters Gate, the pedestrian flow is very less and almost all classes of pedestrians are found there. The 15th percentile, average and the 85th percentile walking speeds are 0.9 m/s, 1.1 m/s and 1.4 m/s. The 15th percentile, average and the 85th percentile gap sizes are 10 s, 13s and 14s. At Electronics Stop, it is mostly the working class using the facility and their walking speeds are comparatively higher and the gap acceptance values are less. The 15th percentile, average and the 85th percentile walking speeds are 1.1 m/s, 1.3 m/s and 1.5 m/s. The 15th percentile, average and the 85th percentile gap sizes are 7 s, 12s and 14 s. At BHEL Training Centre, the average walking speed was found to be 1.3 m/s.In BHEL Training Centre, at 10% level of significance gap and group size were significant and in Ganesha Point at 10% level of significance walking speed and age of the pedestrian were significant. Ganesha Point is a round-about intersection and the BHEL Training Centre is a four-legged intersection. When the walking speeds are more, people the probability of accepting a far gap is more. Similarly, old aged people will accept

Scope and Objectives Public transit is an integral and important component of local transportation systems. The public transit system provides a better and safer environment by reducing congestion, and creating more efficient solution to public transportation problems. Fuzzy logic is ideally suited for model development when the exact dynamics of the system are partly known and understood, but some vague ideas and expert knowledge are available. Fuzzy logic can be used effectively in capturing the variability of the travellers appraisal of the different performance attributes as well as the variability in their perception to the various attribute levels. The main objective of this study was to develop a fuzzy logic model for performance evaluation of the system. This study deals with the development of rule-based fuzzy logic (RBFL), commonly used in many traffic and transportation systems applications. The RBFL uses simple if-then rules to describe the systems input-output relations. The objectives of this study are: To identify the factors affecting the performance of bus transit system and to prioritize these performance attributes To analyze the users rating of present performance of bus transit system To develop a model to estimate the performance index of bus transit system based on Fuzzy Logic To find out the influence of the performance attributes on the performance index

The scope of this study is limited to commuters in Trivandrum city who carry out daily work trips.

152 Methodology

General Report On b. Punctuality was most preferred by income groups between Rs. 10,000 to 25,000 and Rs. 25,000 to 50,000 c. Safety was most preferred by income groups above Rs. 50,000 Ranking by respondents of various vehicle ownership was done based on the survey data a. Two wheeler owners are most concerned with punctuality b. Car owners and respondents who own both two wheeler and car are most concerned with safety c. Respondents who own neither a car nor a two wheeler are most concerned with punctuality Present performance index of KSRTC was found out as 6.64 from the fuzzy logic based performance evaluation model The present performance of the KSRTC was found to be near to satisfactory both from the survey results and the developed model Satisfaction scores for the variables from survey results are a. Safety 8.7 b. Punctuality 8.6 c. Cost Savings 8.1 d. Service Reliability 8.9 e. Accessibility 8.5 Customer satisfaction index value was found out as 8.57 Performance index of KSRTC which satisfies the users as obtained from the model 9.2 By improving safety, punctuality and service reliability, KSRTC can achieve the satisfaction index close to 9.0, which is offered by BRTS in major cities in India

c) Determination of factors influencing the performance of KSRTC by conducting a pilot survey l) i. Main Questionnaire survey Factors affecting performance of KSRTC determined from the pilot survey were stated in the questionnaire. Respondents were asked to rank them Respondents were asked to rate the factors verbally.

ii.

m) Analysis of survey data n) Prioritization of factors for performance evaluation o) Development of a fuzzy logic based performance evaluation model i. ii. iii. Membership value survey Formulation of rules Calculation of performance index

p) Present performance rating survey q) Development of customer satisfaction index r) Evaluation of present performance index s) Sensitivity Analysis Findings/Conclusions Following conclusions were drawn from the study For all economic groups, safety is the most important factor From the ranking technique, factors for the selection of KSRTC for travel were prioritised The most influencing factors affecting the performance of KSRTC in the order of priority are safety, punctuality, cost savings, service reliability and accessibility Ranking by respondents of various age groups were done based on the survey data a. Punctuality was given first preference of respondents of age groups below 25 b. Savings in cost was given first preference of respondents of age groups between 25-35 c. Safety was the first preference of respondents of age groups between 35-50 and above 50 Ranking by respondents of various income groups were done based on the survey data a. Cost savings was most preferred by people of income groups below Rs.10,000

Publications Keerthy Balan & Manju V.S. (2012), Performance Evaluation of Bus Transit System A Case Study, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT2012), August 10-11, 2012, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. Manju V.S, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum.

road research in india 2011-12 34. Intercity Passenger Travel Demand Modelling and Mode Choice Analysis for MysoreMangalore City Pair Date of Start and Duration: June 2011, 10 months Date of Completion: March 2012 National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal d. b.

153

Gravity model was used to estimate travel demand for multiple origins to multiple destinations, whereas for single origin to multiple destinations, multiple regression analysis was used. The R2 value of both the models is above 0.8 which indicates that the travel demand models considered are regarded as best models. Intercity travel demand is predicted using both the models. The one which shows more demand than the other will be considered for the future predictions, simultaneously the after studies can be done. The intercity travel demand depends on the degree of urbanization of cities and travel time between the cities. The model developed in this study is useful for bus transport authorities in planning for future service facilities. Bus scheduling is done manually for the year 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2020. This analysis will be useful for the transport authorities for scheduling their buses in the future.

c.

Scope and Objectives The objective of this study is to come out with a suitable solution for attracting more number of commuters to use the KSRTC bus service for this pair. The intercity travel between Mysore, Banglore, Hassan, Chikmaglur, Mangalore and Puttur are considered. Gravity model Origin city: multiple origins (all cities) Destination city: multiple destinations (all cities) Multiple regression analysis Origin city: Mysore Destination city: 1. Puttur, 2. Banglore, 3. Hassan, 4. Mangalore and 5. Chikmagalur. e.

f.

g.

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Dr. A U Ravi Shankar, Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar P O, Mangalore 575025, Karnataka, Mobile : 09886525453, Phone: 0824-2474000 (Ext: 3041) , Fax: 0824-2474033 E-mail ID: aurshankar@gmail.com , aurshankar@ yahoo.com 35. Study of Traffic Characteristics Under Varying Degrees of Lane Following Date of Start and Duration: 1/6/2011, 1 year Date of Completion: 10/6/2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036

The main aim is to plan an intercity travel that is quicker, convenient and comfortable. The following are the objectives of the study: To analyze the present intercity travel demand. To implement the use of Gravity model for the Bus passenger trip distribution by using boarding and alighting passenger data at corridor level. To formulate multiple regression trip production model. To compare the results of the Gravity model and multiple linear regression analysis. To forecast the trips for the horizon year. To carryout scheduling of buses and financial analysis of intercity bus transport system. To carryout mode choice analysis for MysoreMangalore route.

Scope and Objectives 1. To employ simulation model to study the performance of a mid block section for varying degrees of lane following. To apply the above to case study mid block section. To evaluate the flow characteristics for the above conditions. To develop conclusions and recommendations.

Salient-Findings and Conclusions a. The gravity model is used appropriately for modelling trip distribution of bus passenger based on the boarding and alighting passenger data and analysis is carried out considering passenger demand along with socioeconomic factors. Gravity and multiple regression models are compared for future prediction.

2. 3. 4.

154 Proposed Methodology

General Report On Date of Completion: 01 May 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives The scope of this project work is limited to analyzing the influence of vehicle composition, cross roads and side friction activities on travel times (and congestion index) through probe vehicles for two selected corridors in Chennai city. The primary objective of this research is to analyze travel times and delays in a corridor using primarily the probe vehicle data, especially for congested conditions under heterogeneous traffic. The overall objective is to develop relationships between travel time/ congestion index and the influencing factors. The following lists the specific objectives of the study: i. ii. iii iv. To evaluate travel times and delays in the selected corridors under varying conditions of traffic. To develop congestion indices for road segments at different levels of congestion To model the relationship between travel time/ congestion index and the related influencing factors through regression analysis. To analyze the travel time characteristics vis-avis fringe conditions.

The methodology to carry out the work consists of the following steps: 1. Problem definition: problem definition phase gives the brief background of the study and its significance in the Indian context, and objectives and scope of the present work. Study of the state of the art: a clear understanding of the present state of the various procedures and techniques related to simulation of heterogeneous traffic. Frame work: The general procedural framework to be followed for measurement of the measures of effectiveness under heterogeneous traffic conditions is formulated. Data collection: Data of heterogeneous traffic flow such as traffic volume, composition, speed, etc at the study sections of the chosen roads will be collected. The data will be collected by video capturing the traffic flow on the study stretch. Model modification: For the measurement of the above mentioned measures of effectiveness the available simulation model must be modified to suit the specific requirement. Model validation: This step involves calibration and validation of the simulation model of heterogeneous traffic flow for application to the present study. Findings: the main findings of the analysis will be presented to serve as a useful reference material for transportation system planners, operators and future researchers on this specific work.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Proposed Methodology Travel time and speed data were collected by using GPS devices on probe vehicles (two-wheelers, auto rickshaws and cars). The data on side roads, median openings and bus-stops without busbays were collected manually by marking waypoints in the GPS. The data on side friction was collected by recording the side and front views using SMARTY which were later analyzed using PCViewer Software. Analysis of travel times was done using MACROS and modeling was carried using SPSS Software. Salient-Findings and Conclusions The models provide insights into the variability of travel times across vehicle types and time periods. The developed relationships between the two dependent variables (travel time and congestion index) and the aforementioned independent variables were generally logical. The coefficient values and signs were also logical. The influence of intersections on travel time was the most significant factor which is evident from the fact that the variable enters the model in almost all cases. Further, the model results had improved when the volume parameter (PCU/ metre of carriageway width) had been incorporated. The models also explain the influence the volume on a section of road has on

7.

Salient-Findings and Conclusions There is a decreasing trend in capacity when the percentage of two-wheelers is reducing. The value of critical speed also increases with the increase in percentage cars in the overall composition both in non lane disciplined and lane disciplined flow but as expected the speeds are higher under the non lane disciplined flow. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from F-4, sairam apts, mvp colony, sector-1, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India -530017 Mobile: 09600194796 Phone: 08912782723 E-mail ID: sarishka.g@gmail. com 36. Congestion Analysis of Heterogeneous Traffic using GPS-fitted Probe Vehicles Date of Start and Duration: 01 August 2011, 9 Months

road research in india 2011-12 the individual travel times. It has been shown that side friction can have effects on performance measures (travel time, congestion index in this study). This leads to the recommendation that travel time studies, particularly in the developing world, can include this variable. The model that considers the vehicle type and time period as variables provides insight into the significance of all the independent variables. The variations in travel times and congestion index values by vehicle type are brought out by these models The ability to utilize the gaps in a congested situation exhibited by two-wheelers when compared to the other vehicle types, is highlighted by such models. Recommendations for Dissemination It is recommended that travel time studies (particularly developing world) can include this variable. Although significant results were obtained in modeling travel times and congestion index from traffic volumes, roadside friction and other road based parameters, further work in this area is recommended. The study is limited only to linearly regressed travel time models. Other forms of models can be considered for future work. Also, more cases studies can be considered to generalize the results. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Saranya Vijayan, T.C.-23/409(1), Valiyasala, Trivandrum, Kerala-695036, Mobile : 09042750060, 09895765542 Phone: 0471-2478644, E-mail ID: sana. vij87@gmail.com 37. Data Fusion Based Spatial Traffic Parameter Estimation and Prediction Date of Start and Duration: 17.07.2009 23.04.2012 Date of Completion: 23.04.2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036

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is explored in this study using data fusion from multiple sources. The following are the sub-objectives of the study: Development of models for estimating spatial parameters based on data fusion approach Comparison of data fusion model with non-data fusion or single source model Validation of data fusion model using field and simulated data Sensitivity analysis of the data fusion model using simulated data Calibration and validation of simulation software VISSIM for generating additional data required for the models Prediction of density and travel time using time series analysis Development and corroboration of models using simulated data

The models were developed and corroborated using limited data samples from a small study stretch of maximum length 1.82 km. For delivering detailed conclusion, better data sets are required from longer stretches with varying traffic conditions. The data fusion model developed used data from two different sources only. The prediction models were corroborated using simulated data alone, therefore performance may vary in real condition. The developed models are independent of the study stretch characteristics and can be applied for any stretch of any length. Proposed Methodology The following are the different tasks accomplished in the present study a) Literature Review: A detailed literature review was carried out on different approaches of estimating and predicting spatial traffic parameters. Finally, data fusion (using multiple data sources) approach was adopted for estimation and time series approach for prediction of parameters. Data Collection and Extraction: The location data (flow and derived space mean speed) and spatial data (travel time) were collected using video cameras and GPS equipped test vehicles respectively from the selected road stretch in Chennai. Data were collected on different days and time for a total of 8.5 hours. Since the field data collection was laborious, the additional data required were generated using the simulation software VISSIM. Before generating the data, the parameters in VISSIM were calibrated so as to represent the field conditions.

Scope and Objectives The estimation and prediction of traffic parameters are inevitable in many Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) application such as Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS). In this study, different models are proposed to estimate and predict two of the most important spatial/Lagrangian parameters density and travel time - that are difficult to measure from the field. Due to their spatial characteristics, a single data collection technology cannot measure both of these parameters simultaneously capturing their spatial variations. Therefore, a relatively new approach b)

156 c)

General Report On Model Development and Corroboration: Two models were developed for estimating the parameters one using data fusion approach and the other using data from only one type source. The data fusion methodology was adopted from a previous study conducted by Chu, Oh, and Recker (2005). The data fusion model used location-specific flow data from video data and spatial travel time data from GPS to estimate density. Whereas the single source model estimated density using the flow and space mean speed from video data. The density estimation was carried out using Kalman filter technique. In both the cases, the average stream travel time was estimated using this density, based on fundamental traffic flow relation. Using the simulated data, time series models were developed for predicting density and travel time. The modeling was carried out in a systematic way following four major steps such as model identification, selection of model, diagnosis checking, and validation. The models were developed in software R in which the parameters were estimated based on maximum likelihood approach. The developed models were Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) which were capable of capturing the seasonality in the data reasonably well. Evaluation of Models: The performances of models were evaluated based on Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). capable of both short-term and medium-term prediction with reasonable accuracy. The performance of the models can be improved if multiple weekdays data are used for developing the model. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from: Asha Anand R., Pratheeksha (H), Vadama P.O., Mala, Thrissur, Kerala - 680732, Mobile: +919995186683 Phone: 0480-2890833, E-mail ID: asha.r@egis-india. com 38. Development of Traveller Information and Route Guidance System Using GPS-GIS Integration Date of Start: August 2011. Date of Completion: August 2012. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

Scope and Objectives This study was limited to some selected corridors in Trivandrum city. The East-Fort to Sreekaryam Origin-Destination pair was selected for the study. Two wheelers, three wheelers cars and public transit vehicles were tracked and only real-time travel time data were collected. The travel time data were collected from Monday to Friday morning peak from 0800hrs to 1100hrs. This data was used to develop a model to predict travel time data. Also this data used for the creation of map databases for the representation of traffic congestion. The prediction model and the map database were used to develop traveller information system. The objectives of this study were: To estimate the travel time for different modes through the study route using handheld GPS To predict the travel time through the study area by KALMAN Filter Algorithm for different modes To develop map database to represent Traffic Congestion using ArcGIS To develop map database for Route choice behaviour using ArcGIS Network Analyst To develop softwares for Traveller Information System and Route Guidance system using Visual Basic (VB)

d)

Salient-Findings and Conclusions The following are the major contributions of the study. Two model based approaches for estimating density and travel time were discussed and corroborated using both field and simulated data. From the results it was observed that the data fusion approach of estimating parameters performs better than a single source model. The developed model was physically intuitive and independent of the data collection technique. Calibration of VISSIM for the specific location was carried out before generating required data. These data were used for sensitivity analysis of the data fusion model and it showed that the optimum penetration rate for best density estimate was 4% for the traffic conditions under consideration. The model performance was independent of the initial density value assumed for starting the estimation scheme in Kalman filter. Models were developed for predicting density and travel time using time series approach and corroborated using simulated data. The models captured the seasonal variations and it was observed that the models were

Methodology d) Determination of travel time experienced by different modes namely two wheelers, three

road research in india 2011-12 wheelers, cars and public transit along the study route using handheld GPS e) Prediction of travel time along the study route using Kalman Filter algorithm for different modes f) Validation of the prediction results using field data g) Determination of Congestion Index to quantify congestion h) Graphical representation of Traffic Congestion along the principal study route using ArcGIS i. ii. iii. Base map was prepared and digitized Roads and junctions were created in the map Congestion Index was added as layers and a range was given for it so that it will show a colour change according to the range when updated. f. i.

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e. Traveller Information System (TIS) was developed i. It will display: Travel time Distance Traffic Congestion information for the time period considered to the end users

Route Guidance System (Route Guide) was developed It will display: The shortest routes in the order of minimum travel time to be followed by the end users for the time period considered

Publications Sreeja G S, Anil R and Satyakumar M (2011), Estimation of Travel Time Based Congestion Index of a Small Corridor in Trivandrum City, Proceedings of 2nd National Technological Congress, NATCON 2012, Kerala, pp 18-25. 1. Anil R, Satyakumar M and Sreeja G S (2012), Travel Time Prediction of Different Modes using GPS-A Case Study for a Small Corridor in Trivandrum City, Proceedings of National Conference on Recent Advances in Traffic Engineering, RATE 12, under IRC- SVNIT Collaborative Research Study, Surat Gujarat, pp 209-215. Anil R, Satyakumar M and Sreeja G S (2012),Development of Travel Time Based Route Guidance System For Heterogeneous Traffic Condition The Indian Experience, International Conference on Traffic and Transport Engineering, ICTTE Belgrade 2012, Belgrade (Accepted) Sreeja G S, Anil R and Satyakumar M (2012), Travel Time Prediction & Traffic Monitoring Using GPS-GIS Integration for a Small Corridor in Trivandrum City, Proceedings of 13th National Conference on Technological Trends, College of Engineering Trivandrum.

i)

Development of two softwares, one for traveller information and the other for route guidance. i. ii. iii. The software for traveller information was named as TIS (Traveller Information System) The software for Route Guidance System was named as Route Guide Both softwares were developed in Visual Basic

Findings/Conclusions The following conclusions were made from the study: a. The real time urban mobility was tracked using handheld GPS and travel time was predicted using KALMAN Filter b. Kalman Filter Algorithm predicted travel time of two wheelers, three wheelers, cars and public buses satisfactorily with a MAPE value less than 15% i. Since the MAPE value is in satisfactory limits it can be inferred that the method adopted for the prediction purpose is effective 3. 2.

c. Traffic Congestion was represented in Map Database i. ii. iii. iv. Congestion Index was determined to quantify congestion Range of CI values were determined according to the percentage speed drop 28 Map database were created in ArcGIS 7 Map database each for each mode

Further Information/ Copy of the report can be obtained from Sri. Anil R, Associate Professor, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 39. Traveller Preferences for Advanced Traveller Information System in Trivandrum City Date of Start: August 2010 Date of Completion: August 2011

d. Network Dataset for the study area was developed to give the shortest route i. ArcGIS gave best alternate routes based on minimum travel time and distance

158 College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

General Report On assessing the trip characteristics of drivers. The timings of to and fro trips, level of congestion experienced during the trips, percentage use of alternate routes and reasons for taking alternate routes of both private and commercial drivers were asked. The drivers were asked to prioritise the information, which would assist them to arrive at their destination, in a manner perceived by the driver as most efficient. In the third section, respondents were asked for their preference to use ATIS, prioritise the sections of user services under ATIS, preferred source of information and time of information. The feedback from the questionnaire survey was statistically analyzed and then multinomial logistic models were developed to predict the user preferences with respect to the socio economic and travel characteristics. Findings/ Conclusions Though ATIS was a new technology to the road users, it was accepted by 96.3% of the private drivers and 99.6% of commercial drivers. It was seen that information on traffic volume and delay was the most preferred information for both private and commercial drivers. Both private and commercial drivers preferred the section on traffic and road conditions as most important. Regarding the information delivery units, the private drivers of Trivandrum city had first preference for in vehicle units, followed by mobile phones. Commercial drivers preferred in vehicle units as their first choice for information delivery units, followed by on road VMS. Commercial drivers show more preference to have on road VMS than private drivers, which is the most suitable form of providing information. Multinomial logistic regression models are developed to predict polychotomous dependent variables based on values of a set of categorical predictor variables. Here, the user preferences of private and commercial drivers for advanced traveller information system vary with respect to their individual socio economic and travel characteristics. The demographic and travel characteristics that significantly contributed for the private driver preferences for ATIS are age, gender, travel time of trip, mode of transport, familiarity with residing place, percentage use of alternate routes and for the commercial driver preferences for ATIS are age, driving experience, work trip travel time, percentage use of alternate routes. The efficiency of a traveller information system for Trivandrum city can be enhanced by adhering to these user preferences, so as to influence their travel behaviour. These trends need to be analyzed regularly, as technology advances. Publications Minu Elizabeth Mathai, Anil R., and Satyakumar M., (2011), Traveller Preferences for Advanced

Scope and Objectives Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) maximise the capacity of infrastructure, reducing the need to build additional highway capacity. Advanced traveller information systems (ATIS) is a subset of intelligent transportation systems that will be able to provide all traveller groups the opportunity to minimise trip delays by delivering accurate on demand real time information on traffic conditions. Design of ATIS should be based on information requirements obtained directly from the end users of the system, to ensure the greatest chance of influencing their driving behaviour. In a developing country like India, a properly designed traveller information system, with the road user in mind can reduce traffic congestion, improve navigational performance, decrease the likelihood of an accident, reduce fuel costs and air pollution and increase driver efficiency. The specific objectives of this study are: a) b) c) To design questionnaire specifically for private drivers and commercial drivers. To bring out the information requirements for ATIS from the targeted road user groups. To develop mathematical models for predicting the user preferences and analyze its variation with respect to demographic and travel patterns of road users.

Methodology The population of road users in Thiruvananthapuram city are classified into private drivers and commercial drivers. Private motorists include people who commute to and from work, are business travellers, male and female drivers over 18 years, who travel for enjoyment also in both urban and rural settings. Commercial vehicle drivers are truck drivers and bus drivers are paid to drive on a regular basis. The survey was conducted for a sample of 364 private drivers and 250 commercial drivers. The main aim in the design of the survey was to bring out the high priority information requirements of private drivers and commercial drivers for a safe and efficient travel. Therefore, separate questionnaires were prepared for the two road user groups. Both the questionnaires had three main sections on (i) Basic background information, (ii) Trip characteristics, (iii) Preferences for ATIS. Basic background information included questions regarding gender, age, educational qualification, number of years of driving experience, etc as it significantly impacted the route-choice behaviour of the drivers. Both work trip and recreational trip are considered for

road research in india 2011-12 Traveller Information System in Trivandrum City, Proceedings of the 12th National Conference on Technological Trends, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. Minu Elizabeth Mathai, Anil R., and Satyakumar M., (2011), Information requirements for Advanced Traveller Information System in Trivandrum City, Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Materials and Techniques for Infrastructure Development, National Institute of Technology, Calicut.

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urban arterials in India such as existence of the non-uniform traffic conditions 0 due to the influence of traffic signals, un-availability of real time side road data etc. The present study corroborates the model based estimation schemes using data collected from a three lane urban roadway in the city of Chennai, India. Only one section at a time is considered here due to constraints in data collection. Once automated data collection techniques are available, the methodology can be extended to estimate density for adjoining sections simultaneously. The scope of the present study can be extended to other sections or roadways if automated flow and speed data are available from consecutive points in those sections. Proposed Methodology The data requirements were identified and data were collected from the study stretch in Chennai, India using video recording technique. Data extraction was carried out manually at every one minute interval. Steady state speed-flow-density relationships (stream models) were developed from the collected data. Then a dynamic macroscopic model was formulated based on the lumped parameter approach by incorporating the developed traffic stream models. An estimation scheme was designed for estimation of traffic density using the developed dynamic model and extended Kalman filtering technique (EKF). The developed scheme was implemented and corroborated using data collected from sections along the study stretch. The proposed scheme was later modified to address certain issues specific to urban arterials in India. Salient-Findings and Conclusions Real-time estimation of traffic density is essential for congestion mitigation applications using ITS. Such applications for urban arterials in India, which are not yet equipped with automatic traffic sensors, is an area almost untouched by most of the researchers due to limitation in data availability. Hence, methods which are less demanding in terms of data need to be explored. In recognition of this need, a simple yet efficient method of estimating density with minimal data requirement was presented in this study. This study resulted in a number of conclusions as listed below: The presented model represented an advancement of the state-of-the-art in macroscopic modeling of heterogeneous traffic in India and application of such models in real-time estimation of traffic density/congestion. Since there were no exhaustive traffic stream models developed for the heterogeneous traffic conditions in India, the developed stream models is

Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Mr. Anil. R, Dr. M Satya Kumar, Dept of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum. 40. A Lumped Parameter Model-Based Approach for Estimation Of Traffic Density Date of Start and Duration: July 2009, 3 years Date of Completion: July 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600 036 Scope and Objectives The overall objective of this dissertation was to develop and implement a model-based scheme for real-time estimation of traffic density under Indian traffic conditions, which will be useful for congestion management on urban arterials through ITS, using available information from location based sensors. The following sub-objectives were pursued to achieve the overall objective of this study: Development of suitable traffic stream models under Indian traffic conditions. Development of a dynamic macroscopic traffic flow model based on non-continuum approach for characterizing Indian traffic. Development of a model based scheme for the real-time estimation of traffic density using the developed macroscopic model. Collection and extraction of the required data for the implementation and corroboration of the estimation scheme. Corroboration of the proposed scheme with field data. Incorporation of heterogeneity in the modeling and estimation process in different ways and to evaluate the best way of incorporating heterogeneity. Modification and corroboration of the scheme to account for certain specific issues associated with

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General Report On a valuable contribution towards many applications in planning, design and effective management of road systems in India. 4) To develop a model to predict the travel time of other personal vehicles using the predicted bus travel time from GPS fitted public transit vehicles and to validate the same. To quantify congestion under heterogeneous traffic conditions using the GPS data from public transit vehicles and to validate the same.

The non-continuum dynamic macroscopic model proposed in this research based on the lumped parameter approach overcame many limitations in modeling traffic using microscopic or continuum approach. It was found that converting heterogeneous traffic into a homogeneous equivalent using constant values of PCU is a good enough representation in the proposed non-continuum macroscopic modeling approach, compared to the approaches of dynamic values of equivalents or explicitly including the different categories of vehicles in the model. The model based scheme based on Kalman filter is proved to be an adequate tool for the estimation of traffic density in real-time, making it useful for congestion analysis through ITS in India. This research is one of the first exhaustive studies in the area of real-time estimation of traffic density under Indian traffic conditions and will be useful for the real time implementation of ITS applications under Indian conditions.

5)

The focus of second objective is to use location based data alone to predict stream travel time whereas, the third, fourth and fifth objective aims to use GPS data from public transit vehicles to predict stream travel time and quantify congestion. The scope of the present thesis work is restricted to urban arterials under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Also, the congestion quantification will be based on travel time based measures. Proposed Methodology The second objective of predicting spatial traffic parameters such as travel time, and density using location based data involve the videotaping of the traffic conditions at selected study route to get the required data on flow, density and travel time. The LighthillWhitham-Richards (LWR) macroscopic traffic flow model discretized in both space and time was employed in the estimation scheme. The resulting partial differential equations were solved numerically using the forward time backwardspace finite difference formulation. Both linear and exponential speed-density relations were considered and incorporated into the macroscopic model. The estimated density was corroborated with the density obtained from input-output analysis. The travel time estimates were compared with both manually observed travel times and travel time from GPS fitted probe vehicles. The time series model based on BoxJenkins Seasonal ARIMA was developed to predict the flow values, which will serve as the input for the LWR macroscopic model. The third objective of predicting bus travel time and arrival time involves the automatic vehicle location (AVL) data of seven public transit buses reporting every 5 sec. from 8 AM to 8 PM using permanently fixed GPS units over a period of 3 months in route number 5C connecting Parrys bus depot in the northern part of Chennai, and the Taramani bus depot in the southern part of Chennai city. Before developing the bus arrival time prediction model using data driven and model based approaches, the first step is the identification of suitable input data by analyzing trip-wise, daily and weekly pattern of bus travel time through valid statistical tests. It is then followed by the development of accurate bus arrival prediction model using time series techniques like multiplicative decomposition, exponential smoothing and exponential smoothing combined with Kalman filtering technique (KFT).

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Ajitha T., Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Govt. College of Engineering Kannur, Parassinikkadavu, Kannur P. O., Kerala, Mobile : 9444973563 E-mail ID: unniappu05@yahoo.co.in 41. Travel Time and Congestion Analysis Under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions Date of Start and Duration: July 18, 2008; 4 years Date of Completion: October 2012 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036

Scope and Objectives The following specific objectives have been derived 1) To collect and analyze location based and spatial traffic data under heterogeneous conditions. 2) To predict spatial traffic parameters such as travel time, and density using location based data using a macroscopic traffic flow model for ITS applications. To predict the travel time and arrival time of public transit vehicles using data driven and model based approaches and to validate the same.

3)

road research in india 2011-12 To satisfy the fourth objective of predicting travel time of other personal vehicles in the stream using only the bus travel time, two approaches have been proposed: one based on the ratio of the section travel times of public transit to other vehicles and other one based on the quantifiable relationship between the public transit and other vehicles section travel times. As the dwell time at bus stops is a unique characteristic of transit buses when compared to other vehicles in the stream, a methodology has been proposed to find the dwell times based on the approaching and departing speeds at bus stops. The final phase of the work is to quantify congestion by using only the public transit buses as probes. The congestion index (CI), one of the simple and most widely used measures to quantify congestion is considered. The three independent variables considered are bus CI after removing the dwell time and interpolating the travel time for the removed portion, lane width and the presence or absence of a signalized intersection as a dummy variable. The dependent variable is the personal vehicle(s) CI. Since there are no bus bays for buses to stop at bus stops in most part of the urban roads in India, sometimes there are chances that, during peak hours, this stopping behavior of buses at bus stops could cause congestion behind. Hence the dwell times at bus stops were considered as an additional independent variable to study its effect on congestion. In this case, the four independent variables considered are bus C.I calculated using actual bus travel times after removing dwell times, dwell time, lane width and presence/absence of intersection. Regression models were developed separately for off-peak period, peak morning and peak evening period while treating three different modes, namely two-wheeler, auto and car as categorical variables. Similarly mode-wise regression models were developed treating off-peak, peak morning and peak evening period as categorical variables. Regression model considering all the modes and all the periods was also developed for three independent variables case and four independent variables case for both constant and variable free flow travel time. The statistical significance of the independent variables was assessed before validation. The validation involves the data splitting approach of randomly selecting 75% of the samples for model development and using the remaining 25% of samples for validation by comparing the observed congestion index with the predicted congestion index of personal vehicles. Salient-Findings and Conclusions The travel time and density estimates based on the exponential speed-density relation are better to that of the linear speed-density relation. The developed model requires only the limited location based data to provide a complete set of spatial parameters such as density

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and travel time estimates along the study route. This will make it possible to estimate these spatial parameters from limited point based data. Thus, it ultimately be helpful for the cost effective implementation of ATIS/ ATMS applications under heterogeneous traffic environment like India with limited automated data sources. Also, the input flow data for the macroscopic model can be predicted well in advance using Seasonal ARIMA models. The analysis of bus travel time pattern reveals that, the previous two weeks same-day same-time trips and previous three trips of the same day are most significant for predicting the next bus arrival time. The results show that, using significant trips as input, exponential smoothing combined with KFT shows better performance when compared to exponential smoothing. In 100 out of 105 trips, exponential smoothing combined with KFT method shows lesser MAPE when compared to simple exponential smoothing alone. The results of bus arrival time prediction shows that, both the methods was reasonably able to predict well the bus arrival time with 77% of the times the prediction error within the user acceptable range of 5 minutes and 50% of the times the deviation within 2 minutes. The results show that, with constraints such as limited data base, technical understanding, transferability etc., the classical time series methods such as exponential smoothing may be considered for real time Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) implementations. The results of stream travel time prediction indicates that, the second approach based on relationship between the bus and other vehicles section travel times performs better when compared to the first approach which is based on the ratio of the section travel times of public transit to other vehicles. Also, 95% of the times the deviation is within 4 minutes; 90% of the times, the deviation is within 3 minutes; 76% of the times, within 2 minutes and 42% of the times the deviation within 1 minute. This clearly shows that, the approach-2 performs better than approach-1 in estimating the other vehicles travel times. The four independent variable case for predicting the personal vehicle C.I shows comparatively better R-square values when compared to three variables case. The basic difference between the two cases is that, in the former one, the dwell time at bus stops with associated acceleration and deceleration times is treated as an additional independent variable. It is interesting to see that, two-wheeler exhibits a low R-square value when compared to auto and car, and auto exhibits a low R-square value when compared to car. The two wheeler being the smallest mode in the stream with maximum different characteristics from bus, it shows a relatively less R-square value when compared to auto and car. Lane width exhibits a negative coefficient in all the cases considered. It is logical that, when lane width

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General Report On To analyse the effect of vulnerable road users in base case and horizon year traffic performance. To find out the major problems associated with the section and search for the alternatives.

reduces, the capacity gets reduced and may result in an increased travel time and congestion. Intersection presence/absence (a binary variable which takes the value of 1 or 0) exhibits a positive regression coefficient in all the 7 cases considered. It is reasonable that, when there is a signalized intersection (the value is 1) in a 500m section, the chances of congestion is high due to signal delays. Based on the scatter plots between section-wise bus C.I and other vehicles C.I during off-peak, morning peak and evening peak period, it is found that, during congestion in peak hours, vehicles of different categories exhibit different movement types when compared to bus, for example, two-wheelers and autos can traverse in the available space as the vehicle size permits them but it is not so with the passenger cars. The validation involves the data splitting approach of randomly selecting 75% of the samples for model development and using the remaining 25% of samples for validation by comparing the observed congestion index with the predicted congestion index of personal vehicles. The process of random selection was made three different times with different proportions of samples for model development and validation and the developed models were assessed for its accuracy. The results are encouraging and the proposed approach of predicting other vehicles C.I using only bus C.I along with the other roadway information such as lane width and intersection presence/absence could be considered for real-time display of congestion levels for Advanced Traveler Information System (AITS) applications. Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from S. Vasantha Kumar, Ph.D Research Scholar, Transportation Engineering division, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai 36., Mobile: +9194440 50435 Phone: 0416 - 224 0435 E-mail ID: vasanth_research@yahoo.co.in; vasanth. phd@gmail.com 42. Microsimulation Study of the Effect of Vulnerable Road Users on Traffic Flow Characteristics. Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion 30th MAY 2012 National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappally

Proposed Methodology (Type of study,Laboratory/ Field) Multirun simulation is carried out with different composition and volume of the traffic, which provides the base year and horizon year traffic performance considering the mean speed and delay of the study area. Ultimately, it serves for planning and monitoring of transportation system. Salient-Findings and conclusions The following conclusions were made from the study: Increase and decrease in MTWs only have less effect in overall stream speed compare with all the categories of vehicles due to their accelerating/ decelerating characteristics even in the minimum lateral clearances and possibility of over taking on the same day. The average delay per vehicle (with larger dimension) increases rapidly with the increase of all categories of vehicles compared with increase of MTWs only. The reason behind this is, vehicle with larger dimensions are having less speed, occupies the more area on road, and less accelerating/ decelerating rate.

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Prabesh, M.Tech Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy, Trichy 15 43. Road Safety with Emphasis on Non-Motorized Traffic Date of start and duration 15th JULY 2011, 1 year. Date of completion 30th MAY 2012 National Institute Of Technology, Tiruchirappalli

Scope and Objectives Non-motorized transport has been identified as a priority area at National, Provincial and Local Government levels and has the potential to become a feasible and sustainable transport mode. Non-motorized transport along with public transport has a significant role to play in providing a sustainable alternative to the private motor vehicle, in reducing overall carbon emissions,

Scope and Objectives By keeping in mind the problem in the city, the objectives are as listed below: To develop a simulation model for an urban road section.

road research in india 2011-12 improving air quality and reducing congestion. A design guide is hence essential to make the non-motorized travel safe and convenient and also to encourage the use of non-motorized transport. The objectives of this project are as follows: To review the literature on NMT and the guidelines and specifications for their safe movement on highways. To suggest measures for the safe movement of NMT like traffic calming, street-scape improvement, vehicle restrictions and road space reallocation. To suggest measures to reduce the number of fatalities of vulnerable non-motorized road users along high speed corridors. To analyse the various behaviour of NMT and suggest measures for the safe crossing of NMT at intersections along highways. To suggest guidelines and specifications.

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approximation to the distribution of accepted and rejected gaps by bicyclists. The crossing speed values are found to be less and critical gap values are high in rural highways than in sub-urban highways. This may be due to the high speed of vehicles along the rural highways. The yielding percentage varies from 2 to 5% in rural highways and 12% in sub-urban highways. Hence in rural highways yielding signs must be made a must. Based on inter-disciplinary approach, it has been suggested to provide a 3 m wide pathway for bicyclists. Helical type over bridge crossings is also suggested.

Further information/copy of the report can be obtained from Anusree S, M.Tech, Transportation engineering and management, Department of civil engineering, NIT Trichy. Trichy 15 E-mail ID: anusree4188@gmail.com 44. Analysis of Road Accidents Based on Accident Severity Index (ASI) Method and GIS: A Case Study of Trivandrum City Date of Start: August 2010. Date of Completion: August 2011. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

Proposed Methodology (Type of study, Laboratory/ Field) An extensive review of the bicycle safety literature associated with bicycle hazards, counter measures, evaluation criteria and prioritization methods was conducted. In addition to studies conducted by various state departments of transportation, FHWA, universities and research institutes, international efforts in bicycle and pedestrian safety were reviewed. At the end of the review, general design parameters for separate cycle lanes and methods for reducing speed of motorized vehicles were formulated. The gap acceptance and yielding behaviour of motorists were also studied at three different locations along a rural National Highway. Salient-Findings and conclusions In Indian Highways the facilities provided for non-motorized transport is negligible. New and innovative measures have to be taken for the safety of non-motorized road users. The provision of dedicated cycle lanes encourages cycling and improves road safety even in cities that did not have high cycling mode shares. Where separation of different road users is not possible, ensuring safe conditions for the integrated use of the shared road space is necessary to reduce potential conflict. By analysing the crossing speed of the bicyclists at three different intersections, the speed distribution corresponds to normal distribution. The natural log normal distribution was found to provide a close

Scope and Objectives Accident analysis studies aim at the identification of high rate accident locations and safety deficient areas. Usually, the cause of an accident may not be a single factor. The combination of a set of factors may lead to an accident. The major contributors to the accident are population, vehicle ownership, physical features of the road, speed of vehicle, traffic volume of the road etc. The Accident Severity Index (ASI) method is used to identify the most severe road stretches by giving weightage points to accidents. The Geographical Information System (GIS) can be used to edit, analyze, and display geographical information stored in a spatial data base. Hazardous locations on highway can easily be identified by using GIS. In this study, an effort has been taken to identify the accident prone zones within Trivandrum City, Kerala using GIS and Accident Severity Index (ASI) method. The present study was undertaken with the following objectives: To prioritize the road stretches using Accident Severity Index (ASI) method To locate the accident spots and hot spots using Geographical Information System (GIS)

164 Methodology i. ii. iii. iv. v. Selection of study area Collection of data. Preliminary analysis of the data

General Report On Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036

Scope and Objectives The objective of the present study is to develop a methodology for safety evaluation of Indian highways. The specific tasks identified to achieve this objective are: 1. To collect road accident, traffic and road characteristics data, which could be used to develop APMs for two-lane undivided rural highways in India. To identify the various explanatory variables, which significantly influence the occurrence of accidents on Indian highways. To develop APMs for Indian highways, through statistical modelling with the data collected in the study. To develop a methodology for the safety evaluation of Indian highways, by reducing the APMs to simpler forms of base models and multiplication factors, which can be easily employed by road safety engineers.

Prioritizing road stretches according to severity weightage Locating the accident spots and hot spots using Geographical Information System (GIS

Findings/Conclusions Percentage of grievous injury occurrence is higher in Trivandrum city (56%) as well as in the accident prone stretch, Killipalam Pappanamcode (63%). The proportion of state highway in Trivandrum city is only 3 %. The large area of Trivandrum city is connected with the other roads (80%). So most of the accidents are occurring in other roads, and it is 76%. Because of the lower proportion of state highway in Trivandrum city, the percentage of accident occurrence is also lower (1%). In NH the accident rate is 23%. Accident distribution based on vehicle type shows that the accident due to heavy vehicle, light commercial vehicle, 3- wheeler, 4-wheeler, and 2-wheeler is 12%, 4%, 18%, 51% respectively in Trivandrum city. The accidents due to two wheelers are higher in the Killipalam- Pappanamcod road stretch (41%). The pedestrian accidents were also higher in that area (21%). Accident caused due to males and females is 81% and 19% in the Trivandrum city. More than 70% of the accidents occurred during day time. Most of the accidents caused due to the fault of driver (75%). 2.

3.

4.

The scope of the present study is limited to Indian rural highways, which have undivided two-lane carriageway. The study considers only those highways, which run through plain to rolling terrain. Proposed Methodology Data collection The study stretches for data collection were selected in such a way that maximum possible variations in the study variables were captured. Over 200 kilometres of two-lane undivided rural highways in the state of Tamil Nadu were selected based on this criterion. Road accident data for three years period were compiled from police records. Traffic, road geometric and road environment data were collected through field surveys. The data, which were recorded for 200 m sub-sections of the highway stretches, were compiled to form the base data, giving the number of accidents and corresponding explanatory variables in each 200 m sub-section, for three years. Highway geometry, which was recorded using vehicle-mounted GPS, was processed in CAD and splines were fitted on to the raw data to calculate radius of curvature of horizontal alignment and gradient of vertical alignment. Modeling Approach The number of road accidents in a given period (or the frequency of road accidents) can be expected to follow a discrete probability distribution, such as Poisson distribution. To select the best model specification for

Publications Majeesha J. and Prof. R. Satheesh Chandran (2011), Analysis of Road Accidents Based on Accident Severity Index (ASI) Method and GIS: A Case Study of Trivandrum City, National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2011), August19-20, 2011, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Prof. R. Satheesh Chandran, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum. 45. Studies on Safety Performance of Two-Lane Rural Highways Under Mixed Traffic Date of Completion: June 2012

road research in india 2011-12 development of APMs, models were developed for total accidents in one year and the performance of the five specifications were compared. Poisson, NB and Poisson log-normal models are fixed coefficient models, which assume that the effect of variables remain the same across all observations. These models were estimated by maximising the log-likelihood functions (MLE technique). The random effects Poisson model allows the error term to vary across corridors and the random coefficients Poisson model assumes that the effect of variables vary across observations. The random effects and the random coefficients models account for heterogeneity in data across sites/observations. The random coefficient models result in a likelihood function which does not have a closed form solution. These models were estimated through simulation assisted maximum likelihood estimation (SLL). Salient-Findings and Conclusions 1. Accident prediction models (APM) were developed in the present study for two lane undivided rural highways in India, which operate under mixed traffic conditions. Road accident, traffic, road geometric and road environment data were collected for a representative sample of two-lane undivided rural highways and APMs were developed based on this data, through count data regression modelling. Poisson, Poisson-gamma (negative binomial), Poisson log-normal, Poisson model with random effects and Poisson model with random coefficients were considered to develop the APMs. A comparison of the model performance was carried out and Poisson model with random coefficients was selected as the best model specification to develop APMs. Many of the explanatory variables were found to have random coefficients in the APMs, suggesting that the effect of these variables on accidents vary across observations/sites. Based on the parameter estimates for the distribution of these random coefficients, 95% prediction intervals were developed, which could be used to assess the possible variation in the effect of these explanatory variables on road accidents. APMs were developed for predicting single-vehicle and multi-vehicle accidents on two-lane undivided rural highways in India. Length of highway segment, average daily traffic, the percentage of motorised two-wheelers, the percentage of heavy goods vehicles, distance to off-shoulder hazards, number of driveways per km, width of carriageway, number of horizontal curves per km, horizontal curvature, number of vertical curves per km, gradient, number of curves per km with sight distance deficiency, the percentage length of highway with traffic signs and the percentage 7.

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length of highway with road markings were found to be the statistically significant explanatory variables in these APMs. 5. The APMs developed in the study were reduced to simpler base models with minimal data requirement, for practical application under limited availability of data. Accident modification factors (AMF), which are multiplicative factors, were developed to improve the base model prediction for the effect of variation in the explanatory variables. 95% prediction intervals were developed for the AMFs, which could be used to assess the possible variation in the effect of these explanatory variables on road accidents. Accident severity prediction model was developed for the total predicted accidents. The model gives the thresholds for classification of road accidents into no injury, minor injury, grievous injury and fatal severity. the percentage of motorised two-wheelers, the percentage of heavy goods vehicles, the percentage of non-motorised traffic, distance to off-shoulder hazards, number of driveways per km, number of accesses per km, width of paved shoulder, width of unpaved shoulder, number of horizontal curves, gradient and the percentage length of road with markings were found to be the significant explanatory variables in predicting accident severity. The APMs developed in the present study, together with the AMFs and accident severity prediction model, provides a methodology for the safety evaluation of two-lane undivided highway in India. The models can be used to predict the expected number of road accidents on two-lane undivided highway, by collision type and severity. The findings from the present study will also help in arriving at engineering measures to improve road safety on these highways.

6.

2.

3.

Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Mobile: 09945875065 E-mail ID: rrdinu@gmail.com 46. Prediction of Concentration Roadside Pollutant

4.

Date of Start: July 2010. Date of Completion: July 2011. College of Engineering, Trivandrum (R)

Scope and Objectives Vehicles are now becoming the main source of air pollution in urban India. Vehicle emission has become a focus for environmental studies worldwide. The traffic environmental impact has then become a major

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General Report On Finally, the prediction accuracy of CALINE4, HYROAD and the regression model was evaluated by comparing with observed data and using statistical performance measures.

concern of policy makers in both developed and developing countries. To control and alleviate the traffic environmental impact, policies related to transportation demand control and environmental protection have been implemented in various countries. The pollutant concentration levels are an important indicator of the effects of these policies. The estimates of the pollutant concentration near road intersections are the focus of air pollution regulations. A properly validated line source model plays an important role in providing information for better and more efficient air quality management planning through simulation of the dispersion of vehicular pollutants near roads. Transportation systems contribute significantly to carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions in urban areas. Nitrogen oxides collectively known as NOx and include nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The study is focussing on the following objectives. To predict Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Respirable suspended particulate matter and Sulphur dioxide concentration near an intersection in East Fort and in Vithura of Trivandrum district using CALINE4. To compare the observed values with National Ambient Air Quality Standards proposed by Central Pollution Control Board. To find the possible relationship between pollutant concentration, traffic and meteorological parameters by a model. To evaluate the prediction accuracy of CALINE4 and the Regression model for all pollutants by comparing with observed data. To predict CO concentration with HYROAD and to compare with CALINE4, regression model and with observed data. To evaluate CALINE4, HYROAD and the Regression model based on statistical performance measures.

Findings/ Conclusions CALINE 4 predictions showed that in Eastfort CO was overpredicted by 11% and NO2 was overpredicted by 90%. In Vithura CO was underpredicted by 40% and NO2 was overpredicted by 81%. In both locations, underpredicted. RSPM and SO2 were

In CBD area, two wheelers contributed 31%, three wheelers 27%, four wheelers 25% and bus 17 % of CO. In rural area two wheelers contributed 41%, 3W 23%, 4W 23%, and truck 14 % of CO. Comparing observed values with NAAQS, only RSPM in Eastfort (116 g/m3) is exceeding the limit prescribed (80 g/m3) by 31%. Regression model performed better than CALINE4 in case of all pollutants. HYROAD gave slight over prediction of CO by 4.5%. Prediction accuracy of CALINE4 was found to be 64%, 44%, 46%, & 44.3% for CO, NO2, SO2, & RSPM respectively. Overall prediction accuracy of CALINE4 and Regression model for all pollutants was found to be 49.6% & 83.6% respectively. For CO prediction, HYROAD showed 80.8% of accuracy, Regression model, 79.6% and CALINE4, 64%. HYROAD and Regression model was found to be more preferred models for CO prediction than CALINE4.

Methodology CALINE 4 (California Line Source) was chosen to predict roadside Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Respirable suspended particulate matter and Sulphur dioxide concentration near an intersection at single links in Eastfort and Vithura. The observed ambient pollutant concentration was compared with limit prescribed by National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Regression model was formed for the pollutants, with observed pollutant concentration as dependent variable and observed traffic volume, wind speed, wind direction and temperature as independent variables using SPSS.

Publications Radhika K., & Salini S.(2010), Prediction of Roadside Pollutant Concentration. National Conference on Technological Trends (NCTT-2011), August 19- 20, 2011, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala. Further Information/Copy of the report can be obtained from Mrs. Salini S., Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Highway Research Board (HRB) of the Indian Roads Congress (IRC) expresses thanks to Dr. S. Gangopadhyay, Director, Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi for the preparation of the General Report on Road Research Work Done in India during 2011-2012. The report was prepared, compiled and edited by Shri T.K. Amla (Head, Information, Liaison & Training) and Shri R.C. Agarwal [Sr.Technical Officer (3), Information, Liaison & Training Division], CRRI with inputs from the scientists of the various R&D Divisions of CRRI. The useful suggestions received from the Sr. Scientists of R&D Divisions in compilation and editing of the report are gratefully acknowledged. The Board also expresses its gratitude to the various research organizations and Institutes for providing research progress reports.

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General Report On

LIST OF ORGANISATIONS
1. CSIR- Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), New Delhi 2. College of Engineering, Trivandrum 3. Cosmos Fibre Glass Ltd., Faridabad 4. Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Vadodara 5. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 6. Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 7. India Polyroads Pvt. Ltd. (IPPL), Gurgaon, Haryana 8. Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute (M.E.R.I), Nashik 9. National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC), Thiruvananthapuram 10. National Institute of Technology, Calicut 11. National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 12. National Institute of Technology, Silchar 13. National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 14. National Institute of Technology, Warangal 15. Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai 16. Sylos Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Delhi 17. Tiki Tar Industries (Baroda) Limited, Vadodara 18. Zydex Industries, Vadodara, Gujarat

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IRC HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD

GENERAL REPORT ON ROAD RESEARCH IN INDIA

Appendix

PROFORMA SHEET FOR REPORTING R&D WORK FOR THE GENERAL REPORT
1. Please furnish the report in the specified proformae (specimen copies enclosed), using separate proforma for each Project, appropriate to the Project Status, viz.: Proforma A: Projects Reported for the First Time Annexure 1 Proforma B: Proforma C: Proforma D: On-going/Completed Projects Research Projects Related to Thesis for Graduation/Ph.D. R&D Activity Report by Consultancy Firms/Contractors/ Concessionaires Annexure 2 Annexure 3 Annexure 4

2. Please furnish report, in Proforma A or B, only on those projects which have led to some significant conclusions, or are expected to make R&D contribution of overall general interest. 3. Precise and concise information may be provided for EACH ITEM of the Proformae, in NOT MORE THAN 100 WORDS. Additional important information, if any, may be appended separately. 4. The following codes may be used for indicating the Section and Sub-Section Codes on Each Project Proforma: Section Highway Planning, Design, Management, Performance Evaluation and Instrumentation Highway Planning, 1100 Design and Management Pavement Evaluation 1200 Paveme.nt Performance Instrumentation and Micro-Processor Applications 1300 Design 10 Road Transportation Management 20 Road Pavement Management 30 Maintenance Management 31 Construction Management 32 Test Track Research 40 Software Development 50 Surface Characteristics Riding Quality Skid Resistance Structural Evaluation Pavement Performance Traffic Characteristics & Effects Material Characteristics Instrumentation Development Micro-Processor/Applications 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 Section Sub-Section Code Sub-Section Code

1400

170 Section Pavement Engg. and Paving Materials

General Report On Section Sub-Section Code Sub-Section Code

Soil Stabilisation, Low 2100 Soil Stabilisation Grade Materials and Low Grade Materials Low Volume Roads Low Volume Roads Flexible Pavements Rigid Pavement Geotechnical Engineering 2200 Binders and Binder Improvement Materials and Mixes Pavement Design Construction Techniques Maintenance Aspects

10 20 30 10 20 30 40 50

2300

As in case of Flexible Pavements Division

3000 Landslides 10 Ground Improvement Techniques 20 Embankments and Slope Stability 30 Roads and Embankments in Clay Areas 40 10 20 30 40

Bridge Engineering 4000 Structural Field Investigations Laboratory Investigations Foundation Investigations Structural Design Traffic & Transportation Planning & Management 5100 Safety & Environment 5200 5. PROJECT TITLE (1) In case of Proformae A and B, please indicate the same title as reported earlier. Traffic Management Studies Travel Demand Forecasting Transportation Planning Transportation Economics Public Transport Planning Intelligent Transport System Traffic Engineering Studies Accidents and Safety Traffic Environment

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20

(2) In case of sponsored projects, please indicate the name of the sponsoring organisation and Research Scheme number (e.g., MORT&H Research Scheme R-19), immediately after the project title. 6. DATE OF START/DATE OF COMPLETION: Please indicate month and year, e.g., May, 1988. In case of sponsored Research Scheme, only the Sponsoring Organisation should report completion of the project, and not the implementing Organisation(s). 7. LAST REPORT : Indicate the year of the last General Report on Road Research in India (GRRRI) in which the project was reported, e.g., for GRRRI 1988-89, indicate 1988-89. 8. ORGANISATION (S) : Please indicate the name of all involved organizations, in the case of multi-organisation project, using the following code to indicate the status of the organization with regard to the project:

road research in india 2011-12 Reporting Organisation (R) Sponsoring Organisation (S) Coordinating Organisation (C) Implementing Organisation (I) If an organization has multiple status, the appropriate codes may be used together, e.g., (R,C), (R,S).

171

9. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE: Please give a concise statement. In case of multiple objective projects, indicate each objective separately. 10. PRESENT STATUS AND PROGRESS: For Proforma B, if the project is on-going, please include a brief report on progress since the last report, and if the project is complete, please provide brief progress report for the project as a whole. 11. SUPPORTING DATA: Please indicate selected important supporting data or illustrations of special interest. Any correlations or charts developed may specifically be included. Please list the items enclosed. 12. CONCLUSIONS: Please indicate significant conclusions/interim conclusion. 13. SIGNIFICANCE / UTILISATION POTENTIAL: Please highlight only special aspects. Under Utilisation Potential, also specifically indicate whenever the development(s) / conclusion(s) are regarded appropriate for consideration by the IRC. 14. LIMITATIONS OF CONCLUSIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK / FURTHER PROPOSED WORK: The limitations, if any, may be specifically indicated. Other aspects may be indicated wherever applicable. 15. REPORTS / PUBLICATIONS: Only reports/publications since last reporting may be included, alongwith bibliographical details, in the following order: Author(s) (Surname, followed by initial, in all capitals). Title of Paper/Article/Report/Book, Nature of Report (e.g., M.E./Ph.D. Dissertation, Interim/Final Report), Journal or Periodical (alongwith Vol. and No.) / Conference or Seminar Proceedings (alongwith the place where held) / Publishing Organisation, Month and Year of Publication. The report may be provided in not more than 500-600 WORDS.

16. Copies of publications, if published through a source other than IRC, may please be enclosed. 17. Wherever more than one sub-items are to be reported (e.g., in case of items No. 8, 9, 13, 15, etc. above, please number the sub-items 1, 2, 3, and list them one below the other. 18. In addition to 3 typed/computer print out copies, the report may also be supplied on floppy/CD to enable expeditious editing and compiling. Cooperation in this regard will be specially appreciated. The Window MS Word Software may please be used for the purpose.

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General Report On

Annexure 1

IRC HIGHWAYRESEARCH BOARD PROFORMA - A

PROJECTS REPORTED FOR THE FIRST TIME Section Code

REPORTING ORGANISATION: Sub-Section Code

1 Project Title 1.1 Date of Start 1.2 Date of Completion (Targeted/Actual) 2 3 4 5 Organisation(s)* Scope and Objectives Methodology Interim Conclusions/Conclusions/Supporting Data 5.1 Significance/Utilisation Potential 5.2 Limitations of Conclusions/Recommendations for further work/further proposed work 6 7 Reports/Publications Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from:

7.1 Address 7.2 Mobile _______________ Phone ____________ Fax _________ 7.3 e-mail ID:
* Please indicate the appropriate organization code (R), (S), (C), (I), (R,S), (R,C), etc. after each organization.

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173

IRC HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD PROFORMA - B

ONGOING / COMPLETED PROJECTS

Annexure 2

Section Code

REPORTING ORGANISATION: Sub-Section Code

Project Title 1.1 1.2 Date of Start Date of Completion (Targeted/Actual)

Present Status and Progress 2.1 Status: Ongoing/Completed 2.2 Year of Last Report 2.3 Progress

3 4 5 6 7 8

Further Findings/Conclusions/Supporting Data Limitations of Conclusions or Interim Conclusions Recommendations for further Work (if completed) Reports / Publications Recommendations for Dissemination/ Revision of Codes/Specifications (if completed) Further information/Copy of report can be obtained from:

8.1 Address 8.2 Mobile _______________ Phone ____________ Fax _________ 8.3 E-mail ID
(Presentation Material may be e-mailed to secretarygen@irc.org.in / hrb@irc.org.in )

174

General Report On

Annexure 3

IRC HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD PROFORMA - C

RESEARCH PROJECTS RELATED TO THESIS FOR POST - GRADUATION / Ph. D. Section Code

REPORTING ORGANISATION: Sub-Section Code

Project Title 1.1 1.2 Date of Start and Duration Date of Completion

2 3 4 5

Institution* Scope and Objectives Proposed Methodology (Type of Study, Laboratory/Field) Salient-Findings and Conclusion(s)

6 Recommendations for Dissemination/ Revision of Codes/Specifications (if completed) 1 Further information/Copy of the report can be obtained from:

8.1 Address 8.2 Mobile _______________ Phone ____________ Fax _________ 8.3 E-mail ID
(Presentation Material may be e-mailed to secretarygen@irc.org.in / hrb@irc.org.in )
* Please indicate the appropriate organization code (R), (S), (C), (I), (R,S), (R,C), etc. after each organization.

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175

Annexure 4

IRC HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD PROFORMA - D

R & D ACTIVITY REPORT BY CONSULTANCY FIRMS / CONTRACTORS / CONCESSIONAIRES Section Code

REPORTING ORGANISATION: sub-Section Code

1 Project / Activity Title 1.1 Date of Start and Duration 1.2 Date of Completion (Actual/ Targeted) 2 3 4 5 Organisation(s)* Special Situations/ Problems faced During Investigations/ Constructions: Methodology / Procedure adopted for solving the Problems: Any New Materials/ New Technologies if Adopted:

6 Performance of such New Materials/ Technology: 7 8 Additional R&D / Work required in this area: Further details can be obtained from:

8.1 Address 8.2 Mobile _______________ Phone ____________ Fax _________ 8.3 e-mail ID:
* Please indicate the appropriate organization code (R), (S), (C), (I), (R,S), (R,C), etc. after each organization.