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Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA

Pasir Mas, Kelantan


INFORMATION SHEET

PROGRAMME: DEI
SESSION : JAN JUNE / JULY - DEC SEMESTER :
5

CODE/COURSE : DFT 5413 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SHEET NO : IS02
LECTURER : MS.NORSYURIATIE ABD AZIZ WEEK :
5, 6, 7
& 8

TOPIC :

2. MODULATION TECHNIQUES

SUB-TOPIC :

2.1 Modulation Concept.
2.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM).
2.3 Frequency Modulation (FM).
2.4 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Techniques.

LEARNING
OUTCOME :

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to :

1. Defined modulation concept.

2. Explain Amplitude Modulation.

3. Describe amplitude change.

4. Explain Frequency modulation.

5. Describe frequency change.

6. Explain phase modulation.

7. Describe phase change.

8. Defined Multiplexing.

9. Defined demultiplexing.





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CONTENT

TOPIC 2 : MODULATION TECHNIQUES

2.1 Modulation concept.

Modulation is the process of encoding information from a message source in a
manner suitable for transmission
It involves translating a baseband message signal to a bandpass signal at
frequencies that are very high compared to the baseband frequency.
Baseband signal is called modulating signal
Bandpass signal is called modulated signal

Baseband - The original information signal such as audio, video, or computer
data. Can be analog or digital.
Broadband - The baseband signal modulates or modifies a carrier signal, which is
usually a sine wave at a frequency much higher than the baseband signal.


Communication Systems



The block diagram on the top shows the blocks common to all communication
systems



We recall the components of a communication system:

Input transducer: The device that converts a physical signal from source to
an electrical, mechanical or electromagnetic signal more suitable for
communicating
Digital
Analog
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Transmitter: The device that sends the transduced signal
Transmission channel: The physical medium on which the signal is carried
Receiver: The device that recovers the transmitted signal from the channel
Output transducer: The device that converts the received signal back into
a useful quantity



Analog Modulation

The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information signals
(baseband signals) through a communication channel
The term baseband is used to designate the band of frequencies
representing the original signal as delivered by the input transducer
For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a baseband
signal, and contains frequencies in the range of 0-3000 Hz
The hello wave is a baseband signal:







Since this baseband signal must be transmitted through a communication
channel (such as air or cable) using electromagnetic waves, a procedure
is needed to shift the range of baseband frequencies to other frequency
ranges suitable for transmission; and, a corresponding shift back to the
original frequency range after reception. This is called the process of
modulation and demodulation

Remember the radio spectrum:


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AM Radio FM Radio/TV



For example, an AM radio system transmits electromagnetic waves with
frequencies of around a few hundred kHz (MF band)

The FM radio system operates with frequencies in the range of 88-108
MHz (VHF band)

Since the baseband signal contains frequencies in the audio frequency
range (3 kHz), some form of frequency-band shifting must be employed for
the radio system to operate properly
This process is accomplished by a device called a modulator
The transmitter block in any communications system contains the
modulator device
The receiver block in any communications system contains the
demodulator device
The modulator modulates a carrier wave (the electromagnetic wave)
which has a frequency that is selected from an appropriate band in the
radio spectrum
For example, the frequency of a carrier wave for FM can be
chosen from the VHF band of the radio spectrum
For AM, the frequency of the carrier wave may be chosen to be
around a few hundred kHz (from the MF band of the radio
spectrum)
The demodulator extracts the original baseband signal from the received
modulated signal

In Summary:
Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency information signal
(baseband signal) onto a higher frequency carrier signal



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Types of Analog Modulation

Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the amplitude of a carrier wave
in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal. The frequency of the
carrier remains constant

Frequency Modulation (FM)
Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave
in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband signal. The amplitude of the
carrier remains constant

Phase Modulation (PM)
Another form of analog modulation technique which we will not discuss




Basic analog communications system
Modulator
Demodulator
Transmission
Channel
Input
transducer
Transmitter
Receiver
Output
transducer
Carrier
EM waves (modulated
signal)
EM waves (modulated
signal)
Baseband signal
(electrical signal)
Baseband signal
(electrical signal)
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- Uses a higher frequency carrier
- Most efficient use of frequency
- Time and Frequency Domain
- Susceptible to Noise


Most Efficient Use of Frequency

- Maximum frequency required is:
- Twice baseband
- Just baseband (special conditions)









2.2 Amplitude Modulation
Carrier wave
Baseband signal
Modulated wave
Amplitude varying-
frequency constant
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Higher Frequency Carrier







Higher Frequency Carrier







Signal
Carrier
time
time
Power Spectral Density
frequency
Signal
Carrier
Baseband
watts
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Time Domain




























Signal
Carrier
time
time
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Time Domain Continued
























time
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Detection of Signal

























time
time
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Frequency Domain


























Unmodulated
frequency
Signal
Carrier
Baseband
watts
Modulated
frequency
Signal
Carrier
Baseband
watts
Baseband
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Spectrum of AM signal
























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Susceptible to Noise








Simple Block Diagram of AM Modulation




time
Carrier Signal
Oscillator
Information
Signal
Modulation
Device
Low-Power
Amplifier
Final
Amplifier
Antenna
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Single Sideband (SSB)

Variant of AM is single sideband (SSB)
Sends only one sideband
Eliminates other sideband and carrier
Advantages
Only half the bandwidth is required
Less power is required

Disadvantages
Suppressed carrier cant be used for synchronization
purposes



Amplitude Modulation Vs Frequency Modulation.

AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to generate.
It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short wave broadcasting.
The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM (longer wavelengths (lower
frequencies) are utilized-remember property of HF waves?)
However, it is quite inefficient, and is susceptible to static and other forms
of electrical noise.

The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and immunity to noise. Most
forms of static and electrical noise are naturally AM, and an FM receiver
will not respond to AM signals.
The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the frequency deviation
increases (deviation from the center frequency), which is why FM
broadcast stations use such large deviation.
The main disadvantage of FM is the larger bandwidth it requires


Digital Modulation

The previous section presented analog communication systems that
transmit information in analog form using Amplitude or Frequency
modulation

Digital communication systems also employ modulation techniques, some
of which include:
Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying






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Basic digital communications system





Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the process of switching the carrier
either on or off, in correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that constitute
the information signal. One binary digit is represented by the presence of a
carrier, the other binary digit is represented by the absence of a carrier.
Frequency remains fixed


Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the process of varying the
frequency of a carrier wave by choosing one of two frequencies (binary FSK) in
correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that constitute the information
signal. Two binary digits are represented by two frequencies around the carrier
frequency. Amplitude remains fixed


Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Another form of digital modulation technique which we will not discuss



Modulator
Demodulator
Transmission
Channel
Input
transduce
r
Transmitter
Receiver
Output
transduce
r
Carrier
EM waves (modulated
signal)
EM waves
(modulated signal)
Analog signal
analog signal

A/D
conv
erter
Digital signal
Error
correctio
n coding
Error
detectio
n/
correctio
n
D/A
conv
erter
digital signal
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Amplitude Shift Keying



Frequency Shift Keying









Digital
information
Carrier wave
ASK
modulated
signal
Carrier present Carrier absent
Amplitude varying-
frequency constant
Digital
information
Carrier 1
(frequency #1)
FSK
modulated
signal
Carrier 2
(frequency #2)
Frequency varying-
amplitude constant
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2.2 Frequency Modulation (FM).

- Uses a higher frequency carrier - Time and Frequency Domain
- Usually more bandwidth - Resistant to some Noise

Time Domain



Carrier wave
Baseband signal
Modulated wave
Frequency varying-
amplitude constant
Large amplitude:
high frequency
Small amplitude:
low frequency
Signal
Carrier
time
time
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Time Domain





Frequency Domain



time
Unmodulated
frequency
Signal
Carrier
Baseband
watts
Modulated
frequency
Signal
Carrier
watts
Time Domain
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Resistant to Some Noise


Phase Modulation

- Uses a higher frequency carrier
- Fairly efficient use of frequency
- Time and Frequency Domain
- Used mainly for data



time
Unmodulated Carrier
Modulated Carrier
Phase
Input
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2.4 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Techniques.

A multiplexer puts two or more simultaneous transmissions on a single
communications circuit.
Generally speaking, the multiplexed circuit must have the same capacity
as the sum of the circuits it combines.
The primary benefit of multiplexing is to save money.




Multiplexed Circuit




Multiplexing

There are three major types of multiplexers

Frequency division multiplexers (FDM) E.g. AM/FM Radio, Telephone
Time division multiplexers (TDM) ISDN
Statistical time division multiplexers (STDM) Well cover later (maybe)
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) Used in optical carriers (colors
carry signals)

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Frequency Devision Miltiplexing

Frequency division multiplexers can be described as dividing the circuit
horizontally so that many signals can travel a single communication
circuit simultaneously.
The circuit is divided into a series of separate channels, each transmitting
on a different frequency.
Guardbands are employed to keep one channel from leaking over into
another channel.
Frequency division multiplexers are somewhat inflexible because once
you determine how many channels are required, it may be difficult to add
more channels without purchasing an entirely new multiplexer.

























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Time division multiplexing

Time division multiplexing shares a circuit among two or more terminals by
having them take turns, dividing the circuit vertically.
Time on the circuit is allocated even when data are not transmitted, so that
some capacity is wasted when a terminal is idle.
Time division multiplexing is generally more efficient and less expensive to
maintain than frequency division multiplexing, because it does not need
guardbands.