BASIC APPROACHES TO TOURISM STUDIES 1.

Institutional Approach- This approach requires an investigation of the organization, operating methods, problem costs & economic place of travel agents. 2. Product Approach involves study of various tourism products & how they are produced, marketed & consumed. 3. Historical Approached- Searches of innovations, their growth or decline & shifts in interests. This approach has limited usefulness, thus not widely used. 4. Managerial Approach focuses of the management activities necessary to operate a tourist enterprise, such as planning, research, pricing, and advertising. 5. Economical Approach is useful in providing a structure for analyzing tourism & its contributions to a countrys economy. 6. Sociological Approach Explores Social Classes, habits & Customs of both hosts & guests. 7. Geographical Approach discards light on the location of tourist areas, movements of

people created by tourism locales. 8. Interdisciplinary Approach Stated that tourism embraces virtually aspect of Society. Examples are: a. Psychological Approach- To determine the best way to promote & market tourism products, because people behave in different ways to travel by different seasons. b. Political Science Approach Political Institutions are involved when tourists cross borders & requires passports & visas from government offices. c. Legal Approach attracts legislative bodies which create laws & regulations. d. Passenger Transportation Approach The great importance of Transportation in the industry. 9. Systems Approach- Integrates other approaches into a comprehensive method. System- set of interrelated groups coordinated to form a unified whole & organized to accomplish a set of goals.

TOURISM SECTORS Tourism & Hospitality industry offers careers that one often

fast-paced exciting & rewarding. Many different & stimulating types of work the tourism & hospitality industry is composed of different fascination & challenging fields. Tourism & hospitality industry has so many common dynamics which includes the ability to affect the human experience.

housekeeping service and the inclusion of a cock. Lodges/ Bungalows / Cottages Often located in recreation areas & offering facilities in such as beach,- generally stays are longer than a night or two and involved the whole family. Yachts& cruises ships the facilities & services on these vessels compare in some instances to luxury resorts while other provided limited facilities.

SECTORS OF TOURISM -Accommodation All inclusive properties the room, the food, beverages, all services, taxes & gratitude are included in one price which is usually paid for prior for departure for the destination. Bed & breakfast closely related to guest houses, they are traditionally private home which take in guest with breakfast include in the price and lodging. Hotels- which may be classified as resort hotels, commercial hotels, luxury hotels, deluxe hotels, budget hotels, airport hotels & condo hotels. Guests Houses designed for overnight or short stay travelers desiring for low cost accommodation. Villas Large fully furnished houses available for rent with the option of daily

-Adventure Tourism & Recreationconsidered as the fastest sector in tourism. -Attractions this attraction sector focuses on the tourism that entertains or educates. These include museum, theme parks, zoos & aquariums. Many attractions are important sources of revenue. -Events & conferences this sector focuses on meetings, conventions, festival, etc. -Food & Beverage Tourist spend a large percentage of their travel money on food & drinks. Careers include F&B servers, bartenders. -Tourism services these services are given by the tourism industry -Transportation those who help travelers get to & from their destinations.

TOURISM DEMAND- refers to the total number of persons who, travel or wish

to travel to use tourists facilities & services at places away from their places of work or residence. 4 types of Tourism Demand 1. Effective or actual demandpeople who actually traveling on a point of time. 2. Potential demand people who could travel if motivated. 3. Deferred/postpones demand people who wish to travel but are not traveling presently due to temporary reasons. 4. Suppressed demand people who are not interested to travel. Causes of suppressed demand, include budget, lack of time & mobility. DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND FOR TOURISM *Determinants of Demand refers to the parameters of travel possibility for individual. Individual Scale 2 Classifications: 1. Lifestyle factors which arise as part of ones life & engagement to various activities. a. Income & employment closely linked & they exert important influences upon both level & nature of tourism demanded by an individual. b. Paid Holiday entitlement the increase in leisure time

experienced by most individuals. c. Education & Mobility level of Educational Attainment. d. Race & gender these are 2 critical determinants of travel propensity. The statistics reveals that whites & males are traveling more. 2. Life Cycle factors that automatically come during the life span of a person which may encourage/ discourage them to travel. Domestic AGE Refers to the Age of Group in which the person belongs to. Stages of life Cycle 1. Child hood 2. Young Adult Adolescence 3. Marriage 4. Empty nest 5. Old Age MACRO SCALE 1. Level of Urbanization the more urbanized a country is the more will be the demand for tourism population. 2. Economic development level of economic development of a country has a role in determining travel propensity. Countries that are more developed produce more tourists.

3. Political factors it can either encourage/ discourage travel propensity of the population in can also promote and hinder it. 4. Technological Factors technological advancement of a country will always support inbound and outbound tourism. DEMAND FOR INTERNATIONAL & DOMESTICS TOURSIM NGOs are keen to monitor & attach measures to the movement of people into and out of their countries. Measurement of Demand 1. Volume statistics Number of trips = no. of individual X Average no. of trips taken for individual. Total tourist Nights = no. of tourist trips X Average length of stay (Night Stayed) 2. Value (Expenditure) - includes spending within a host country & excludes payments to international passenger. 3. Visitor Profile Statistics includes the tourist, personal & individual information such as: age, origin & destination, sex, mode of transportation, group type, and purpose of visit, nationality, Length of Stay, Occupation, Accommodation used, income & activities engaged in. 2. Commission caps3. Travel Corporations(AMEX) American Express Travel Services 4. Corporate travel Manager- Type of entrepreneur working within the framework of a large corporation. -booking via EMAIL. 5. Travel & Tour WholesalersConsolidate the services of airline & other transportation carriers & sell it to a sales channel to the public. CLASSIFICATION OF WHOLESALERS 1. Independent wholesalers 2. Airline working in close cooperation w/ a tour wholesaler. 3. Retail travel agent who packages tour for his/her clients. Promoters of TOURISM 1. Travel agencies middle person who acts as travel counselor & sell on behalf of airline, cruise line & etc. Note! ASK MR. FOSTER OLDEST US TRAVEL AGENCY AMERICAN SOCIETY OF TRAVEL AGENTS (ASTA) worlds largest travel trade Association. -They use CRS

Certified Travel Counselor (CTC) Leading experts in Travel Agency. ICTA (Institute of certified travel agents) NATIONAL OFFICES OF TOURISM (NOT) seeks to improve the economy of the country they represent by increasing the number of visitors and their spending. DESTINATIONS MANAGEMENT COMPANIES (DMCS) Service organization that offers a host of programs & services to meet client needs. TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

b.

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e. Transportation- functionally defines as the passenger movement from one point to another. Transportation is vital importance in developing tourism, tourist need easy access to various forms of transportation. The cost of Reaching must also be considered this includes: toll fees, gasoline & parking. TYPE OF LAND TRANSPORTATION 1. ROAD TRANSPORT- defines as any movement of goods or passenger using a road vehicle on a given road network. 2. RAIL TRANSPORT- pertains to any movement of goods and or passenger using a railway network. It completes with road transport in terms of time and distance. Type of Train Services: a. Long distance train servicerefers to train travel between

many cities in a country and sometimes cross several countries. High speed train service passengers rail transport that operates significantly faster than the normal speed of rail traffic. Inner city train service- trains under this category are subdivided into two: the intercity trains which bypass small and intermediate stations and the local trains that serve all station. Branch line train service usually defined a secondary route to a place or places not served by main line. Mass tourist system Large cities often have a metro system also called underground, subway, or tube. The trains are electrically powered.

WATER BASED TRANSPORT- use of watercrafts such as ferry, cruise or pleasure craft in the transportation. Types of water transport used in Philippines. 1. Merchant marine- countrys water vessel that is involved in commerce and trade. 2. Shallow- draft vessel- vessel whose keel is not far below the waterline 3. Ferry- any vessel having provision only for deck passengers. 4. Cruise- Ship used for voyage taken for pleasure.

AIR TRANSPORTATION basically the movement of passengers or goods by air. AVIATION operation of Aircraft. TYPES of AVIATION 1. Military Aviation aviation that uses aircrafts for the purposes of conducting or enabling warfare. This includes: Bombers used for ground attacks. Fighters capable of air to air combat Transport aircrafts primarily to transport troops and war suppliers. Helicopters used for transporting troops, attacking targets, providing support delivering, supplies and searching and rescuing. Experimental aircrafts aircrafts that have not yet fully proven in flight. 2. Civil Aviation aviation represents all non- military flight and activities. This is divided into two: Domestic Servicesflights within the same country. International services flights outside a particular country. ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

The way refers to the medium of travel used. It has two types: artificial & the natural. The terminal gives access to the way of user. The carrying unit the actual transportations media, the vehicle which facilitates the movement. The motive power what makes carrying unit move