CHAPTER 7  LIMITS AND CONTINUITY

Focus on Exam 7
1 (a) |x + 3| =

-x - 3, x < -3, x + 3, x -3.

(x + 1)(-x - 3) x+3 = -x - 1 (x + 1)(x + 3) For x -3, f(x) = x+3 =x+1 Hence, in the non-modulus form, -x - 1, x < -3, f(x) = x + 1, x -3. For x < -3, f(x) =

(b) The graph of f(x) is as shown below.

y = x 3 y

y=x+1

1 3 2 1 O 1 2 x

(c) lim f(x) = 2

x-3x-3+

lim f(x) = -2
x-3 x-3+

(d) lim f(x) does not exist because lim f(x) lim f(x).
x-3

2 (a) lim h(x) = 2

x-1

-1 + p = 2 p = 3

x = -1 is in the range -3 x < 0, so the part of the function x + p is used.

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

(b) Since lim h(x) exists,

x-3

x-3-

lim h(x) = lim h(x)

x-3+

x2 - k x+3

(-3)2 - k = -3 + 3 k = 9 Since limh(x) exists,

x0

lim h(x) = lim h(x)

x0x0+

x+3 e x-q

0+3=e

0-q

ln 3 = -q q = -ln 3 = ln 3-1 = ln1 3 (c)  The graph of y = h(x) is as shown below. h(x) =

x 2 - 9, x + 3, 3e x,
x-q = e = ex eq ex
ln

x < -3, -3 x < 0, x 0.

y (1, 8.2)

y = 3e x
1

e 3 ex = 1 3 = 3e x

3
y = x2 9 2 1 x 1 2 4 3 2 1 O

3 (a) fog = f [g(x)] 1 = f x-3

2 2

1 1 x-3 = 2(3 + x - 3) = 2x  The domain of fog is the same as the domain of g, i.e. {x : x R, x 3}.  Because the domain cannot take the value 3, the range of fog cannot take the value 2x = 2(3) = 6.  Hence, the range of fog is {y : y R, y 6}. (b) The graph of y = fg(x) = 2x, x 3 is as shown below. =2 3+

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Fully Worked Solution

x 3

y = 2x

limfg(x) = 2(3) (c)  x3 =6 and limfg(x) = 2(3)

-

x3+

x3

=6 Since limfg(x) = limfg(x)

x3+ x3+

=6 then limfg(x) = 6

4 In the non-modulus form, f(x) =

x 2 - 1, -x2 + 1, (x - 2)(x - 3),

x < -1, -1 x < 1, x 1.

The graph of y = f(x) is as shown below.

y

2 y=x 1
2

1 1 O 1 2 3 4

y = (x 2)(x 3) x

y = x 2 + 1

(b) (i) lim f(x) = 12 - 1 x-1 =0 lim f(x) = -12 + 1 x-1 =0 f(-1) = -12 + 1 =0
+

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

 Since lim f(x) = lim f(x)

x1x-1-

= f(-1) = 0, then f(x) is continuous at x = -1.

x-1+

(ii) lim f(x) = -12 + 1 =0 =2

x1x1+ x1

x1+

lim f(x) = (1 - 2)(1 - 3)

 Since limf(x) limf(x), then limf(x) does not exist. Hence, f(x) is not continuous at x = 1.

5 (a) In the non-modulus form, f(x) = f(x) =

x2 , x < 0, -x x2 , x 0. x

-x, x < 0, x, x 0.

In the non-modulus form,

g(x) =

-x + 3x , x < 0, 2 x + 3x , x 0. 2 x, x < 0,

g(x) =

2x, x 0. g(-x), x < 0, x 0.

(b) gf(x) = gf(x) =

{ {

g(x),

-x, x < 0, 2 x, x 0.

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Fully Worked Solution

(c) limf(x) = - 0 x0 =0 limf(x) = 2(0) x0 =0 f(0) = 2(0) =0

+

 Since limf(x) = limf(x)

x0x0+

= f(0) = 0, then f(x) is continuous at x = 0.

(d)  The graph of y = gf(x) is as shown below.

y 4

2 y = 2x y = x

3x + 1 x+2 As f(x), the denominator of f(x) 0 x+20 x -2 Hence, x = -2 is the vertical asymptote. 3x + 1 lim f(x) = lim x x x + 2 6 f(x) =

3x 1 + x x = lim x x 2 + x x 3+

1 x = lim x 2 1+ x 3+0 = 1+0 =3 Hence, y = 3 is the horizontal asymptote.

1 2 1 2

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Second Term

The graph of y = f(x) =

3x + 1 is as shown below. x+2

y

1 2 1 O 3

x f(x)

0 1 2

1 - 3

0 Let y = f-1(x) f(y) = x 3y + 1 =x y+2 3y + 1 = xy + 2x 3y - xy = 2x - 1 y(3 - x) = 2x - 1 2x - 1 y= 3-x 2x - 1 f-1(x) = 3-x The domain of f-1 is the same as the range of f, i.e. {x : x R, x 3}. The range of f-1 is the same as the domain of f, i.e. {f-1(x) : f-1(x) R, f-1(x) -2}. 7
y y= x+1

y = x 1 1

y=x1

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Fully Worked Solution

(a) lim f(x) = -(-1) - 1 x-1 = 0

-

Substituting x = -1 into -x - 1.

x-1+

lim f(x) = -1 + 1 =0
x1-

Substituting x = -1 into x + 1. Substituting x = 1 into x + 1. Substituting x = 1 into x - 1.

lim f(x) = 1 + 1 = 2

x1+

lim f(x) = 1 - 1 =0

(b)  f(x) is continuous at x = -1 because lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f(-1) x-1 x-1 = 0. f(x) is not continuous at x = 1 because lim f(x) lim f(x).
+

x1-

x1+

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2012