Psychometry and Thermal

Comfort
Mohammad Naraghi Mohammad Naraghi
Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort
Psychrometry Psychrometry
Psychrometry is the study of the measurement Psychrometry is the study of the measurement
of the moisture content of atmospheric air
Air conditions can be quickly characterized by q y y
using a special graph called a psychrometric
chart.
Properties on the chart include dry-bulb and wet-
bulb temperatures, relative humidity, humidity
i ifi l d i ratio, specific volume, dewpoint temperature,
and enthalpy
Moist Air and the Standard
A h Atmosphere
Atmosphric air is a mixture of many gases plus water vapor and
countless pollutants.
Putting aside pollutants the composition of dry air (standard air) is
given in the following table:
Constituent
Molecular Mass Volume Fraction
Oxygen 32 000 0 2095 Oxygen 32.000 0.2095
Nitrogen 28.016 0.7809
Argon 39 944 0 0093 Argon 39.944 0.0093
Carbon dioxide
44.010 0.0003
The remaining 0.01% of gases are: Neon, Helium, Methane, Sulfur
Dioxide, hydrogen, Krypton, Xenon, and Ozone
Ideal gas relation:
T R
P
Pv
Can be used to perform psychorometric calculations with a
T R Pv
a
= =

very small error. M

da
(Molecular mass of air) based 0n the
table in the previous slide is 28.965. Then R
da
(gas constant
of air) becomes:
154532 lbf ft R
of air) becomes:
1545.32 lbf ft
53.352
28.965 lbm R
J
da
da
R
R
M

= = =

J
287
kg K
=

J
8314
ft lbf
32 1545

R
The universal gas constant is given by:
mole kg
8314
R mole lb
32 . 1545 =

= R
The enthalpy and enthalpy change of dry air can be
evaluate from evaluate from
or
d d d d
i c T i c T = A = A or
da p da da p da
i c T i c T A A
Where is specific heat of dry air 1.005 kJ /(kg
o
C) or 0.24 Btu/ (lbm
o
F).
p da
c
Moist air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor Moist air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor.
The amount of water vapor varies fromzero (dry air) to a maximumthat
depends on temperature and pressure.
The state at which air can hold the maximumamount
of moisture is called Saturation state.
Since water vapor is an ideal gas the following equation can be used
v v v
PV m R T =
Similarly, the gas constant for vapor R
v
is given by:
R lbm
ft lbf
78 . 85
018 . 18
32 . 1545
2

= = =
O H
v
M
R
R
K kg
J
452
R lbm 018 . 18
2

=
O H
M
K kg
Temperature of standard air at sea level is 59.0
o
F, 15
o
C or 288.1K
Pressure of stadndard air at sea level is 29 921of Hg or 101 039 kPa Pressure of stadndard air at sea level is 29.921 of Hg or 101.039 kPa
The atmosphere consists of dry air, which behaves as a perfect gas
The density of standard dry air can be evaluated using the ideal gas law
3 3
m
kg
1.115
ft
lbm
0765 . 0 = = =
RT
P

The atmospheric air temperature and

f diff t ltit d pressure for different altitudes
bz a T bz a T =
5.2559
) 1 ( P P
5.2559
0
) 1 ( cz P P =
Fundamental Parameters Fundamental Parameters
Moist air up to about 3 atm pressure obeys the p p y
perfect gas law with sufficient accuracy for
engineering calculations
Th Gibb D l l f i f f The Gibbs Dalton law for a mixture of perfect
gases states that the mixture pressure is sum of
partial pressures of the constituents for moist air partial pressures of the constituents, for moist air
P=P
a
+P
v
, where the dry air pressure
P
a
=P
N2
+P
O2
+P
CO2
+P
Ar
.
Each constituent in a mixture of perfect gases
behaves as if the others were not present
.
Humidity Humidity
Humidity Ratio, W, is the ratio of the mass Humidity Ratio, W, is the ratio of the mass
of water vapor m
v
to the mass of dry air m
a
in the mixture
m
da
v
m
m
W =
da
v
da
v
v da
da v
da da
v v
P
P
P
P
R P
R P
T R V P
T R V P
W 622 . 0
52 . 461
6 . 287
) /(
) /(
= = = =
P
Substituting for dry air pressure yields
v
v
P P
P
W

= 622 . 0
Humidity Ratio Limits
For dry air that has no moisture W=0
Adding moisture increase the humidity ratio to the saturation point
Air at this point is call SaturatedAirand it no more can hold moisture Air at this point is call Saturated Air and it no more can hold moisture
Relative Humidityy
Definition
P T R V P m ) /(
sat
v
v sat
v v
v
v
P
P
T R V P
T R V P
m
m
= = =
) /(
) /(
max ,
|
Eliminating vapor pressure between the above equation and
yields
v
v
P P
P
W

= 622 . 0
P | 622 0
) 622 . 0 ( W P
WP
sat
+
= |
sat
sat
P P
P
W
|
|

=
622 . 0
The relative humidity ranges from 0 for dry air to 1 (100%) for saturated air
Graphic representation of humidity ratio and relative humidity
0.09
0.1
12
14
t
u
r
a
t
e
d

l
i
n
e
90%
d
v
a
p
o
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
0.07
0.08
w
10
s
u
r
e
,

k
P
a
S
a
t
u
70%
80%
90%
S
a
t
u
r
a
d
t
e
d

v
0 04
0.05
0.06
u
m
d
i
t
y

r
a
t
i
o
,

w
6
8
d

v
a
p
o
r

p
r
e
s
s
30%
40%
50%
60%
0.02
0.03
0.04
H
u
4
S
a
t
u
r
a
t
e
d
10%
20%
0
0.01
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Air temperature,
o
C
Dew point temperature isthetemperatureof saturatedmoist air at thesame
Dew Point Temperature
dp
T
Dew point temperature is the temperature of saturated moist air at the same
Pressure and humidity ratio as the given mixture.
Moist air
Cooled
Const pressure
T=T
dp
First
condensation Const. pressure condensation
Note that T
dp
, W and p
v
are dependent upon each others
Example: Determinethedew-point temperatureof aninterior zonewhichisat Example: Determine the dewpoint temperature of an interior zone which is at
20
o
C for relative humidity of 70%, 50% and 30%.
At 20
o
C the saturated vapor pressure is 2.339 kPa. Then the vapor pressure
bbecomes:
0.7 2.339 1.637kPa
v sat
P P = = =
Interpolatingbetweenpressures08721and12276kPainthesaturationtable Interpolating between pressures 0.8721 and 1.2276 kPa in the saturation table
the dew-point temperature becomes 14.29
o
C. For relative humilities of 50 and 30%
Example: Inaroomwithtemperatureof 20
o
C thedew-point temperature
is10
o
C. Determinetherelativehumidity.
Fromthesaturationtablefor dew-point temperatureof 10
o
C thevapor pressureis
P
v
=1.2276kPaandrelativehumiditybecomes
1.2276
52.48%
2339
v
P
P
= = =
@20
2.339
sat C
P

These two examples show how to determine the dew point temperature for a p p p
given air temperature and relative humidity.
This type of calculation is useful to determine if the visible appear on glass
surface
Measuring Humidity
Humidity, unlike temperature and pressure, is
difficult to be measured
One way is to measure the dew-point temperature and
the calculating the relative humidity in a similar way
h i h i h i l that is shown in the previous example
Measuring the dew point temperature can be
b cumbersome
One way is to slowly add ice cubes to the water in a
shinycantolower thecantemperature shiny can to lower the can temperature
This approach helps understanding the dew point
temperature however it isimpractical insystematic temperature, however it is impractical in systematic
measurement of the humidity
Humidity Measurement
A practical approach for measuring humidity is based on the
Adiabatic Saturation Temperature,
T
2
is defined as adiabatic saturation temperature
(thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature)
Governing equations between stations 1 and 2
Conservation of mass for dry air:
da da da
m m m

= =
2 1
Conservation of mass for moisture:
1 1 v w v
m m m

= +
Basedonthedefinitionof h midit ratio ) ( W W m m
Based on the definition of humidity ratio ) (
1 2
W W m m
da w
=
The conservation of energy equation
2 2 1
i m i m i m
da w w da

= +
Substituting for
w
m

2 2 1 2 1
) ( i i W W i
w
= +

* *
1
*
2
2 2
) (
fg s p
i W T T c
W
a
+
=
Solving for yields
1
W
* *
at and 6219 0
2
T p p
p
W
v
= = where
*
1
1
w v
i i
W

=
2
2
at and 6219 . 0
2 2
2
2
T p p
p p
W
s v
v
s
=

= where
A Practical Method to measure Saturation Adiabatic
T t (W t B lbT t ) Temperature (Wet Bulb Temperature)
Wet bulb
temperature
*
2
T
Dry bulb Dry bulb
temperature
Wet wick
Air
flow
Air
flow
Wet wick
flow flow
A sling psychrometer A sling psychrometer
Example: The dry- and wet-bulb temperatures in a room are measured using
a sling psychrometer are 22 and 14
o
C, respectively. Determine the humidity ratio
andrelativehumidity Assumestandardatmosphericpressureof 1013kPa and relative humidity. Assume standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
2 v
P
T
1
=T
db
=22
o
C andT
2
=T
wb
=14
o
C. At thewet-bulbtemperatureof 14
o
C thevapor pressure
andenthalpyof vaporizationfromsaturationtablebecome =1.610kPaand
=
2 fg
i
2468.3kJ /kg
0100 . 0
610 . 1 6219 . 0
6219 . 0
2
*
=

= =
v
p
W
kg water per kg dry air
0100 . 0
610 . 1 3 . 101
6219 . 0
2
2
2

v
s
p p
W
0067 . 0
3 . 2468 0100 . 0 ) 22 14 ( 005 . 1
) (
*
* *
1
*
2
1
2 2
=
+
=
+
=
fg s p
i W T T c
W
a
72 . 58 7 . 2541
*
1
1

w v
i i
kg water per kg dry air
% 4 . 40 or 404 . 0
3 . 101 0067 . 0
=

= =
WP
| % 4 . 40 or 404 . 0
) 0067 . 0 622 . 0 ( 671 . 2 ) 622 . 0 ( + +W P
sat
|
The enthalpy of air per unit mass of dry air is combination of the summation the
enthalpiesof thedryair anditsmoisturecontent enthalpies of the dry air and its moisture content
1 . 39 7 . 2541 0067 . 0 22 005 . 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
= + = + = + =
v p v da
i W T c i W i i
kJ /kg dry air
Psychrometric Chart
Air conditions can be quickly characterized by using a special graph called a
psychrometric chart. Properties on the chart include dry-bulb and wet-bulb
temperatures, relative humidity, humidity ratio, specific volume, dew point
temperature andenthalpy temperature, and enthalpy
Psychrometric Chart Psychrometric Chart
Only two properties are needed to characterize Only two properties are needed to characterize
air because the point of intersection of any two
property lines defines the state-point of air on a
psychrometric chart.
Once this point is located on the chart, the other
air properties can be read directly.
properties at 29.92 in. Hg. (standard)
h i b f d i h atmospheric pressure can be found using the
psychrometric chart for Sea Level.
Repeating the example using the Psychometric Chart
Human Thermal Comfort Human Thermal Comfort
Environmental Thermal Comfort: Environmental Thermal Comfort:
Temperature, Humidity, Air Movement and
Surrounding Surface Temperature Surrounding Surface Temperature
Individual Conditions
Clothing Age Gender and Individuals Clothing, Age, Gender, and Individuals
Metabolic Activity
Individual factors effecting
thermal comfort
Humanbodymetabolicactivityresultsinheat that Human body metabolic activity results in heat that
must be continuously dissipated and regulated to
maintain normal body temperatures
Insufficient heat loss results in feeling too hot, and
excessive heat loss results in complaining it is too
cold.
An adult while resting produces about 350 Btu/h (100
W) of heat
For a resting person, the body heat loss is about 18.4
Bt /h ft
2
(58W/
2
50k l/h
2
) di ll d1 Btu/h ft
2
(58 W/m
2
or 50 kcal/h m
2
) and is called 1
met
Met Values for Various activities
Activity Btu/hft
2
W/m
2
met
Resting
Sleeping 13 40 0.7
Reclining 15 45 0.8
Seated, quiet 18 60 1
Standing, relaxed 22 70 1.2
Walking (on level surface)
2.9 fps (2 mph), 3.2 km/h (0.9 m/s) 37 115 2
4.4 fps (3 mph), 4.3 km/h (1.2 m/s) 48 150 2.6
5.9 fps (4 mph), 6.4 km/h (1.8 m/s) 70 220 3.8
Office Activities
Reading, seated 18 55 1
Writing 18 60 1
Typing 20 65 1.1
Filing, seated 22 70 1.2
Fili di 26 80 14 Filing, standing 26 80 1.4
Walking about 31 100 1.7
Lifting/packing 39 120 2.1
Driving/Flying
Car 18 to 37 60 to 115 1.0 to 2.0
Aircraft, routine 22 70 1.2
Aircraft, instrument landing 33 105 1.8
Aircraft combat 44 140 24 Aircraft, combat 44 140 2.4
Heavy vehicle 59 185 3.2
Miscellaneous Occupational Activities
Cooking 29 to 37 95 to 115 1.6 to 2.0
Housecleaning 37 to 63 115 to 200 2.0 to 3.4
Seated, heavy limb movement 41 130 2.2
Machine work
sawing(tablesaw) 33 105 18 sawing (table saw) 33 105 1.8
light (electrical industry) 37 to 44 115 to 140 2.0 to 2.4
heavy 74 235 4
Handling 110 lb bags 74 235 4
Pick and shovel work 74 to 88 235 to 280 4.0 to 4.8
Miscellaneous Leisure Activities
Dancing, social 44 to 81 140 to 255 2.4 to 4.4
Calisthenics/exercise 55to74 175to235 30to40 Calisthenics/exercise 55 to 74 175 to 235 3.0 to 4.0
Tennis, singles 66 to 74 210 to 270 3.6 to 4.0
Basketball 90 to 140 290 to 440 5.0 to 7.6
Wrestling, competitive 130 to 160 410 to 550 7.0 to 8.7
Types of Heat Loss Types of Heat Loss
Sensible Sensible
The sensible heat loss is proportion to the
temperature difference between skin and temperature difference between skin and
surrounding
Latent Latent
The latent heat loss is proportion to the rate of
moisture loss fromskin and breathing also moisture loss from skin and breathing also,
relative humidity of environment
Effect of Clothing
The heat loss from body can be reduced
by wearing clothing with higher thermal by wearing clothing with higher thermal
resistance
Clothing insulating value is expressed in Clothing insulating value is expressed in
terms of clo unit,1 clo=0.888 (
0
F-ft
2
-h)/BTU
[0 155 (m
2 o
C/W)] [0.155 (m
2
-
o
C/W)]
A heavy two-piece business suit with
i h i l ti l f accessories has an insulation value of
about 1 clo
clo values
Clothing Ensemble Description , in clo
Walking shorts, short-sleeved shirt 0.36
Trousers, short-sleeved shirt 0.57
T l l d hi 061
cl
I
Trousers, long-sleeved shirt 0.61
Same as above, plus suit jacket 0.96
Same as above, plus vest and T-shirt 1.14
Trousers, long-sleeved shirt, long-sleeved sweater, T-shirt 1.01
Same as above, plus suit jacket and long underwear bottoms 1.3
Sweatpants, sweat shirt 0.74
Long-sleeved pajama top, long pajama trousers, short 3/4 sleeved robe, slippers (no socks) 0.96
Knee-length skirt, short-sleeved shirt, panty hose, sandals 0.54
Knee-length skirt, long-sleeved shirt, full slip, panty hose 0.67
Knee-length skirt, long-sleeved shirt, half slip, panty hose, long-sleeved sweater 1.1
Same as above, replace sweater with suit jacket 1.04
Ankle-lengthskirt long-sleevedshirt suit jacket pantyhose 11 Ankle-length skirt, long-sleeved shirt, suit jacket, panty hose 1.1
Long-sleeved coveralls, T-shirt 0.72
Overalls, long-sleeved shirt, T-shirt 0.89
Insulated coveralls, long-sleeved thermal underwear, long underwear bottoms 1.37
All clothing ensembles include shoes and briefs or panties
Environmental Factors
Affecting Human Comfort
Air Draft
Typically, air velocity within an occupied space is usually
ll 0<V<100ft/ i 0<V<05 / b t it ff t th l small 0<V<100 ft/min or 0<V<0.5 m/s, but it affects thermal
sensation.
Air motion (draft) over skin increases removal of skin
moisture and (increase in latent heat loss from body), also
increases the heat transfer coefficient between skin and
surroundingair (increaseinsensibleheat lossfrombody) surrounding air (increase in sensible heat loss from body).
Values of convective heat transfer coefficient
between a clothed person and surrounding air
F f t th i l it h ld b k t l th 50 ft/ i (0 25 / ) For comfort the air velocity should be kept less than 50 ft/min (0.25 m/s)
Because velocity fluctuates, the mean value should be measured over a
suitable period, typically 3 min p , yp y
RadiationLoss
Radiation loss from occupants body to cold
surface (walls, fenestrations, sky, etc.) adds up
h l h l b i to the total heat loss by convection
The mean radiant temperature, T
mrt
, is used to
quantify the combined effect of convective and
radiative loss
4 4 4 4 4
1 1 2 2 3 3 mrt p p p p n n
T F T F T F T F T

= + + + +
3
1 1 2 2 3 3 mrt p p p p n
T F T F T F T F T

~ + + + +
RadiationLoss Radiation Loss
F
p
-
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
o
r
,

F
p
-
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
V
i
e
w

F
a
c
t
o
r
,

V
i
e
w

F
a
c
t
o
V
i. Horizontal rectangular surface on ceiling or floor
ii. Vertical rectangular surface on ceiling or floor
Measuring Radiative Mean Temperature
Vernon Globe Thermometer
0
rad conv
q q + =
4 4
( ) ( ) 0 A T T h A T T c +
4 4
( ) ( ) 0
g mrt cs g a
A T T h A T T co + =
4 4
( )
cs
mrt g g a
h
T T T T = +
g g
co
cs
h C V =
where in I-P system C=0.169, velocity is in
fpm and heat transfer coefficient is in
BTU/h ft
2 o
F I SI t C 13464 i BTU/hr ft
2 o
F. In SI system C=13.464, air
velocity is in m/s and heat transfer coefficient
is in W/m
2 o
C.
Radiative Mean Temperature
For I-P system
( )
4 8
4
1.039 10
mrt g g a
T T V T T = +
For SI system
( )
4 8
4
2.5 10
mrt g g a
T T V T T = +
Operative Temperature
Is the average of the mean radiant and ambient air temperatures,
weighted by their respective heat transfer coefficients
h T h T +
r rmt c a
o
r c
h T h T
T
h h
+
=
+
3
4
cl rmt r
T T A
h co
+
(
=
(
Radiative heat transfer coefficient
4
2
r
D
h
A
co =
(

r
A =the effective radiation area of body
D
A
=the human body area, about 1.8m
2
/
r D
A A
=as recommended by ASHRAE is 0.7 for a sitting person and 0.73 for standing one
Radiative heat transfer coefficient of 4.7 W/(m
2 o
C) or 0.83 Btu/(hr ft
2 o
F)
is a good estimation for most indoor conditions
Example: Determine the mean radiant and operative temperatures of a room in
which the air temperature is 21
o
C and the Vernon Globe Thermometer reading is
15
o
C Air velocityaroundtheglobethermometer is01m/s 15
o
C. Air velocity around the globe thermometer is 0.1 m/s.
Using the globe and air temperatures the mean radiative temperature becomes
( )
4 8
4
2.5 10 282.9 9.9 C
mrt g g a
T T V T T K = + = =
Assuming that clothing emissivity is close to one the radiative heat transfer
coefficient is 4.7 W/(m
2 o
C). Also convective heat transfer coefficient of 4 W/(m
2 o
C).
4.7 10.5 4.0 21
15.3 C
47 4
r rmt c a
o
h T h T
T
h h
+ +
= = =
+ + 4.7 4
r c
h h + +
Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort
An individuals sense of thermal comfort is primarily a result p y
of the bodys heat exchange with the environment
the thermal comfort is influenced by four environmental
f t i t t di t t t h idit d i factors; air temperature, radiant temperature, humidity and air
speed
other personal factors that influence the thermal comfort ot e peso a acto st at ue cet et e a co o t
include: age, gender, clothing, levels of activities, and a variety
of contextual and cultural factors
T i lif i ASHRAE S d d55h h bl To simplify it, ASHRAE Standard 55 has sets the acceptable
thermal environments as the ones in which 80% of occupants
feel thermally comfortable y
Thermal Comfort
Thermal Comfort
( 05clo) (1clo ) I T I T +
The following equations can be used to evaluate the maximum and
minimum of comfortable zones for different clothing:
min,1clo min,0.5clo
min,
( 0.5clo) (1clo )
0.5
cl
cl cl
I
I T I T
T
+
=
max,1clo max,0.5clo
max,
( 0.5clo) (1clo )
0.5
cl
cl cl
I
I T I T
T
+
=
Following equations can be used be used to adjust comfortable operative
temperature for physically active occupants:
,active ,sedentary
2.5(met-1.2)
o o
T T =
14(met 12) T T
in I-P
inSI
,active ,sedentary
1.4(met-1.2)
o o
T T =
in SI
The minimum and maximum temperature ranges for 0.5 clo and 1 clo, and relative
humidity of 50% based on ASHRAE Standard 55 are:
min,1clo
20.8 C T =
max,1clo
25 C T =
min,0.5clo
24.3 C T =
max,0.5clo
27.4 C T =
Determine the range of comfortable temperatures for occupants in an exercise room
wheretheaverageoccupant iswalkingbrisklyonatreadmill withspeedof 64km/h where the average occupant is walking briskly on a treadmill with speed of 6.4 km/h
(4 mph) and wearing a short and T-shirt.
The met value for a walking person at speed of 4mph is met=3.6. The clothing
insulation value for a walking short and T-shirt is I
cl
=0.36 clo. Using the
following equation yields:
min,1clo min,0.5clo
min,
( 0.5clo) (1clo )
05
cl
cl cl
I
I T I T
T
+
=
max,1clo max,0.5clo
max,
( 0.5clo) (1clo )
05
cl
cl cl
I
I T I T
T
+
=
0.5
0.5
min,0.36clo
25.3 C T =
max,0.36clo
28.1 C T =
Wh th t i i th i t l th t t li it d When the occupants exercising their met value the temperature limits reduces
accordingly
,active ,sedentary
1.4(met-1.2)
o o
T T =
min
21.9 C T =
max
24.7 C T =
Dynamic of Indoor Temperature and Humidity
The comfortable zone is relatively a large region
Th f li f ld h t i h t The feeling of coldness or hotness is somewhat
related to the outdoor condition
If h d i l ld f l If the outdoor is extremely cold an occupant feels
comfortable at a point next the left-hand-side of
thecomfortablezoneshowninthecomfortable the comfortable zone shown in the comfortable
zone graph
O ff ti t l h ti d li One effective way to lower heating and cooling
load is to control the indoor air based on the
outdoor air temperatureandhumidity outdoor air temperature and humidity
Indoor Humidity Level (low level limit)
ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 specifies no lower humidity
limit for thermal comfort
Low humidity can dry the skin and mucous surfaces and
lead to comfort complaints about dry respiratory track,
eyes, and skin, typically when the dew point is less than
32
o
F (0
o
C)
Therespiratoryillnessandabsenteeismincreaseinwinter The respiratory illness and absenteeism increase in winter
with decreasing humidity and found that any increase in
humidity from very low levels decreased absenteeism in y y
winter
ASHRAE Standard55-2004 recommends that the dew-
point temperature of occupied spaces not be less than 36F
Indoor Humidity Level (high level limit)
A high humidity environment results in results in
di f d i ki dl l h discomfort due to too moist skin and low latent heat
loss from skin
T t di f t th id f th To prevent warm discomfort on the warm side of the
comfort zone, it is recommended that the relative
humiditynot exceed60% humidity not exceed 60%
ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 specifies an upper
humidityratiolimit of 0012lb /lb
d i
(kgw/ kgdry humidity ratio limit of 0.012 lb
w
/lb
dry air
(kgw/ kg dry
air)
Air Speed Effects
Thecomfort zonesrepresentedinthecomfortablezonefigurecorresponds The comfort zones represented in the comfortable zone figure corresponds
to the air flow speeds not exceeding 40 ft/min (0.2 m/s)
In some cases higher air speed can be used to provide comfort if the indoor
temperatureishigher theupper limit of thermal comfort zone temperature is higher the upper limit of thermal comfort zone
The air speeds necessary to offset the temperature rise above the warm-
temperature limit are shown in the following graph
Classic Moist Air Processes
We will use the first law of thermodynamics to model various air conditioning processes.
1) Heating or Cooling of Moist Air
No loss or gain of moisture, i.e., humidity ratio remains constant. This process is along a
horizontal line in the psychromtricchart.
Q

1
da
m
i

2
da
m
i

2 1 d d
m i Q m i + =

Energy balance:
1
1
W
2
2 1
i
W W =
1
2
2 1 da da
m i Q m i +
Q

-tive for heating

+tive for cooling
1
2
For cooling temperature of heat exchanger surface must be above the dew point
temperature inlet and exit enthalpies can be determined from the psychrometric chart
g
p p p y
( )
1 2 da
Q m i i =

Heatingandcoolingof Moist Air Heating and cooling of Moist Air
Heatingandcoolingof Moist Air Heating and cooling of Moist Air
1 1
1 1 v a
i W i i + =
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
v a
v a
i W i i + =
or using the ideal gas law
pv pa p p a s
Wc c c T T c m q + = = where ) (
2 1

c
pa
=0.24 Btu/lbma-F or =1.0 kJ /kga-C, c
pv
=0.444 Btu/lbma-F or =1.86 kJ /kga-C,
and W is in the order of 0.01.
Then c
p
is about 0.244 Btu/lbma-F or 1.02 kJ /kga-C
Example: Air at 12
o
C (53.6
o
F) and 90%relative humidity enters a heating coil and
leavesthecoil at 40
o
C (104.
o
F). If theflowrateof air is1.5m
3
/s(3000CFM) determine
theheat transfer raterequired.
1
12 C and
db
T =
1
90% | =
1
31.87kJ /kg(12.9Btu/lbmda) i =
3
0817m/kgda v =
1
0.817m/kgda v =
1
0.0078kgw/kgda W =
3
15m/s V

Then the mass flow rate of dry air becomes:

3
1
1.5m/s
1.84kg/s
0.817m/kg
da
V
m
v
= = =

For point 2:
2 1
0.0078kgw/kgda and W W = =
2
40 C
db
T =
2
60.28 kJ / kgda i =
( )
184 6028 3187 5227kW Q

( )
1.84 60.28 31.87 52.27 kW Q = =
Thi h t i h t i h i th t lid This process on a psychmetric chart is shown in the next slide
Cooling and Dehumidifying of Moist Air
When moist air is cooled to a temperature below its dew point, some of the water
Vapor will condense and may leave the stream as shown in the following figure
q

i
m
a

i
m
a

q
1
1
W
i
2
2
W
i
1
2
w
m

1
2
w
w
i
The energy balance equation
Theconservationof massequationfor water
Combining these equations
1 2 da da w w
m i m i Q m i = + +

| |
( )

The conservation of mass equation for water

1 2 da da w
m W m W m = +

| |
1 2 1 2
( )
da w
Q m i i W W i =

Cooling and Dehumidifying of Moist Air

Cooling and Dehumidifying of Moist Air
Note that the cooling and dehumidifying process involves both sensible and latent
heat transfer; thesensibleheat transfer rateisassociatedwiththedecreaseindry bulb
temperature, and the latent heat transfer is associated with the decreasein humidity
ratio.
( )
3 2
and
s da
Q m i i =

( ) ( )
1 3 1 2 l da da fg
Q m i i m W W i = =

( )
The total heat transfer is summation of the sensible and latent heat transfer, i.e.,
Theenergyof thecondensateisneglected.
( )
1 2 s l da
Q Q Q m i i = + =


The energy of the condensate is neglected.
Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) can be obtained from the protractor in the upper left
hand side of the psychometric chart.
3 2
SHF
i i
3 2
1 2
SHF
i i
i i
=

Cooling and Dehumidifying of Moist Air

Example: Moist air at 80
o
F db and 67
o
F wb is cooled to 58
o
F db and 80%
relative humidity. The volume flow rate is 2000 cfm, and the condensate leaves
at 60
o
F Findtheheat transfer rate at 60 F. Find the heat transfer rate.
From the psychrometric chart we get: v
1
=13.88 ft3/lbma, i
1
=31.4 Btu/lbma,
W
1
=0.0112 lbmv/lbma, i
2
=22.8 Btu/lbma, W
2
=0.0082 lbmv/lbma.
2000(60)
8646lbma/hr
1388
da
m = =

i
w
=28.08 Btu/lbmw (from thermo tables).
| |
13.88
Then
8646 (314 228) (00112 00082)288 q =

| |
| |
8646 (31.4 22.8) (0.0112 0.0082)28.8
8646 8.6 0.084
q
q
=
=

Note that the last term, the energy of the condensate, is very small (can be neglected)
tons 2 . 6 Btu/hr 356 , 74 = = q

1
22
SensibleHeat Factor (SHF) Sensible Heat Factor (SHF)
The Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) is defined as ( )
This parameter is shown on the semicircular scale in
q q SHF
s

/ =
p
the Psychrometric chart
The SHF can be positive or negative
For the previous example the SHF is positive
In a situation where air is being cooled sensibly but
l l t t h t i i t th SHF ill b a large latent heat gain is present, the SHF will be
negative if the absolute value of the latent heat is
greater than that of sensible heat g
Adiabatic Mixing of Two Streams of Moist Air
The mixing of airstreams are quite common in air-conditioning systems.
The following figure show mixing of two airstreams.
3
3
da
m
i
W

1
1
1
da
m
i
W

3
W
1
1
2
x
2 2 2
, ,
da
m i W

The conservation of mass and energy for the system shown are:
Themassbalanceequationfor themoistureinair is:
1 2 3
and
da da da
m m m + =

11 2 2 3 3 da da da
m i m i m i + =

The mass balance equation for the moisture in air is:
1 1 2 2 3 3 da da da
m W m W m W + =

Adiabatic Mixing of Two Streams of Moist Air
Adiabatic Mixing of Two Streams of Moist Air
Combining the equations given in the previous slide by eliminating exit mass flow rate gives:
2 3 2 3 1
3 1 3 1 2
da
da
i i W W m
i i W W m

= =

Using the Psychrometric graph and equation shown in the previous slide we
can come up with the ratio mass flow rates as ratios of line segments:
1 1 2
32 32 13
and
da da da
m m m

The enthalpy and humidity ratio at point 3 can be calculated from the following
1 1 2
2 3 3
, and
13 12 12
da da da
da da da
m m m
= = =

equations:
1 1
1 2 1 2
2 2
3 3
1 1
and
1 1
da da
da da
da da
m m
i i W W
m m
i W
m m
+ +
= =



1 1
2 2
1 1
da da
da da
m m
+ +

Due to the linear scale of the dry bulb temperature scale in psychrometric chart and
proportionalityof linesegmentsthetemperaturedifferencedifferencescanbewrittenas proportionality of line segments the temperature difference differences can be written as,
2 3 1
3 1 2
da
da
T T m
T T m

Adiabatic Mixing of Two Streams of Moist Air

E l 2000 f f i t 100
o
F db d75
o
F bi i d ith1000 f f i t Example: 2000 cfm of air at 100
o
F db and 75
o
F wb is mixed with 1000 cfm of air at
60
o
F db and 50
o
F wb. Find the condition of the mixed stream.
Rewriting the equation for the ratios of enthalpy difference and humidity ratio
differences, i.e.,
( )
2 3 2 3 1 1
3 1 2 1
3 1 3 1 2 3
yields:
da da
da da
i i W W m m
W W W W
i i W W m m

= = = +



1
1000(60)
lb /h
V

Using the Psychrometric chart for properties at 1 and 2 we get:

1
1
1
2
1000(60)
4542lbma/hr
13.21
2000(60)
8332lbma/hr
da
V
m
v
V
m
= = =
= = =

( )
2
2
3
8332lbma/hr
14.4
8332
0.0054 0.013 0.0054 0.0103lbmv/lbma
4542 8332
da
m
v
W
= = =
(
= + =
(
+

( )
4542 8332
(
+

i
3
i
3
2
i
3
3
i
1
1
T
1
T
2
T
3
Heating and Humidifying Moist Air
The following figure shows a device for heating and humidifying
Heating medium
Q

1
i
m
a

2
i
m
a

g
1
1
W
2
2
W
i
1
2
w
i
m
x
2
w
i
Energy balance:
2 1
i m i m q i m
a w w a

= + +
2 1
W m m W m
a w a

= +
Mass balance on water:
Combining the above two equations by eliminating the mass flow rate of water
yields:
w
w
w
a
i
m
q
W W
i i
i
W W m
q
W W
i i
+ =

1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
or
) (
yields:
Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist
Air (Humidification Process) ( )
For adiabatic humidification of the moist air the governing conservation of water mass
becomes:
1 2 d d
m W m m W + =

1 2 da w da
m W m m W +
The conservation energy equation is:
1 2 da w w da
m i m i m i + =

Combining the above two equations yields, 1 2
1 2
w
i i i
i
W W W
A
= =
A
Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist
Air (Humidification Process) ( )
Example: Threethousandcubic feet per minutes of moist air at dry-bulbandwet-bulb
temperatures of 75F and 48F is to behumidified to afinal dew-point temperatureof
54F byadiabaticinjectionof saturatedsteamat 220F Determine: 54 F byadiabaticinjectionof saturatedsteamat 220 F. Determine:
a) Thefinal dry-bulbtemperatureandrelativehumidityof themoist air.
b) Massflowrateof water required.
For theinlet condition: 75 F and T
48F T
For the inlet condition:
1
75 F and
db
T =
1
48F
wb
T =
Form the Psychrometric chart:
1
0.001 lbw/ lbda, W =
1
19.09 BTU / lbda i =
3
135ft / lbma v =
54% | =
1
13.5 ft / lbma, v =
1
5.4% | =
The mass flow rate air then becomes:
1
3000 60
13333 lbma/ hr
13.5
da
V
m
v

= = =

Form the thermodynamic table for saturated water

@220
o w g
F
i i = = 1153.5 Btu/lbma
At point 2 the dew point temperature is 54
o
F corresponds to the relative humidity of 100%,
hi h i th h idit ti f i t 2 W 00089lb /lb d F th h lf i l which give the humidity ratio of point 2 as W
2
=0.0089 lbmw/lbmda. From the half circle
scale:
/ i W A A = 1153.5 Btu/lbma
( ) ( )
1909 00089 0001 i i W W i = + = + =
282Btu/lbma
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
19.09 0.0089 0.001
w
i i W W i + +
28.2 Btu/lbma
See the next slide for the results on a Psychometric chart
Heating and Humidifying Moist Air
Example: One m
3
/s of moist air at 14
o
C dry-bulb temperature and 20% relative
humidity enters a heater and humidifier. Sensible heating of the air is followed by
adiabatichumidificationasshowninthefollowingfigure. Themoist air leavesat 46
o
C
dry-bulbtemperatureandarelativehumidity of 30% Saturatedwater vapor at 100
o
C dry bulbtemperatureandarelativehumidity of 30%. Saturatedwater vapor at 100 C
isinjected. Determinetheheat transfer ratethroughtheheat coil andmassflowrateof
water vapor injected.
1
1
1
0.815
da
V
m
v
= = =

1.227 kgda/s
1
0.00197 kgw/ kgda
x
W W = =
2
95.77 kJ / kgda i =
2
0.01917 kgw/ kgda W =
2
2
2676.1 kJ / kgda
x
w
x
i i i
i
W W W
A
= = =
A
( ) ( )
9577 000197 001917 26761 4975kJ / kgda i i W W i = + = + =
( ) ( )
2 2
95.77 0.00197 0.01917 2676.1 49.75 kJ / kgda
x x w
i i W W i = + = + =
( ) ( )
1 1
1.227 49.75 19.07 37.63kW
da x
Q m i i = = =

( ) ( )
1227 001916 00019 127kgw/min m m W W = = =
( ) ( )
1 2
1.227 0.01916 0.0019 1.27kgw/min
w a x
m m W W = = =
1 2
w
i i i Q
i
W W W m
A
= = +
A

37.63
2676.1 4468 kJ / kgda
0021
i
W
A
= + =
A
1 2 da
W W W m A
0.021 W A
See the Psychometric chart in the next slide for details
Air Conditioning of an Occupied Space
Inanoccupiedspace peopleandequipment generateheat intheformof sensibleand In an occupied space, people and equipment generate heat, in the form of sensible and
latent heats, plus heat is gained from or loss to outdoor through building envelop.
The supplied to the occupied space must be at a condition to absorb sensible and latent heat
with the occupied space to make the indoor air comfortable for its occupants
1
n
s so si
i
Q q q
=
= +

1
n
l lo li
i
Q q q
=
= +

Air Conditioning of an Occupied Space
Thelatent heat gainfor eachindividual entity(person equipment etc) canbe The latent heat gain for each individual entity (person, equipment etc.) can be
expressed as:
li wi wi
q m i =
Total latent heat load ass mingnoinfiltrationis: Total latent heat load, assuming no infiltration is:
1 0
n n
l wo o wi wi wi wi
i i
Q m i m i m i
= =
= + =

h i f h i d b the conservation energy for the occupied space becomes:
1 2
or
da s l da
m i Q Q m i + + =


1 2
0
n
da s wi wi da
i
m i Q m i m i
=
+ + =

n
The moisture balance equation is:
1 2
0
n
da wi da
i
m W m m W
=
+ =

or
2 1
( ) and
n
da s wi i
m i i Q m i = +

2 1
( )
n
da wi
m W W m =

2 1
0
( )
da s wi i
i
Q
=

2 1
0
da wi
i=

Dividing the above two equations yields:

2 1 0
2 1
n
s wi i
i
n
wi
Q m i
i i i
W W W
m
=
+
A
= =
A

0
wi
i=

Instead of the above ratio use

0
SHF
s s
n
s l
s wi i
i
Q Q
Q Q
Q m i
=
= =
+
+

Example: Thesensiblerateof heat gainfor aspacefromoutdoor andindoor occupant
and equipment is 40,000Btu/hr. A rateof moisturegain of 15lbw/hr occurs fromthe
t Thi i t i d t t d t t 92F Th i d spaceoccupants. Thismoistureisassumedassaturatedwater vapor at 92F. Theindoor
air temperatureis at 77
o
F and50%relativehumidity. Theproperty of theexhaust air is
the same as that of indoor air. Moist air is introduced into the roomat a dry-bulb
temperature of 60F. Find the required relative humidity and volume flow rate of the p q y
supplyair.
Since the exhaust air property is the same as indoor are, hence the properties of exhaust
i air are:
2
77 F,
db
T =
2
50% PsychmetricChart =
2
64.2 F
wb
T =
293bt /lb i
2
0.0099lbmw/lbma W = 2
29.3btu/lbma i =
The moisture enthalpy for the saturated water vapor obtained from thermodynamics
tableis: table is:
o
saturatedat92 F
1101.26Btu/lbm
w g
i i = =
40000 15 110126
n
i i
q m i
i
+
A


0
0
40,000 15 1101.26
3768Btu/lbm
15
s wi i
i
n
wi
i
q m i
i
W
m
=
=
+
A +
= = =
A

40,000
SHF 0.71
40000 15 100126
s s
n
q q
= = = =
+ +


0
40,000 15 1001.26
s l
s wi i
i
q q
q m i
=
+ +
+

n
0
2 1
40,000 15 1001.26
9486lbma/hr
( ) 29.3 23.5
s wi i
i
a
q m i
m
i i
=
+
+
= = =

1 1
9486 13.33
2107CFM
60
a
V m v

= = =

60
This problem can be solved iteratively without use of the semicircle scale as shown in
theattachedspreadsheet the attached spreadsheet.
Air-to-Air Energy Recovery System Air to Air Energy Recovery System
ei
ei
i
W
T
eo
eo
i
W
T
ei
T
eo
T
si
i
W
so
i
W
si
si
W
T
so
so
W
T
The energy balance between the two streams yields:
( ) ( )
as ps si so ae pe eo ei
m c T T m c T T =

Heat Recovery Ventilation, HRV
(SensibleHeat RecoverySystems) (Sensible Heat Recovery Systems)
Only transfers sensible heat
The sensible effectiveness of a heat recovery ventilator is defined as
( ) ( )
as ps si so ae pe eo ei
m c T T m c T T =

( )
( )
( )
( )
,max min min
as ps si so ae pe eo ei
s
s
s si ei si ei
m c T T m c T T
Q
Q C T T C T T
c

= = =

( ) ( )
( )
min s
C
T T T T
c
The outlet temperature for both streams are calculated from
( )
min s
so si si ei
as ps
C
T T T T
m c
c
=

( )
i
C c
( )
min s
eo ei si ei
ae pe
C
T T T T
m c
= +

c
Energy Recovery Ventilation, ERV
(sensibleandlatent recoverysystems) (sensible and latent recovery systems)
( ) ( )
as fg si so ae fg eo ei
l
m i W W m i W W
q

c = = =

( ) ( )
,max ,min ,min
l
l a fg si ei a fg si ei
q m i W W m i W W
c = = =

The enthalpy of vaporization, i
fg
, can be eliminated from numerator and denominator
( ) ( )
as si so ae eo ei
w
m W W m W W
m

c = = =

fg
of the above to obtain what is known as moisture effectiveness
( ) ( )
,max ,min ,min
m
w a si ei a si ei
m m W W m W W
c = = =

The exit humidity ratios for both streams can then be calculated from
( )
,min
and
l a
so si si ei
as
m
W W W W
m
c
=

( )
,min l a
eo ei si ei
m
W W T T
m
= +

c
as
ae
m
Total effectiveness of an energy
recovery ventilator
( ) ( )
m i i m i i
q

( )
( )
( )
( )
,max ,min ,min
as si so ae eo ei
t
t
t a si ei a si ei
m i i m i i
q
q m i i m i i

c = = =

( )
,min
and
t a
so si si ei
m
i i i i
c
=

The leaving air enthalpies for both streams are:

( )
,min t a
eo ei si ei
m
i i i i = +

c
( )
as
m
( )
ae
m
Assuming the supply airstream has a high humidity level, the latent heat recovered is:
( )
i W W

( )
,min l l a fg si ei
q m i W W = c
The total energy recovered is:
( )
,min t t a si ei
q m i i =

c
Inlet supply air enters anERV withaflowrateof 10060CFM at 95F and50%relative
humidity. Inlet exhaust air enterswithaflowrateof 9620CFM at 77F and50%relative
humidity Assume that the sensible heat transfer effectiveness at 70% and the latent humidity. Assume that the sensible heat transfer effectiveness at 70% and the latent
(water vapor) transfer effectiveness at 60%. Assuming the specific heat of air is 0.24
Btu/lb-
o
F and thelatent heat of vaporization to be1100 Btu/lb, determinethesensible,
latent, andnet energygainedbytheexhaust air.
Form the psychometric chart the properties of supply air and the exhaust air at the inlet
of the ERV are:
42.4 Btu/lbma,
si
i = 0.0178 lbmw/lbma,
si
W =
3
14.37 ft /lbma
si
v =
293Btu/lbma i = 00099lbmw/lbma W =
3
1374ft /lbma v = 29.3 Btu/lbma,
ei
i = 0.0099 lbmw/lbma,
ei
W = 13.74 ft /lbma
ei
v =

The mass flow rate of supply and exhaust airstreams are

9620 V

10060
700 lbma/min
14.37
s
as
si
V
m
v
= = =
9620
700 lbma/min
13.74
e
ae
ei
V
m
v
= = =
and
A i t ti b ti i th t th l d h t i fl id ti l An interesting observation is that the supply and exhaust air mass flow are identical.
This indicates that there is no undesirable infiltration.
min
700 0.24 168Btu/min
e ae pe s as ps
C m c C m c C = = = = = =
The exit temperature of supply and exhaust air are:
min s
so si
C
T T
c
=
m c
( ) ( )
o
95 0.7 95 77 82.4 F
si ei
T T = =
as ps
m c
min s
eo ei
C
T T
c
= +
ae pe
m c
( ) ( )
o
77 0.7 95 77 89.6 F
si ei
T T = + =
ae pe
The exit humidity ratios for both streams are:
m c
,min l a
so si
m
W W
c
=
as
m
( ) ( )
0.0178 0.6 0.0178 0.0099 0.0131 lbmw/lbma
si ei
W W = =
i l
m c
,min l a
so si
m
W W
c
=
as
m
( ) ( )
0.0178 0.6 0.0178 0.0099 0.0131 lbmw/lbma
si ei
W W = =
( ) ( )
700 0.24 82.4 95 2166.8 Btu/min
s as ps so si
q m c T T = = =

The sensible heat loss by the supply air is:
( ) ( )
700 0.24 82.4 95 2166.8 Btu/min
s as ps so si
Q m c T T = = =

The latent heat gain by the supply air is: g y ppy
( ) ( )
700 1100 0.0131 0.0178 3619 Btu/min
l as fg so si
Q m i W W = = =

Total heat loss from the supply air, based on the summation of sensible and
latent heats is:

2166.8 3619 5735.8 Btu/min
s l
Q Q Q = + = =
Based on the enthalpy change is:
( ) ( )
700 34.2 42.4 5740 Btu/min
as so si
Q m i i = = =

Close to the summation of recovered sensible and latent heats!
The Complete Air Conditioning Process
An air conditioned zone is to be maintained at 77
o
F and 50% relative humidity. The sensible y
and latent cooling loads of the space are 30,000 and 15,000 Btu/hr, respectively. To maintain
appropriate indoor air quality 400 CFM of out door air is required. The outdoor temperature
is at 92
o
F with 60% relative humidity. Assume that the supplied air is 20
o
F lower than that of
i diti d t t Th h t d i df h i th h air conditioned zone temperature. The exhausted air and fresh air go through an energy
recovery ventilator with sensible and latent effectiveness of 60%. Determine: a) the amount
of supplied air to the air conditioned zone, b) the capacity of cooling and dehumidification
unit with the ERV , c) the total cooling requirement of unit without the ERV ) g q
Given properties at point 0 are:
o
0
92 F,
db
T =
0
60% =
F th h t i h t th th ti From the psychometric chart the other properties are:
0
43.5 Btu/lbm, i =
0
0.0195 lbmw/lbma, W =
3
0
14.29 ft /lbm v =
Thepropertiesof air at thereturnduct arethesameasthat of theair conditionedspace The properties of air at the return duct are the same as that of the air conditioned space,
i.e., at point 5
o
5
77 F
db
T =
5
50% =
o
5
64.2 F,
wb
T =
5
29.3 Btu/lbm, i =
5
0.0099 lbmw/lbma, W =
3
5
13.70 ft /lbm v =
The sensible heat factor of the air condition space, based on the give load is:
30,000
SHF 0.67
30,000 15,000
s
s l
q
q q
= = =
+ +

Theenergybalanceequationfor theair conditionedspaceis: The energy balance equation for the air conditioned space is:
4 4 5 5 a s l a
m i Q Q m i + + =


4 5 a a
m m =

Noair infiltrationor ex filtrationtotheair conditionedzone 4 5 a a No air infiltration or ex-filtration to the air conditioned zone
4
5 4
s l
a
Q Q
m
i i
+
=

5
53 F,
wb
T =
4
22 Btu/lbm, i =
3
4
13.18 ft /lbm, v =
4
0.0076lbmw/lbma, W =
4
77% =
The mass flow rate of air coming into the air conditioned room becomes,
4
30,000 15,000
6164 lbma/hr
29.3 22
a
m
+
= =

The volume flow rate of air is:

4 4 4
6164 13.18
1354CFM
60
a
V m v

= = =

60
The conservation of mass at the TEE section of the return duct is
m m m m m m +

6 1 2 3 4 5 a a a a a a
m m m m m m + = = = =
The mass flow rate of outdoor air going through the energy recovery ventilator is:
0
1 0
0
400 60
1680 lbma/hr
14.29
a a
V
m m
v

= = = =

The mass of re-circulated air is:
6164 1680 4810lb /h d

6 2 1
6164 1680 4810 lbma/hr and
a a a
m m m = = =

The mass flow rate of the exhaust and supply air are identical, hence the heat capacities
of bothairstreamsareidentical i e of both airstreams are identical, i.e,
0 7 7 7 min
1680 0.24 403.2Btu/hr =
ao po a p
C m c C m c C = = = = =
min
1 0
s
C
T T
c
=
0 0
m c

( ) ( )
o
92 0.6 92 77 83 F
si ei
T T = =
0 0 a p
m c
min
8 7
s
C
T T
c
= +
( ) ( )
o
0 7
77 0.6 92 77 86 F T T = + =
8 7
7 7 p
m c

( ) ( )
0 7
This exit temperature is 6
o
F less than the outdoor temperature, p p ,
while if the energy recovery ventilator was not used the
temperature difference would have been 15
o
F.
Similarly, the exit humidity ratios are
min l a
m c
( ) ( )
,min
1 0
l a
W W =
0
m
( ) ( )
0 7
0.0195 0.6 0.0195 0.0099 0.0137 lbmw/lbma W W = =
,min
8 7
l a
m
W W
c
= +

( ) ( )
0 7
0.0099 0.6 0.0195 0.0099 0.0157lbmw/lbma W W = + =
8 7
W W +
7 a
m
( ) ( )
0 7
0.0099 0.6 0.0195 0.0099 0.0157 lbmw/lbma W W +
From the psychometric chart
Airstreams 1 and 6 are mixed to produce airstream 2 (adiabatic mixing, as shown in the
figure of next slide)
6 2 6 2 1
2 1 2 1 6
a
a
i i W W m
i i W W m

= =

1
6 1
6
2
1680
29.3 35
4810
30.8Btu/lbma
1680
a
a
m
i i
m
i
+
+
= = =

2
1
6
30.8 Btu/lbma
1680
1 1
4810
a
a
i
m
m
+ +

1680
m
1
6 1
6
2
1
1680
0.0099 0.0137
4810
0.0109 lbmw/lbma
1680
1 1
4810
a
a
a
m
W W
m
W
m
+
+
= = =
+ +

6
4810
a
m
From the Psychometric chart the properties other points are:
o
2
78.6 F,
db
T =
o
2
66.2 F,
wb
T =
2
52% =
Assuming:
3 4
22Btu/lbma and i i = =
3 4
0.0076 lbmw/lbma W W = =
Connecting points 2 and 3 on the psychometric chart and drawing a parallel line on the
SHF scale we get SHF=0.6
The total heat removed from air by the cooling and dehumidifying unit is:
( ) ( )
2 3 2
6164 22 30.8 54243 Btu/hr 4.5 tons
c a
Q m i i = = = =

The sensible and latent heat removed are:
SHF 0.6 ( 54243) 32546 Btu/hr
s c
Q Q = = =


54243 32546 21697 Btu/hr
l c s
Q Q Q = = + =

The amount of water removed from air by the unit is
( ) ( )
2 3 2
6164 0.0076 0.0109 20.34 lbmw/hr
w a
m m W W = = =

What happens if we dont use an ERV unit?
If the there was no ERV unit then the properties or air at point 1 would be the same as
that of outdoor and the mixing process results in enthalpy and humidity ratio of point 2
as
1
6 0
1680
29.3 43.5
4810
a
m
i i
m
+
+

6
2
1
6
4810
33.0 Btu/lbma
1680
1 1
3553
a
a
a
m
i
m
m
= = =
+ +

1
6 1
6
2
1680
0.0099 0.0195
3553
0.0124 lbmw/lbma
1680
a
a
m
W W
m
W
m
+
+
= = =

2
1
6
1680
1 1
3553
a
a
m
m
+ +

FromthePsychometricChart
o
808 F T =
o
689 F T =
2
55% =
From the Psychometric Chart
2
80.8 F,
db
T =
2
68.9 F,
wb
T =
2
55%
( ) ( )
2 3 2
6164 22 33 67800 Btu/ hr 5.7 tons
c a
q m i i = = = =

A 25% increase in cooling requirement when energy recovery ventilator is not used