SUN, WIND, & LIGHT

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STRATEGIES 3rd edition

Mark DeKay

Architect GreenVision Studio University of Tennessee

Knight Professor Department of Architecture University of Oregon

G. Z. Brown

2013 John Wiley & Sons

ii

SWL Printed Contents

detailed*

SWL Binder Contents SWL Printed Contents, abbreviated SWL Electronic Contents, abbreviated  Preface 

XX XX XX XX

S2 ENERGY-CONSCIOUS OCCUPANT BEHAVIORS reduce peak heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting loads. 

XX

IntroductionXX

S3 Form and organize buildings and open spaces to create RESOURCE-RICH ENVIRONMENTS that provide livable outdoor space and access to site resources. XX NAVIGATION: SWL Printed Contents, detailed 41 S4 Integrating climate and use variables yields opportunities for SPATIAL ZONING according to "best-fit" passive design strategies. XX S5 A building designed for THERMAL SAILING uses thermal storage and a responsive envelope that exploit changing patterns of sun, wind and light to regulate comfort and energy use.  XX S6 MULTIVALENT DESIGN combines two or more functions within a single building element.  XX

Part I NAVIGATION
Alphabetical Contents of synergies, bundles, strategies and techniques  SWL Printed Contents, detailed SWL Electronic Contents, detailed  Navigation Matrix, by scale and energy topic Design Strategy Maps Navigation by Climate XX XX XX XX XX XX

Part II USING SUN, WIND & LIGHT

Buildings and Energy Use XX Design Decision Charts for net-zero and netpositive buildings XX

S7 When all available load reduction strategies and their controls have been exploited, meet the remaining load with an ACTIVE TAILORED SYSTEM that fits the load characteristics. XX

Part III SYNERGIES

xx

S1 View CLIMATE AS A RESOURCE for load reduction and power generation. XX

* All of the SWL Printed material is also included in electronic format in SWL Electronic + See also Part IX Detailed Analysis Techniques in SWL Electronic. ++ See also Part VIII Detailed Design Strategies in SWL Electronic.

Part IV BUNDLES
Bundles Explained Selecting Bundles and Making Your Own Some Fundamantal Bundles: XX XX

Part V FAVORITE DESIGN TOOLS, condensed

A Building Groups Scale

XX

B1 A NEIGHBORHOOD OF LIGHT configures urban fabric in response to climate to provide daylight access for all buildings and the spaces between. [daylighting]XX B2 A COOLING NEIGHBORHOOD configures urban fabric in response to climate to promote passive cooling for all buildings and the spaces between. [cooling]XX B3 A SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD configures urban fabric in response to climate to promote the use of solar power and heating of all buildings and the spaces between. [heating] XX B4 INTEGRATED URBAN PATTERNS of streets and blocks can be organized to integrate concerns for light, sun, and shade according to the priorities of the climate. [heating, cooling, and daylighting]  XX B5 A DAYLIGHT BUILDING is organized to light itself with the sky using a family of strategies fit to place and purpose. [daylighting] XX B6 A PASSIVELY COOLED BUILDING is organized to cool itself with site resources using a family of strategies fit to place and purpose. [cooling] XX B7 A PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING is organized to heat itself with the sun using a family of strategies fit to place and purpose. [heating]

14 DAYLIGHT SPACING ANGLES set the criteria to assure adequate daylight access to buildings and determine the daylight envelope. Excerpted from daylight envelopes [daylighting]. XX 20 BUILDING SPACING FOR SOLAR ACCESS sets criteria for insuring winter solar gain to building rows spaced in the north-south direction. [heating]. Excerpted from east - west elongated building groups Xxx B Buildings Scale 54 The NIGHT VENTILATION POTENTIALS MAP shows the months for which night ventilation of thermal mass is likely to provide cooling. [cooling] Excerpted from night - cooled mass Xxx 57 The DAYLIGHT UNIFORMITY RULE helps determine room proportions to maintain a minimum level of illumination and an even distribution of light. [daylighting] Excerpted from sidelight room depth Xxx C Building Parts Scale 74 INSULATION RECOMMENDATIONS insure that heat flow through the envelope is small enough that passive strategies will be effective. [heating and cooling]. Excerpted from skin thickness Xxx 75 The SIZING DIRECT THERMAL STORAGE nomograph helps fit thermal storage area, type and thickness to the building's passive solar target. [heating]. Excerpted from thermal mass Xxx 84 PASSIVE SOLAR GLAZING AREA recommendations match glazing size to predicted solar savings fraction [heating]. Excerpted from solar apertures Xxx

NAVIGATION: SWL Printed Contents, Detailed

XX

B8 Comfortable OUTDOOR MICROCLIMATES adjacent to buildings use a family of strategies fit to place and outdoor use. [heating and cooling] XX B9 A RESPONSIVE ENVELOPE regulates comfort and energy use by adapting to changing patterns of sun, light, and air movement. [cooling, heating, lighting, ventilation and power] XX

42

85 Use the graphs for SIZING WINDOWS FOR DAYLIGHTING to match daylight aperture size to the room's floor area and its target design daylight factor. [daylighting] Excerpted from daylight apertures Xxx 86 The tools for SIZING CROSS & STACKVENTILATION openings help define architectural characteristics that meet the building's cooling load. [cooling and ventilation]. Excerpted from ventilation apertures  Xxx 106 GLAZING RECOMMENDATIONS help select windows for daylighting, winter solar gain, and summer heat rejection. [heating, cooling, and daylighting]. Excerpted from window and glass types  xxx

B Buildings Scale
24 MIGRATION: Rooms and courts can be zoned so that activities can take place in cooler areas during warm periods and warmer areas during cool periods of the day or season. [heating and cooling]  XXX 26 Rooms can be grouped into COOLING ZONES based on similar cooling requirements, facilitating the use of the same cooling strategies at the same time. [cooling and ventilation] 28 Rooms can be organized into HEATING ZONES based on their needs for heating and whether or not they can make use of internal heat sources. [heating] 

XX

XX

Part VI FAVORITE DESIGN STRATEGIES, condensed Unbuilt

XX

29 BUFFER ZONES locate rooms that can tolerate temperature swings between protected rooms and undesired heat or cold, and can temper fresh ventilation air before it enters the occupied space. [heating and cooling]  XXX 30 PERMEABLE BUILDINGS combine open plans and sections for cross-ventilation, stack-ventilation, or both. [cooling] 

A24 The BIOCLIMATIC CHART, identifies potential passive solar heating and cooling strategies appropriate to the building's climate. 

XXX

A Building Groups Scale

3 Favorable TOPOGRAPHIC MICROCLIMATES can be used to locate building groups. [heating and cooling]  XXX 7 LOOSE URBAN PATTERNS maximize cooling breezes in hot climates, while DENSE URBAN PATTERNS minimize winter winds in heating climates. [heating and cooling] 

33 An ATRIUM BUILDING with a glazed or unglazed light court within can provide light to surrounding interior rooms. [daylighting]

XXX

35 THIN PLAN room arrangements will have daylight available for each space. [day lighting] XXX 37 DEEP SUN in thick buildings depends on effective pathways organized in plan and section. [heating] 

XXX

XXX

41 DAYLIGHT ZONES arrange rooms so that activities that need higher lighting levels are near windows, while activities that need less light are farther from daylight sources. [daylighting]  XXX

43

NAVIGATION: SWL Printed Contents, Detailed

A14 ENERGY PROGRAMMING groups together spaces with similar heating, cooling, ventilation or lighting requirements to increase the efficiency of passive and active strategies. XXX

XXX

32 LOCATING OUTDOOR ROOMS in relation to sun and wind can extend the seasons of outdoor comfort. [heating and cooling]  XXX

43 ROOMS FACING the SUN and WIND increase the effectiveness of solar heating and crossventilation. [heating and cooling] 

XXX

78 Orient PHOTOVOLTAIC WALLS and ROOFS to collect sun and make them large enough to meet the building's electric load. [power]  79 SOLAR HOT WATER systems require roofs that are large enough as well as sloped and oriented to collect sun. [power]  91 An EXTERNAL SHADING layer outside the windowcan shade the galzing and reduce solar heat gain. [cooling]

XXX

44 Air flow through CROSS-VENTILATION ROOMS is increased by open plans and uninterrupted pathways between windward inlets and leeward outlets. [cooling]  XXX 46 EVAPORATIVE COOLING TOWERS can supply cool air to rooms without the use of fans or wind. [cooling]  48 DIRECT GAIN ROOMS are open to collect the sun and can store heat within a space. [heating]  49 SUNSPACES can be used to collect the sun's heat, store it centrally, and distribute it to other rooms. [heating] 

XXX

XXX

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PART VII HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS  XX

P1 ENERGY TARGETS set goals to reduce fossil fuel consumption relative to benchmarks for the building's type and climate.  XXX P2 ANNUAL ENERGY USE can be estimated to understand the energy and cost impacts of passive strategies.

XXX

XXX

53 Air flow though STACK VENTILATION ROOMS is increased by open sections and unrestricted pathways between low inlets and high outlets. [cooling]  XXX 54 NIGHT COOLED MASS uses thermal storage to absorb heat from a room during the day and then cools the mass at night with ventilation. [cooling]  XXX

XXX

P3 Buildings with NET ZERO ENERGY BALANCE produce annually renewable energy equal to the building's annual loads not met by passive design.XXX P4 Estimate the building's ENERGY USE INTENSITY (EUI) to compare its energy use to the energy target.  P5 EMISSIONS TARGETS set goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel consumption, relative to benchmarks for building's type and climate. P6 CARBON NEUTRAL BUILDINGS use no greenhouse gas emitting energy to operate. Calculate the building's carbon use intensity (CUI) and compare its performance to the building's emission target.

XXX

C Building Parts Scale

60 MASS ARRANGEMENT can be optimized for solar heating, passive cooling or both. Thermal mass can be located in rooms where sun is collected, in adjacent rooms or outside of rooms, remotely. [heating and cooling] XXX 63 A LAYER OF SHADES overhead can protect the courtyard and building from high sun, while vertical shades can protect from low sun. [cooling]  XXX 69 VENTILATION OPENINGS ARRANGEMENT can be optimized to increase the rate of cross-ventilation in a room and to move air across occupants, increasing their rate of cooling. [cooling and ventilation]  XXX 44

XXX

XXX

PART VIII DETAILED DESIGN STRATEGIES  XX See SWL Electronic contents. PART IX DETAILED ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES  XX See SWL Electronic contents. Appendicesxxx
A B C Abbreviations and Unit Conversions Glossary Bibliography, SWL Printed only XXX XXX XXX

Indicesxxx
Subject Designers and Precedents Design Tools XXX XXX XXX

45

Part I NAVIGATION
See SWL Printed contents.

Part II USING SUN, WIND & LIGHT

See SWL Printed contents. NAVIGATION: SWL Electronic Contents, Detailed

Part III SYNERGIES

See SWL Printed contents.

Part IV BUNDLES
See SWL Printed. See also list by levels in Part VIII.

Part V FAVORITE DESIGN TOOLS, condensed

See SWL Printed contents.

Part VI FAVORITE DESIGN STRATEGIES, condensed

See SWL Printed contents.

Part VII HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS

See SWL Printed contents.

Part VIII DETAILED DESIGN STRATEGIES

Includes Bundles in the sequence of levels.

46

SWL Electronic Contents

detailed*

Level 9: n e i g h b o r h o o d s

viii.A

Building Groups ScaleXX

BUNDLES Located in SWL Printed

B1 A NEIGHBORHOOD OF LIGHT configures urban fabric in response to climate to provide daylight access for all buildings and the spaces between. [daylighting]XX B2 A COOLING NEIGHBORHOOD configures urban fabric in response to climate to promote passive cooling for all buildings and the spaces between. [cooling] B3 A SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD configures urban fabric in response to climate to promote the use of solar power and heating of all buildings and the spaces between. [heating]

Level 8: u r b a n f a b r i c
STREETS, OPEN SPACES, AND BUILDINGS: Radial Organizations 1 NAVIGATION: SWL Electronic Contents, Detailed 47 CONVERGING VENTILATION CORRIDORS of streets or open space can take advantage of cool air drainage and night thermal currents. [cooling and ventilation]  Compact Organizations 2 SHARED SHADE: Buildings can be arranged to shade each other and adjacent exterior spaces. [cooling]  XXX Orientation and Location 3 Favorable TOPOGRAPHIC MICROCLIMATES can be used to locate building groups. [heating and cooling]  XXX Shape, Size and Type 4 Design for DAYLIGHT DENSITY by configuring streets, blocks and building massing to support light to each building. [daylighting] XXX

XXX

XX

XX

B4 INTEGRATED URBAN PATTERNS of streets and blocks can be oriented and sized to integrate concerns for light, sun and shade according to the priorities of the climate. [heating, cooling and daylighting]  XX

* All of the SWL Printed material is also included in electronic format

in SWL Electronic.

Shape and Orientation 5 CLIMATIC ENVELOPES organize urban building mass as the intersection of volumes for protecting access to light and winter sun and/or summer shade. [heating, cooling and daylighting] XXX STREETS AND BUILDINGS: Thin Organizations 6 GLAZED STREETS provide light to each building organized to face them. [daylighting] XXX Dispersed and Compact Organizations 7 LOOSE URBAN PATTERNS maximize cooling breezes in hot climates, while DENSE URBAN PATTERNS minimize winter winds in heating climates. [heating and cooling]  Shape and Orientation 8 GRADUAL HEIGHT TRANSITIONS of building groups, sloped in the direction of prevailing winds, minimize wind movement in streets. [heating]  OPEN SPACES AND BUILDINGS: Interwoven Organizations NAVIGATION: SWL Electronic Contents, Detailed 9 Organizations of INTERWOVEN BUILDINGS and PLANTING can be used to reduce the ambient air temperature. [cooling] 

Level 7: u r b a n e l e m e n t s
STREETS, OPEN SPACES, AND BUILDINGS: Size and Type 13 DAYLIGHT BLOCKS can be enlarged to support taller daylight buildings, more interior daylight or darker skies [daylighting]. XXX Shape and Orientation 14 DAYLIGHT ENVELOPES can be used to shape and space buildings to assure adequate daylight access to the street and adjacent buildings. [daylighting]  XXX 15 SOLAR ENVELOPES can be used to insure access to the sun. [heating and power]  XXX XXX 16 The SHADOW UMBRELLA organizes building mass and elements to shade open space. [cooling]

XXX

XXX

17 BREEZY or CALM STREETS oriented to the prevailing wind maximize wind movement in urban environments and increase the access of buildings to cross-ventilation. [cooling]  XXX 18 TALL BUILDING CURRENTS can be guided by building shape to create favorable street and open space microclimates. [heating and cooling] 

XXX

XXX

10 Organizations of INTERWOVEN BUILDINGS and WATER can be used to reduce the ambient air temperature. [cooling]  XXX Shape and Orientation 11 WINTER COURTS that are sunny and windprotected can be formed by the location and arrangement of buildings. [heating] 

OPEN SPACES AND BUILDINGS: Dispersed Organizations 19 DISPERSED BUILDINGS with continuous and wide open spaces preserve each building's access to breezes. [cooling and ventilation]  XXX Elongated Organizations 20 EASTWEST ELONGATED BUILDING GROUPS spaced in the northsouth direction maximize solar gain while insuring solar access to each building. [heating]  XXX Edges 21 WINDBREAKS can be used to create edges that shelter buildings and open spaces. [heating and cooling] 

XXX

12 NEIGHBORHOOD SUNSHINE can be insured by appropriate configurations of buildings and open space, given a street orientation. [heating]  XXX

XXX

48

22 GREEN EDGES of irrigated vegetation can be formed to cool incoming breezes. [cooling]  XXX Layers 23 A layer of OVERHEAD SHADES can protect outdoor spaces and buildings from the high sun. [cooling] 

26 Rooms can be grouped into COOLING ZONES based on similar cooling requirements, facilitating the use of the same cooling strategies at the same time. [cooling and ventilation]XX 27 A MIXED MODE BUILDING is organized to make use of passive, active and hybrid space conditioning systems in different parts of the building and at different times of the day and year. [cooling and ventilation]  XXX 28 Rooms can be organized into HEATING ZONES based on their needs for heating and whether or not they can make use of internal heat sources. [heating] 

XXX

iiiv.B

Building Scale

XXX

Level 6: w h o l e b u i l d i n g s
B5 A DAYLIGHT BUILDING is organized to light itself with the sky using a family of strategies fit to place and purpose. [daylighting]

XX

B6 A PASSIVELY COOLED BUILDING is organized to cool itself with site resources using a family of strategies fit to place and purpose. [cooling] XX B7 A PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING is organized to heat itself with the sun using a family of strategies fit to place and purpose. [heating]

XX

XX

29 BUFFER ZONES locate rooms that can tolerate temperature swings between protected rooms and undesired heat or cold, and can temper fresh ventilation air before it enters the occupied space. [heating and cooling]  XXX Open Organizations 30 PERMEABLE BUILDINGS combine open plans and sections for cross-ventilation, stackventilation or both. [cooling and ventilation] XXX ROOMS AND COURTYARDS: Differential Organizations NAVIGATION: SWL Electronic Contents, Detailed 49

B8 Comfortable OUTDOOR MICROCLIMATES adjacent to buildings use a family of strategies fit to place and outdoor use. [heating and cooling] XX B12 A RESPONSIVE ENVELOPE regulates comfort and energy use by adapting to changing patterns of sun, light and air movement. [cooling, heating, lighting, ventilation and power]

XX

Level 5: r o o m o r g a n i z at i o n s
ROOMS AND COURTYARDS: Zoned Organizations 24 MIGRATION: Rooms and courts can be zoned so that activities can take place in cooler areas during warm periods and warmer areas during cool periods of the day or season. [heating and cooling]  XXX 25 PERIODIC TRANSFORMATIONS of space help the building adapt in response to changing environmental conditions. [heating, cooling and daylighting]

31 BORROWED DAYLIGHT is possible when small rooms are organized adjacent to larger or taller daylighted rooms. [daylighting]  XXX Location and Orientation 32 LOCATING OUTDOOR ROOMS in relation to sun and wind can extend the seasons of outdoor comfort. [heating and cooling]  XXX Shape and Enclosure 33 An ATRIUM BUILDING with a glazed or unglazed light court within can provide light to surrounding interior rooms. [daylighting] XXX ROOMS:

XXX

Compact Organizations 34 CLUSTERED ROOMS reduce skin area, thus heat loss and gain. [heating and cooling]  Thin Organizations 35 THIN PLAN room arrangements will have daylight available for each space. [daylighting] XXX

Level 4: t h e r o o m
ROOMS AND COURTYARDS: Orientation 43 ROOMS FACING the SUN and WIND increase the effectiveness of solar heating and cross-ventilation. [heating, cooling and ventilation]  Shape and Enclosure 44 Air flow through CROSS-VENTILATION ROOMS is increased by open plans and uninterrupted pathways between windward inlets and leeward outlets. [cooling and ventilation]  XXX 45 WIND CATCHERS can capture breezes above roof level for buildings whose windows have little access to wind. [cooling and ventilation]  46 EVAPORATIVE COOLING TOWERS can supply cool air to rooms without the use of fans or wind. [cooling and ventilation]  47

XXX

XXX

36 Long EASTWEST PLAN arrangements increase winter sunfacing skin available to collect solar radiation. [heating and cooling]  XXX Thick Organizations 37 DEEP SUN in thick buildings depends on effective pathways organized in plan and section. [heating] 

XXX

38 A SKYLIGHT BUILDING admits light from above to daylight thick plans and top floors. [daylighting]XXX Zoned Organizations 39 MOVING HEAT TO COLD ROOMS fits the distribution strategy to the building's room organization and solar system type. [heating] XX NAVIGATION: SWL Electronic Contents, Detailed 40 STRATIFICATION ZONES organize rooms vertically within buildings to take advantage of temperature stratification. [heating and cooling]XXX 41 DAYLIGHT ZONES arrange rooms so that activities that need higher lighting levels are near windows while activities that need less light arefarther from daylight sources. [daylighting]  XXX 42 CONVECTIVE LOOPS can induce distribution by high and low air paths between rooms that collect heat and adjacent cooler rooms. [heating]XXX

XXX

XXX

A TOPLIGHT ROOM's proportions and surfaces can be designed to light the room or to also provide light to adjacent rooms. [daylighting] XXX ROOMS: Shape and Enclosure

48 DIRECT GAIN ROOMS are open to collect the sun and store heat within a space. [heating]  XXX 49 SUNSPACES collect the sun's heat, store it centrally, and distribute it to other rooms. [heating] 

XXX

50 THERMAL STORAGE WALLS collect and store solar heat at the edge of a room. [heating]  XXX 51 THERMAL COLLECTOR WALLS and ROOFS capture solar heat at the edge of a room in a layer of air, which carries the heat to storage in the building's interior structure. [heating]  XXX 52 ROOF PONDS collect and store heat and cold in the ceiling plane of a room. [heating and cooling] 

XXX

50

53 Air flow though STACK VENTILATION ROOMS rooms is increased by open sections and unrestricted pathways between low inlets and high outlets. [cooling and ventilation]  XXX 54 NIGHT COOLED MASS uses thermal storage to absorb heat from a room during the day and then cool the mass at night with ventilation. [cooling]  XXX 55 DAYLIGHT ROOM GEOMETRY controls the pattern of daylight distribution within a space. [daylighting]

Materials and Location 62 INSULATION OUTSIDE of the mass in the envelope allows the mass to store heat from the room and stabilize the interior air temperature [heating and cooling]  WALLS AND ROOFS: Layers 63 A LAYER OF SHADES overhead can protect the courtyard and building from high sun, while vertical shades can protect from low sun. [cooling]  XXX WALLS AND WINDOWS: Size and Orientation 64 REFLECTED SUNLIGHT can be used for daylighting in clear sky climates. [cooling and daylighting]  ROOFS: Shape, Color and Materials 65 An OPEN ROOF STRUCTURE reduces daylight blockage in a toplight room. [daylighting] 66 A DAYLIGHT ROOF is designed to admit and distribute light in desired quantity and patterns to rooms below. [daylighting]  WINDOWS: Location and Orientation 67 Ventilation, light and solar gain may be accommodated with SEPARATED OR COMBINED OPENINGS. [heating, cooling, ventilation and daylighting]  XXX 68 WINDOW PLACEMENT can be organized to admit and distribute light in desired patterns to rooms. [daylighting] XXX 69 VENTILATION OPENINGS ARRANGEMENT can be optimized to increase the rate of crossventilation in a room and to move air across occupants, increasing their rate of cooling. [cooling and ventilation]  XXX

XXX

XXX

56 Create GLARE-FREE ROOMS by using interior daylight reflection strategies and obscuring the sources of light. [daylighting] [in SWL4].XXX 57 SIDELIGHT ROOM DEPTH less than 2-1/2 times the height of the window head maintains a minimum level of illumination and an even distribution of light. [daylighting]  XXX COURTYARDS: Shape and Orientation 58 BREEZY COURTYARDS are low, wide and permeable, while CALM COURTYARDS are closed and tall enough for wind shelter, but wide enough to admit sun. [heating and cooling]  XXX 59 SHADY COURTYARDS are tall and narrow and can be used as cold air sinks. [cooling]  XXX

XXX

iiiv.C Building Parts Scale Level 3: b u i l d i n g s y s t e m s

WALLS, ROOFS, AND FLOORS: Orientation & Location

XX

60 MASS ARRANGEMENT can be optimized for solar heating, passive cooling or both. Thermal mass can be located in rooms where sun is collected, in adjacent rooms or outside of rooms, remotely. [heating and cooling] XXX Layers 61 WATER EDGES can be formed to cool incoming breezes. [cooling]  XXX

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NAVIGATION: SWL Electronic Contents, Detailed 51

XXX

Size and Orientation 70 WELL-PLACED WINDOWS can reduce winter heat loss and summer heat gain. [heating and cooling]  SYSTEMS: Type and Organization 71 Select SYMPATHETIC HVAC SYSTEMS to support the flexibility and sizing needed to maximize the effectiveness of passive strategies [heating, cooling and ventilation] [in SWL4]XXX 72 MECHANICAL DISTRIBUTION systems can be used to connect sources and storage to rooms with thermal needs and to integrate passive heating and cooling strategies with mechanical backup sources. [heating and cooling] XXX Layered Organizations 73 ELECTRIC LIGHT ZONES can be layered parallel to the window plane so that individual rows can be switched on as needed. [daylighting]  XXX

WALLS AND ROOFS: Size, Orientation and Materials XXX 78 Orient PHOTOVOLTAIC WALLS and ROOFS to collect sun and make them large enough to meet the building's electric load. [power] 

XXX

79 SOLAR HOT WATER systems require roofs that are large enough as well as sloped and oriented to collect sun. [power]  XXX 80 Sunny BREATHING WALLS can preheat fresh air for ventilation. [heating and ventilation]  XXX Shape and Material 81 Roofs and walls can be used as SOLAR REFLECTORS to increase the radiation entering sun-collecting glazing. [heating]  Walls and Windows: Shape and Color 82 LOW CONTRAST between the window frame and adjacent walls will reduce glare. [daylighting]  ROOFS AND WINDOWS: Shape and Color 83 SKYLIGHT WELLS can be shaped to distribute daylight to rooms. [daylighting]  XXX

XXX

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Level 2: e l e m e n t s
NAVIGATION: SWL Electronic Contents, Detailed WALLS, ROOFS, AND FLOORS: Size and Materials 74 The buildings SKIN THICKNESS should be sufficient to accommodate the required insulation. [heating and cooling]  75 THERMAL MASS surfaces should be large enough and thick enough to store adequate heat and cold. [heating and cooling] 

XXX

WINDOWS: Size 84 SOLAR APERTURES that collect sun can be enlarged to increase the percentage of the annual heating requirement supplied by solar energy. [heating]  XXX 85 DAYLIGHT APERTURES can be enlarged to increase interior illumination levels. [daylighting] 

XXX

76 EARTH EDGES can be used to shelter buildings from extremes of heat and cold and to meet a portion of the building's cooling needs. [heating and cooling]  XXX 77 RADIANT SURFACES can change the perception of comfort and deliver passive or active heating and cooling. [Heating and Cooling] [in SWL4]XXX

XXX

86 VENTILATION APERTURES sizing for crossventilation is proportional to the wind velocity, and for stack ventilation, is proportional to vertical distance between high and low openings. [cooling and ventilation]  XXX

52

87 The area of AIR FLOW WINDOWS used to temper fresh air for ventilation supply or reclaim heat from ventilation exhaust can be sized to match the ventilation load. [heating, cooling and ventilation]  XXX Layers 88 LIGHT SHELVES can be used to shade view glazing, evenly distribute light, increase light levels away from windows, and reduce glare. [daylighting and cooling]  XXX 89 A MOVABLE INSULATION layer placed over windows reduces heat loss at night. [heating] XXX 90 DAYLIGHT ENHANCING SHADES protect windows from solar gain while preserving sky view, reflecting daylight, and reducing glare. [cooling and daylighting]  XXX 91 An EXTERNAL SHADING layer outside the window shades the glazing and reduces solar heat gain. [cooling]  92 An INTERNAL SHADING layer behind the window or an IN-BETWEEN SHADING layer separating two glazing panes reduces solar heat gain. [cooling] LIGHTING: Concentrated and Distributed Organization 93 Electric TASK LIGHTING can be used for localized, high illumination requirements and daylight for ambient lighting. [daylighting and power]  XXX STORAGE: Location and Size 94 ROCK BEDS located remote from the occupied space can be used to increase the amount of heat and cold that can be effectively stored. [heating and cooling]  XXX

DISTRIBUTION: Size and Configuration 95 MECHANICAL MASS VENTILATION can be used to ensure adequate air movement past the building's thermal storage, thereby improving its cooling or heating potential. [heating and cooling]  XXX 96 MECHANICAL SPACE VENTILATION can be used to cool the building and people during times when natural ventilation forces are weak. [cooling and ventilation] 

XXX

97 DUCTS and PLENUMS can be used to move heat to cool parts of the building and cold to hot parts of the building. [heating, cooling and ventilation]  XXX 98 EARTHAIR HEAT EXCHANGERS can temper incoming ventilation air in all seasons and help cool the building in summer. [heating, cooling and ventilation]  EQUIPMENT: Type

XXX

XXX

XXX

100 HEAT PUMPS can be used to move heat or cold from interior rooms to a source or sink outside or in the ground. [heating, cooling, and ventilation] [in SWL4]XXX CONTROLS: Type 101 MANUAL OR AUTOMATED CONTROLS for lighting and HVAC can be selected to increase user satisfaction and comfort while maximize the effectiveness of passive strategies [heating, cooling, ventilation, and daylighting] XXX

53

NAVIGATION: SWL Electronic Contents, detailed

XXX

99 AIRAIR HEAT EXCHANGERS can be used to reclaim heat or cold from the ventilation air. [heating, cooling and ventilation] 

Level 1: m at e r i a l s
WALLS, ROOFS AND FLOORS: Color 102 A high value for MASS SURFACE ABSORPTANCE absorbs radiation for thermal storage, while reflective non-massive surfaces redirect radiation to mass. [heating]  XXX 103 DAYLIGHT REFLECTING SURFACES that are light colored increase the lighting level in the space. [daylighting]  104 EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR can be dark in cold climates to absorb radiation and light in hot climates to reflect radiation. [heating and cooling]  WALLS AND ROOFS: Materials 105 DOUBLE SKIN MATERIALS can be selected to reflect solar heat gain and avoid transmitting heat to the inner layer. [cooling]  XXX WINDOWS: Material NAVIGATION: SWL Electronic Contents, Detailed 106 GLASS TYPES can be selected to balance concerns for daylighting, winter solar gain and summer shading. [heating, cooling and daylighting] 

A3 SOLAR RADIATION available each hour can be used to determine times when comfort can be achieved outdoors and to estimate potential for solar heating in buildings. XXX Wind A4 A WIND ROSE characterizes the direction, speed and frequency of wind in a particular location by month or year. 

XXX

XXX

A5 The WIND SQUARE represents patterns of wind direction and speed by time of day and month of the year for a particular location.  XXX A6 Use AIR MOVEMENT PRINCIPLES to adjust airport wind data to approximate wind flow on a site.  Sun and Wind A7 The SITE MICROCLIMATE most favorable for locating buildings can be determined by analyzing the combined availability of sun and wind.  Light A8 Plotting SKY COVER can determine the dominant daylighting design condition for each month.

XXX

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A9 DAYLIGHT AVAILABILITY data can be used to determine required daylight factors for design.  XX A10 The effect of DAYLIGHT OBSTRUCTIONS on a site can be estimated using daylight dot charts in conjunction with a sun path diagram.  XXX A11 Calculate DESIGN DAYLIGHT FACTOR to set a target for daylight design. Comfort A12 TEMPERATURE & RELATIVE HUMIDITY data can be used to evaluate the need for heating and cooling over the course of the year, and can indicate strategies that are well-suited to the climate. [in SWL4]  XX A13 The ADAPTIVE COMFORT CRITERIA expand the period of passive cooling effectiveness in naturally ventilated buildings. XXX XXX

Part IX DETAILED ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES ix.A Climate as a Context

Sun

XX XX

A1 The SUNDIAL used with a model simulates the changing position of sun and shade over the course of the day and throughout the year.  XXX A2 The SUN PATH DIAGRAM, with existing site objects plotted, can determine the times of the day and year in which the sun will be available on a particular site. 

XXX

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ix.B Program and Use 

Occupancy

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ix.D Combining Climate, Program, and Form X X

Design Strategies A24 The BIOCLIMATIC CHART identifies potential passive solar heating and cooling strategies appropriate to the building's climate.  A25 EARTH CONTACT effectiveness for load reduction and as a heat sink depends on regional climate. Heating and Cooling Patterns A26 SHADING CALENDAR times and dates plotted on the sun path diagram determine sun angles that require shade.  XXX A27 TOTAL HEAT GAINS can be estimated to determine the loads used to size passive cooling strategies; TOTAL HEAT LOSSES can be compared against energy conservation criteria.  A28 BALANCE POINT TEMPERATURE: The outside temperature at which the building makes a transition from a heating need to a cooling need determines when heating and cooling are required.

A14 ENERGY PROGRAMMING groups together spaces with similar heating, cooling, ventilation or lighting requirements to increase the efficiency of passive and active strategies. XXX A15 LOAD-RESPONSIVE SCHEDULING bases high and low occupancy periods around climatic conditions to minimize loads.

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A16 Estimate OCCUPANCY HEAT GAIN to understand the contribution of people to the buildings heating and cooling requirements.  XXX Electric Lighting A17 Estimate ELECTRIC LIGHTING HEAT GAIN to understand its contribution to the buildings heating and cooling requirements.  Equipment A18 Estimate EQUIPMENT HEAT GAIN to understand its contribution to the buildings heating and cooling requirements.  XXX A19 ELECTRIC LOADS required for sizing photovoltaic surfaces can be estimated from data on commercial and residential electricity consumption.  XXX A20 SERVICE HOT WATER LOADS required for sizing solar hot water systems can be estimated from end use consumption data.  XXX

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XXX NAVIGATION: SWL Electronic Contents, Detailed 55

A29 BALANCE POINT PROFILES: The characteristics of the climate, the buildings use and the building's form can be used to develop daily heating and cooling patterns that represent the buildings performance over a year and help identify climatic design strategies. XX

xi.C Form and Envelope

A21 Estimate SKIN HEAT FLOW to understand its contribution to the buildings heating and cooling requirements. 

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Appendices
Appendices located in SWL Electronic: D Climate Data by Latitude/City E Additional Climate Data F Bibliography (SWL Electronic) xxx xxx xxx

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A22 Estimate WINDOW SOLAR GAIN to understand the suns contribution to the buildings heating and cooling requirements.  XXX A23 Estimate VENTILATION or INFILTRATION GAIN and LOSS to understand their contribution to the building's heating and cooling requirements.  XXX

Bibliography, SWL Electronic only

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Indices (see SWL Printed)xxx