Group 14 Elements Structure 1. Glass is made from sand mainly silicon dioxide. (a) Define the meaning of amorphous.

(b) Normal glass cannot resist to thermal expansion and contraction. Suggest a way to overcome this problem.

(c) Normal glass can be produced by fusing sodium carbonate and silicon dioxide at very high temperature. However, this glass produced has very limited usage. Comment this statement.

(d) From (c), suggest a method to improve this glass.

2. (a) Carbon monoxide is a colourless gas meanwhile lead (IV) chloride is a liquid. Draw both of these compounds in terms of dot-and-cross diagram.

(b) most tetrachloride can be hydrolyzed easily by water. What would you observed when water is mix with silicon tetrachloride?

(c) Explain carbon tetrachloride does not hydrolyse in water

(d) briefly explain lower oxidation state is preferred when going down group 14

Essay Questions 1. Carbon has three allotropes mainly diamonds, graphite and fullerene. (a) Explain why petroleum drilling machine is made from diamond. (b) Suggest two reasons why graphite uses as lubricants. (c) Comment pencil carbon core can conduct electricity. (d) Predict a reason why fullerene is suitable to use as a catalyst. 2. Sketch the following graph down the group 14 (a) Melting point (b) first ionization of group 14 (c) electrical conductivity

Explain the trend of each graph above. 3. The physical state for all tetrachloride of group 14 elements is liquid. Predict the shape of these tetrachloride and explain the types of bonding present in each tetrachloride. 4. The tetrachloride becomes unstable when going down the group 14. Explain this statement in terms of structure and bonding 5. Explain the properties acid/base of group 14 oxides in terms of oxidation state of +2 and +4. Indicate any chemical equations involved. 6. The relative stability of +4 to +2 oxidation state of group 14 elements increases down the group. Comment this statement. 7. Explain the structure of the following silicates (a) Mica (b quartz (c) amphiboles (d) pyroxenes

8. Silicon can form organometallic compound such as silicone. Suggest a method on how to prepare silicone from the raw material of silicon and Grignard reagent. 9. Silicone is a polymer that resist to heats, chemical attack and hard. Explain why silicon has these properties. 10. There are many usages of silicone materials in market. Explain how silicone can be used as silicone fluid, elastomers and resin. 11. Semiconductor industries have been growing fast since the invention of transistors. Suggest how silicon can be used as semiconductor. (Apply physics knowledge) 12. Portland cement can be produced from lime stone and clay (a mixture of silicon dioxide and aluminium oxide). Describe how cement can be manufacture form these raw materials.