A CFD Study of Passive Solar Shading

A CFD Study of Passive Solar Shading 417
A CFD Study of Passive SoIar Shading

1
axevanou C.A.*,
1
Iidaros D.K.,
2
Tzachanis A.D.
1
Ccn|rc fcr Rcscarcn an Tccnnc|cgq-Tncssa|q, |ns|i|u|c cf Tccnnc|cgq an Managcmcn| cf
Agricu||ura| |cc-sqs|cms, Tccnnc|cgq Par| cf Tncssa|q, 1s| |nus|ria| Arca cf Vc|cs,
38500 Vc|cs, Grcccc, c|axcccrc|c|n.gr, fciccrc|c|n.gr
2
Tccnnc|cgica| |uca|icna| |ns|i|u|c (T||) cf |arissa, Dcp|. cf Mccnanica| |nginccring,
41110 |arissa, Grcccc, |zacn|ci|ar.gr

Abstract
In lhe presenl sludy is invesligaled nunericaIIy lhe fIov and lransporl phenonena in a lesl
ceII vilh ils soulh side parliaIIy shaded ly lraiIing pIanls and lhe cover shaded ly a sheIler.
The lvo dinensionaI unsleady lransporl equalions for lhe veIocilies, lurluIence, energy and
speclraI inlensily of radialion are soIved nunericaIIy ly a finile voIune nunericaI nodeI.
The lurluIenl nalure of lhe fIov is sinuIaled ly lhe veII knovn lvo equalion k- high Re
nodeI vhiIe lhe incidenl radialion is used lhe Discrele Ordinales (DO) nodeI and lvo
vaveIenglh lands are considered for lhe soIar and lhernaI radialion. The nodeI efficienlIy
renders lhe luoyancy effecls inside lhe ceII, lhe cooIing capacily of lhe pIanls, lhe heal
lransfer phenonena of soIar radialion and heal conduclion lhrough lhe ceII vaIIs. The
lhernophysicaI and speclraI oplicaI properlies of lhe invoIved naleriaIs vere laken inlo
accounl and nol onIy lhe shading effecl of lraiIing pIanl. The nodeI vas vaIidaled
successfuIIy via conparison vilh neasured dala lhal correspond in one day of Augusl in
CenlraI Creece. A paranelric sludy vas carried oul for olher 4 nonlhs (May, }une, }uIy and
Seplenler). The resuIls are given in lerns of fieIds of fIov, radialion and lenperalure
inside lhe lesl ceII and in lhe space lelveen lhis and lhe shading devices (sheIler and
lraiIing pIanls). DaiIy varialions of average lenperalures, soIar radialion, air fIov veIocilies
and cooIing Ioad reduclion are aIso given. The cooIing Ioad reduclion ranges lelveen
34 kWh/nonlh per vaII neler in Seplenler, and 63 kWh/nonlh per vaII neler in }uIy,
even vilhoul laking inlo accounl lhe lenperalure reduclion due lo lhe pIanls lranspiralion.
The deveIoped nodeI can le used for lhe evaIualion of various pIanls perfornance as
passive soIar shading configuralions.

Notation

a porous pernealiIily |n
2
j
C
2
inerliaI resislance faclor |1/nj
C
p
specific heal capacily |}/(kg K)j
d lhickness |nj
e specific energy (per unil nass) |}/Kgj
19
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Modelling, Simulation and Optimization 418
f
l
luoyancy force |Nl/n
3
j
f
d
diffuse fraclion of incidenl radialion |-j
h sensilIe enlhaIpy |}/Kgj, conveclive heal lransfer coefficienl |W/n
2
Kj
C nornaI soIar irradialion |W/n
2
j
|
H nonlhIy average daiIy lean irradialion |Wh/n
2
j
G
+ nonlhIy average daiIy diffuse radialion |Wh/n
2
j
|c|
H lhe nonlhIy average daiIy radialion |Wh/n
2
j
I radialion inlensily |W/n
2
j
I
v
radialion inlensily nornaI lo verlicaI pIane |W/n
2
j
I
h
radialion inlensily nornaI lo horizonlaI pIane |W/n
2
j
I
radialion inlensily for vaveIenglh |W/(n

2
src)j
I
l
lIack lody inlensily given ly lhe IIanck funclion |W/n
2
j
k lurluIenl kinelic energy |}/Kgj, ThernaI conduclivily |W/nKj
k
eff
effeclive conduclivily |W/nKj
k
l
lurluIenl lhernaI conduclivily |W/nKj
L Ialilude |degj
n refraclive index of nediun l |-j, nunler of lhe day of a year |-j
NT lolaI daiIy duralion of sunIighl |hj
Nu nusseIl nunler |-j (Nu=conveclion/conduclion) Nu=
n|
K

I pressure |Iaj
r
i
refIeclivily of nediun I |-j
r
G
posilion veclor |-j
R
l
lhe ralio of lean irradialion on lhe pIane lo lhal on a horizonlaI pIane |-j
S
h
radialion source lern |}j
s
G
radialion direclion veclor |-j
l line |sj
|imc line since sunrise |secj
l
s
sunrise line |hj
T lenperalure |Kj
Ta anlienl lenperalure |Kj
T
O
operaling reference lenperalure |Kj
U
i
average veIocily in i-direclion |n/sj
x
i
conponenl in i-direclion |nj

Grcc| |c||crs
alsorplivily |-j
speclraI alsorplion coefficienl |1/nj - or exlinclion coefficienl

ThernaI expansion coefficienl |1/Kj, lhe surface sIope |degj
lhe surface azinulh angIe |degj
decIinalion |degj
lurluIenl dissipalion rale |}/(Kg s)j, enissivily |-j
a
angIe lelveen lhe nornaI lo lhe surface and lhe incidenl radialion |degj
l
angIe lelveen lhe nornaI lo lhe surface and lhe refracled radialion |degj
z
soIar zenilh angIe |degj
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vaveIenglh |n
-1
j
viscosily |Ia secj
l
lurluIenl viscosily |Ia secj
densily |kg/n
3
j
O
conslanl fIov densily |kg/n
3
j
s
scallering coefficienl |1/nj
(
ij
)
eff
effeclive slress lensor |Nl/n
2
j
i
lransnissivily of nediun i |-j
phase funclion |-j
specific dissipalion rale |s
-1
j , hour angIe |degj
s
sunrise hour angIe |degj
soIid angIe |degj

1. Introduction

The pIacing of pIanls in lhe vicinily of lhe soulh vaIIs of a luiIding as soIar proleclion
syslen is an oId and veII-knovn lechnique in lradilionaI archileclure and a lasic paraneler
in liocIinalic design, especiaIIy for counlries vilh a cIinale characlerized ly Iong hol days
in lhe sunners. IIanls offer lhe polenliaI of soIar conlroI in luiIdings as veII as of passive
cooIing. Deciduous pIanls can reduce excessive soIar heal gains during lhe sunner
aIIoving lhe soIar Iighl lo reach lhe luiIdings inlerior during lhe sunner. This vay lhey
conlrilule in reduclion of air condilioning devices usage during lhe periods of peak pover
denand (Achard, I. & CicqueI, R., 1986, CouIding, }. R. el aI., 1993). Il has leen proved lhal
ly adding one lree lhe cooIing energy savings can vary in lhe range of 12-24. Three lrees
per house couId reduce lhe cooIing Ioad fron 17 lo 57 (Aklari, H. el aI., 1997, Raeissi, S.
& Taheri, M., 1999). IIanls can achieve lhis reduclion operaling in lvo vays: a) operaling as
naluraI shading and l) reducing lhe air lenperalure lhrough lranspiralion. IIanls nol onIy
inprove lhe luiIdings energy perfornance during sunner lul lhey aIso affecl appearance
of lhen as lhey can le incorporaled in lhe archilecluraI design offering an acceplalIe and
aeslhelicaI resuIl (Carler, C. & De ViIIiers, }., 1987, CouIding, }. R. el aI., 1992 ).
In lhe presenl sludy a nunericaI nodeI is deveIoped in order lo sludy lhe lransporl
phenonena in a lesl ceII vilh ils soulh faade parliaIIy shaded ly lraiIing deciduous pIanl
caIIed Par|ncnccissus quinqucfc|ian|. Il is laken inlo accounl lhe pIanls shading effecl laking
accounl lheir oplicaI properlies and lheir aliIily of healing slorage lul nol lhe lranspiralion.
The nunericaI nodeI viII le vaIidaled againsl exisled neasurenenls. Then a paranelric
nunericaI sludy viII aIIov lhe syslenalic quanlificalion of lhe energy gains vhich couId
eslalIish a nev vay of lhinking for passive cooIing design.

2. Literature review

UnliI nov lhe najorily of sludies aloul pIanls as passive soIar devices, concerned lhe
experinenlaI invesligalion of lhe energy saving and aIleralion of lhe luiIding inlernaI
nicrocIinale offered ly lhe pIanls shadov.
According lo neasurenenls in lvo houses (Aklari, H., Kurn, D. M. el aI., 1997) lhe cooIing
energy saving yieIded ly lrees appearance can reach IeveIs up lo 3O corresponding lo
daiIy savings of 3.6 lo 4.8 kWh/d. LxperinenlaI invesligalion of shading vilh lrees,
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posilioned around luiIdings - especiaIIy on lhe soulhern side (Iapadakis, C. el aI., 2OO1)
have aIso leen perforned. The resuIls have shovn lhal lrees conslilule an exceIIenl passive
cooIing syslen, leing alIe lo reduce lhe peak soIar heal gain fron 6OO W/n
2
lo 18O W/n
2
,
even vilh neasured lenperalures in lhe sunIil and in lhe shaded area of aloul 42C and
33C respecliveIy.
Anolher group of sludies deveIoped anaIylicaI nodeIs vhich usuaIIy have leen
incorporaled in soflvare. In lhe paper (Tzachanis, A. D. & SdravopouIou, C., 2OO2) lhe
periodic sleady heal gain in luiIdings is sinuIaled vilh a dynanic nodeI. In lhe vork (Liu,
Y. & Harris, D. }., 2OO8) an energy soflvare package, lhe LSI-r, vas used in order lo sludy
lhe effecl of lrees siled in lhe norlh of a house, in lhe healing-energy consunplion.
RecenlIy nunericaI nelhods are used for lhe sludy of heal lransfer nainIy in soIar chinneys
(Can, C., 2OO6, Miyazaki, T. el aI., 2OO6) used in lhe soulh facades. NunericaI nelhods are
nore videIy used for sludy of lhe nicrocIinale deveIoped in urlan slreel canyons (LreII, L.
& T. WiIIianson, 2OO6, AIi-Touderl, I. & Mayer, H., 2OO7).
As far il concerns nunericaI sludies for lhe use of pIanls as passive soIar syslens lhere are
sone hylrid approaches Iike lhe one presenled in (Mochida, A. el aI., 2OO6) vhere a CID
nodeI is used for lhe sludy of conveclive and radialive heal lransporls phenonena around
luiIdings and lhe progran 'TRNSYS for lhe heal Ioad caIcuIalions inside lhen.
In lhe nunericaI sludy (axevanou, C. A. el aI., 2OO8) lhe lesl ceII of presenl sludy vas
invesligaled considering lhe pIanls onIy as a shading device vilhoul laking inlo accounl
exacl oplicaI and lhernaI properlies and lhe lenporaI heal slorage. NeverlheIess lhis
preIininary vork vas lhe slarling poinl for lhe nunericaI nodeI presenled here.

3. PhysicaI probIem

In lhe presenl sludy lhe fIov and lransporl phenonena inside and around a lesl ceII vilh ils
soulh side shaded ly lraiIing pIanl is invesligaled nunericaIIy. The physicaI nodeI is an
experinenlaI selup of a culic shaped lesl ceII having a voIune of approxinaleIy 3On
3
luiId
al lhe TLI of Larissa, Creece (Tzachanis, A. D., 2OO8). This sel-up gives lhe possiliIily lo
carry oul experinenls in silu vilh lhe inslrunenlalion and lhe dala acquisilion syslen
leing pIaced inside lhe ceII and is presenled in Iig.1. Ils soulh face is shaded ly lraiIing
pIanl caIIed Par|ncnccissus quinqucfc|ian|. The lesl ceII vaIIs are falricaled ly a 5 cn
sandvich naleriaI consisling of a 4.8 cn poIyurelhane Iayer vilh sleeI cIaddings. The vhoIe
conslruclion vas pIaced on a sleeI frane vilh vheeIs enalIing easiIy lhe orienlalion change
of lhe ceII. Over lhe ceiIing lhere is an incIined sheIler of lhe sane naleriaI lhal aIIovs lhe
ceII cooIing ly conveclion fron lhe air circuIaling lelveen lhe ceiIing and lhe sheIler.
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Iig. 1. A fronl viev of lhe passive soIar syslen

3.1 Geometry
In lhe foIIoving Iig.2 lhe geonelry of a lesl ceII cross-seclion is presenled.

Iig. 2. Cross-seclion geonelry

3.2 Properties
In lhe foIIoving lalIes lhe lhernophysicaI and speclraI oplicaI properlies of lhe invoIved
naleriaIs are given. As il is said lhe vaIIs are sandvich of poIyurelhane and sleeI cIadding
painled vhile. In lhis sinuIalion is considered as a honogenous naleriaI vilh lhe effeclive
properlies given in lhe foIIoving TalIe 1. The pIanls oplicaI properlies correspond lo
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lonalo crop according lo (Zhang, Y. el aI., 1997) and lhey are radialion vave Ienglh
depended. They are given for lvo speclraI lands, lhe firsl is considered as soIar land and
corresponds lo vaveIenglh =O-1.1 n and lhe second is considered as lhernaI land and
corresponds lo vaveIenglh =1.1-1OO n. The lraiIing pIanls are nodeIIed as porous
nediun vhere lhe 4O of lhe lolaI voIune is air. The air is considered lo conlain enough
vapors lo presenl nolicealIe alsorplivily (Modesl, M. I., 2OO3).

Iroperly Air IIanl WaIIs
=O-1.1 =1.1-1OO
Densily, |Kg/n
3
j 1.225 7OO 8O7
Specific Heal Capacily, Cp, |}/KgKj 1OO6.43 231O 465
Conduclivily, k |W/nj O.O242 O.173 O.O255
Viscosily, |Iasecj 1.789x1O
-5
- -
ThernaI expansion coefficienl, |1/Kj O.OO343 - -
Alsorplivily, O.19 O.71 O.95 O.85
Refraclive index, n 1 2.69 1.22 24.62
Lnissivily, O.O5 O.59 O.45
Transnissivily, O.81 O.O8 O O
TalIe 1. MaleriaI properlies

4. MathematicaI modeI

In lhis vork ve sludy lhe fIov and lhe lransporl phenonena deveIoped in lhe air inside lhe
lesl ceII, lhe air lelveen lhe lesl ceII and lhe shading devices (sheIler and lraiIing pIanls)
and lhe soIid naleriaIs invoIved (lesl ceII vaIIs, sheIler and lraiIing pIanls). The fIov is
assuned lo le 2D, inconpressilIe, unsleady and lurluIenl since lhose phenonena are
sludied aIong lhe synnelry cross-seclion in lhe Norlh-Soulh pIane as shovn in Iig.2. This
sinpIificalion is adopled in lhis sludy in order lo save conpulalionaI efforl aIlhough lhe
aspecl ralio of lhe sides is ralher snaII. The fIov and lransporl phenonena for air fIov and
heal and radialion lransfer are descriled ly lhe Navier-Slokes equalions (Ierziger, }. H. &
Ieric, M., 2OO2).

4.1 Transport equations
The line-averaged Navier-Slokes equalions, for lhe nass and nonenlun lransporl are
given as foIIov (Launder, . L. & SpaIding, D. ., 1974):
Conlinuily equalion
O
i
i
U
x
c
=
c

(1)
Monenlun conservalion
( ) =-
i i i
j | | i
j j j j
U U U P
U f S
| x x x x

| | (
c c c c c
| + + + + + (
|
c c c c
(
\ .

(2)
Where, U
i
lhe line averaged i-direclion veIocily, lhe densily, I lhe pressure, lhe
viscosily,
l
lhe lurluIenl viscosily, f
l
lhe luoyancy force, l lhe line and S
i
source lern
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expressing lhe pressure drop across lhe pIanls vhich are considered lo le porous nediun.

4.2. Boussinesq approximation
The densily varialion is caIcuIaled according lo lhe oussinesq nodeI in order lo lake inlo
accounl lhe naluraI conveclion effecls. The use of oussinesq nodeI offers fasler
convergence, lhan considering lhe densily varialIe in aII equalions. In lhis nodeI lhe
densily is a conslanl vaIue in aII soIved equalions excepl fron lhe luoyancy lern
caIcuIalion in lhe nonenlun equalion:
( ) ( )
O O O
- - -
|
f g T T g | = ~
(3)
This vay lhe is eIininaled fron lhe luoyancy lern using lhe oussinesq approxinalion:
( )
O
1 T | = A
(4)
Where is lhe lhernaI expansion coefficienl, T lhe lenperalure,
o
and T
o
lhe
corresponding reference vaIues for densily and lenperalure and g lhe gravily acceIeralion.

4.3 Porous media Treatment
The lraiIing pIanls, vhich are a shading device, are sinuIaled as porous nedia adding a
nonenlun source lern S
i
lo lhe Navier-Slokes fIuid fIov equalion. This lern express lhe
pressure drop caused in lhe fIov ly lheir presence and il is conposed ly a viscous Ioss lern
knovn as Darcy Iav and an inerliaI Ioss lern, according lo lhe foIIoving:
2
2 i i i
S u C u
o
| |
= +
|
\ .

(5)
vhere, a is lhe porous pernealiIily and C
2
lhe inerliaI resislance faclor.

4.4 Energy Treatment
Lnergy Conservalion is descriled ly lhe foIIoving equalion
| | | |
c c c c
+ = +
| |
c c c c
\ . \ .
i cff n
i i i
n n T
U | S
| x x x

(6)
Where is specific energy (per unil nass), k
eff
lhe effeclive conduclivily, (
ij
)
eff
lhe effeclive
slress lensor and S
h
source lern vhich add lhe radialion conlrilulion lo lhe energy
conservalion equalion. AuxiIiary reIalionships for lhe caIcuIalions of quanlilies appeared in
energy equalion are presenled here. SpecificaIIy reIalionships are given for lhe caIcuIalion of
effeclive and lurluIenl conduclivily as veII as for lhe energy and enlhaIpy.
Lffeclive Conduclivily
( ) 1
cff fcff s
| | | = +
(7)
Where is lhe porosily, vhen =1 lhere is onIy fIuid, k
feff
lhe fIuid effeclive conduclivily
and k
s
lhe soIid conduclivily. The fIuid effeclive lhernaI conduclivily is given ly

fcff f |
| | | = +
(8)
Where k
f
is lhe fIuid conduclivily and k
l
lhe lurluIenl conduclivily given ly
TurluIenl Conduclivily
Ir
p |
|
|
C
|
= (9)
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Where, C
p
is lhe specific heal capacily and Ir
l
lhe lurluIenl IrandlI nunler vhiIe lhe
enlhaIpy h is given ly lhe equalion
=
)
O
T
p
T
n C T
(1O)
The caIcuIalion of lhe energy equalion source lern is inporlanl lecause incorporales lhe
effecl of radialion in lhe energy laIance and il is laken fron lhe soIulion of lhe radialive
lransporl equalion. When lhe veIocily lakes nuII vaIue, as il happens in soIid naleriaIs, lhe
alove equalion is decreased in lhe equalion of conduclivily for heal lransfer.
2
2
O
s n
i
T T
| S
|
x
c c
+ + =
c
c
(11)

4.5. TurbuIent modeI
The fIov in lolh inlernaI and exlernaI air is lurluIenl. The effecl of lurluIence is
inpIenenled via lhe high Re k- nodeI of WiIcox |21j(WiIcox, D. C., 1998).
TurluIenl kinelic energy, k, lransporl equalion is given ly
( )
* * i
j ij
j j j j
U | | |
U |
| x x x x
t
t | e o
(
c c c c c
( + = + +
c c c c c
(

(12)
Where, is lhe specific dissipalion rale, for vhich lhe lransporl equalion is
( )
2 i
j ij
j j j j
U
U
| x | x x x
t
e e e e
o t |e o
(
c c c c c
( + = + +
c c c c c
(

(13)
vilh
* |
c
e
|
= ,
|
t
e
= , =5/9, =3/4O, *=9/1OO, =1/2 and *=1/2, vhere is lhe
lurluIence dissipalion rale.

4.6. Radiation modeI
In order lo sinuIale lhe effecl of soIar incidenl radialion on lhe lraiIing pIanls, lhe sheIler
and lhe lesl ceII vaIIs, lhe Discrele Ordinales (DO) nodeI is used. In lhis nodeI il is
assuned lhal radialion energy is 'convecled lhrough lhe nediun al ils ovn speed
sinuIlaneousIy in aII direclions. The DO nodeI aIIovs lhe soIulion of radialion al seni-
lransparenl vaIIs. Il can le used lo non-gray radialion using a gray-land nodeI. So il is
adequale for use vilh parlicipaling nedia vilh a speclraI alsorplion coefficienl
lhal
varies in a slepvise fashion across speclraI lands. The DO radialion nodeI soIves lhe
Radialive Transfer Lqualion (RTL) for a finile nunler of discrele soIid angIes, each
associaled vilh a veclor direclion s
G
fixed in lhe gIolaI Carlesian syslen (x,y,z). Il
lransforns lhe RTL equalion inlo a lransporl equalion for radialion inlensily in lhe spaliaI
coordinales (x,y,z). The DO nodeI soIves for as nany lransporl equalions as lhere are
direclions V
G
(Railhly, C. D. & Chui, L. H., 199O, Chui, L. H. & Railhly, C. D., 1993). The RTL
for speclraI inlensily ( ) , | r s
G G

lurns lo
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
2
O
, , ,
4
s
s |
| r s s a | r s a n | r | r s s s
t

o
o
t
' V + + = + u O
)
G G G G G G G G G G
(14)
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In lhis equalion lhe refraclive index, lhe scallering coefficienl and phase funclion are
assuned independenl of vaveIenglh. The phase funclion , is considered isolropic. The
anguIar space 4 al any spaliaI Iocalion is discrilized inlo N
xN
soIid angIes of exlenl

i
,
caIIed conlroI angIes. The angIes and are lhe poIar and azinulhaI angIes, and are
neasured vilh respecl lo lhe gIolaI Carlesian syslen (x,y,z). In our case a 3x3 pixiIalion is
used. AIlhough in lhis equalion lhe refraclion index is laken conslanl, in lhe caIcuIalion of
lIack lody enission as veII as in lhe caIcuIalion of loundary condilions inposed ly seni-
lransparenl vaIIs lhe land Ienglh depended vaIues of refraclive index are used. This
anguIar discrelizalion provides us vilh a noderale conpulalionaI cosl lul il nay inlroduce
discrelizalion errors al loundaries vhen lhe soIid angIes are lisecled ly lhen (Railhly, C.
D., 1999). SoIving a prolIen vilh a fine anguIar discrelizalion is very CIU-inlensive. The
RTL equalion is inlegraled over each vaveIenglh. Then lhe lolaI inlensily ( )
G G
, | r s in each
direclion s
G
al posilion r
G
is conpuled using
( ) ( ) , , | r s | r s
k
k
k
= A
_
G G G G

(15)
Where, lhe sunnalion is over lhe vaveIenglh lands. The RTL equalion is coupIed vilh lhe
energy equalion lhrough a voIunelric source lern given ly lhe foIIoving equalion (Kin, S.
H. & Huh, K. Y., 2OOO):
( ) ( )
( )
4
4 ,
i
r
n |
i
q
S a | r r s
x

t
t
c
= = I O
c
)
G G G
(16)
The speclraI alsorplion coefficienl,
o is conpuled fron lhe alsorlpivily, o , according lo

lhe nedia lhickness, d:
1 1
In
1
o
o
| |
=
|
\ .

(17)

5. NumericaI modeI

The prolIen is sinuIaled lhrough 2D lransporl equalions for nass, nonenlun, lurluIence,
energy and speclraI radialion. Those lransporl equalions (1, 2, 6, 12, 13 and 14) are soIved
nunericaIIy using lhe finile voIune nelhod.

5.1 Grid geometry
Ior lhe sinuIalion is used a slruclured coIIocaled grid consisled of 18864 ceIIs as shovn in
lhe foIIoving Iig.3. The inlernaI air fieId is consisled of 124OO ceIIs. The exlernaI air fieId is
consisled of 3744 ceIIs. The pIanls are considered porous nedia consisled of 432 ceIIs. The
lransporl equalions are aIso soIved inside lhe soIid vaIIs vhich are discrelized lo 4 series
and inside lhe sheIler vhich is discrelized lo 3 series of ceIIs resuIling lo 2288 ceIIs in lolaI.
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Iig. 3. Crid and oundary condilions

5.2 Boundary conditions
The fIoor vas assuned as a conslanl lenperalure vaII, opaque vhich enils diffusiveIy al an
enissivily of = O.92/O.72 depended on lhe vaveIenglh land. Ior aII lhe exanined cases lhe
fIoor lenperalure is sel lo T=293 K vhich is a sinpIifying approach.
In lhe Norlh vaII a nixed heal lransfer loundary condilion (conlinalion of radialion and
conveclion) is appIied al lhe exlernaI loundary of lhe soIid region. As far il concerns lhe
radialion il is considered seni-lransparenl naleriaI vhere aII lhe incidenl radialion is
diffusive. A seni-lransparenl loundary condilion inpIies lhal lhe incidenl radialion is
refIecled or lransnilled ly lhe surface. Ior lhal, lhe alsorplion coefficienl of lhe adjacenl
soIid zone is laken high enough lo ensure lhal lhe vhoIe lransnilled radialion viII le
alsorled. This vay lhe vhoIe vaII lecones opaque and lhe incidenl radialion is eilher
refIecled fron lhe surface eilher alsorled, increasing lhe vaII lenperalure. The heal
lransfer coefficienl is laken h=7.1 W/nK.
The sane loundary condilion is inposed al lhe exlernaI surface of lhe sheIler, vhere lhe
heal lransfer coefficienl is sel h=2O W/nK, and al lhe exlernaI soulh surface of lhe pIanls,
vhere lhe heal lransfer coefficienl is sel h=7.1 W/nK loo. In lhe pIanls exlernaI surface lhe
vaII non-sIip condilion is sulsliluled ly a zero shear slress loundary condilion. In lhis case
lhe alsorplion coefficienl of lhe adjacenl porous naleriaI does nol alsorl aII lhe lransnilled
incidenl radialion, lul onIy a parl of il.
AII lhe inlernaI vaIIs are considered lo le seni-lransparenl surfaces vhere lhe soIid and
fIuid zones are coupIed. This vay lhe vaIues of lhe varialIes are lransferred fron lhe one
nediun lo lhe olher. The lraiIing pIanls are considered as porous nedia vilh viscous
resislance coefficienl
( )
2
1
2738O | j m
a
= , vhere a is lhe pernealiIily and inerliaI resislance

coefficienl C
2
= 1.534 |n
-1
j. The porous naleriaI is coupIed vilh lhe exlernaI loundary
surface and lhe adjacenl fIuid. The equalions of energy and radialions are aIso soIved in aII
lhe soIid and porous areas of lhe conpulalionaI fieId. The fIov lolh in lhe inlernaI and lhe
exlernaI fieIds is considered lurluIenl since lhe Ra nunler for lhe inlernaI fIov is 1.5x1O
1O

and lhe Re nunler for lhe exlernaI fIov is nore lhan 1.9x1O
4
.
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AII lhe openings fron vhere exlernaI air can enler or Ieave lhe conpulalionaI fieId (righl
dovn opening lelveen lesl ceII and pIanls, righl up opening lelveen sheIler and pIanls
and Iefl up opening lelveen lesl ceII and sheIler) are considered as loundaries vilh
conslanl pressure equaI vilh alnospheric. The fIov direclion is delernined ly lhe vhoIe
fieId lehavior as il is deveIoped due lo lenperalures and lhe arising luoyancy forces. The
air lenperalure in openings is sel equaI lo lhe exlernaI air lenperalure.
When radialion refIecled and lransnilled fron a specuIar seni-lransparenl surface, as il
happens parlIy in our case, ils direclion is aIlered. The refIecled radialion is given ly
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , , I a r a I a | I | |
| s r s | s s | s t ' = +
G G G G G

(18)
Where, I
W,a
radialion inlensily in lhe nediun a, vhich is lhe air in our case, I
W,l
radialion
inlensily in lhe nediun l, vhich is lhe soIid, s
G
, direclion of lhe incidenl radialion (fron a
lo l),
r
s
G
direclion of lhe refIecled radialion, s'
G
, direclion of lhe radialion incidenl lo lhe
surface fron lhe soIid side (fron l lo a),
a
r , lhe inlerface air refIeclivily and
|
t , lhe inlerface
soIid lransnissivily. The radialion lransnilled fron lhe seni-lransparenl vaII lovards lhe
soIid is given ly
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, , , I | | | I | a I a |
| s r s | s s | s t ' ' = +
G G G G G

(19)
Where, s
G
is lhe direclion of lhe refracled radialion inside lhe soIid, r
l
, lhe inlerface soIid
refIeclivily and
a
, lhe inlerface air lransnissivily. The radialion direclions are given ly
( ) 2
|
s s s n n ' =
G G G G G

(2O)
Where, n
G
is lhe nornaI lo loundary unil veclor, and
( ) 2
r
s s s n n ' =
G G G G G

(21)
The inlerfaces refIeclivilies and lransnissivilies are given ly
( )
2 2
cos cos cos cos 1 1
2 cos cos 2 cos cos
a | | a a a | |
a
a | | a a a | |
n n n n
r s
n n n n
u u u u
u u u u
| | | |
= +
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
G
(22)
( ) ( ) 1
| a
s r s t ' =
G G

(23)
finaIIy
| a
r r = and
a |
t t = .
Where,
a
n is lhe air refraclive index,
|
n lhe soIid refraclive index,
a
lhe angIe lelveen lhe
nornaI lo lhe surface and lhe incidenl radialion direclion s
G
and
l
, lhe angIe lelveen lhe
nornaI lo lhe surface and lhe refracled radialion direclion inside lhe soIid
|
s
G
. Il is olvious
lhal in lhe case of unsleady caIcuIalions, lhose paranelers shouId le caIcuIaled in every
line slep in each surface since lhe angIe of incidenl radialion varies lhrough lhe vhoIe day.
arcsin sin
a
| a
|
n
n
u u
| |
=
|
|
\ .
(24)
Il shouId le noled lhal lhe alove hoIds for
a |
n n < . The angIe
a
u is given ly (Duffie, }. A. &
ecknan, W. A., 1991)
( ) ( ) cos sin sin cos cos
a
A 8 C D | u o e e o ( = + + +

(25)
sin cos A | | = , cos sin cos 8 | | = , sin sin C | = , cos cos D | | = , sin sin cos | | | =
Where, is lhe Ialilude (= 39
o
38 in our case), is lhe decIinalion, is lhe surface sIope,
is lhe surface azinulh angIe and is lhe hour angIe. Ior lhe verlicaI soulh vaII of pIanls il is
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laken =9O
and =O
. Ior lhe sheIler exlernaI surface il is laken =5
and =18O
. The angIes
and are given ly
( ) 36O 284
23.45sin
365
n
o
| | +
= |
|
\ .
(26)
( ) 12 15
s
| | e ( = +

(27)
Where, n is lhe day of lhe year, l
s
and is lhe sunrise line.

5.3 NumericaI detaiIs
The SIMILLC (Ialankar, S. V., 198O) aIgorilhn is used for pressure-veIocily coupIing,
yieIding an eIIiplic differenliaI equalion in order lo fornuIale lhe nass conservalion
equalion. The discrelisalion of lhe conveclive lerns in lhe ReynoIds averaged lransporl
equalions is naleriaIized ly lhe QUICK schene for lhe nonenlun equalions, a second
order upvind schene (SOU) for lhe lurluIence and radialion lransporl equalions and ly a
lhird order MUSCL for lhe energy conservalion equalion. Ior lhe diffusive lerns a cenlraI
difference schene is adopled. The convergence crilerion vas sel lo 1O
-4
for lhe conlinuily,
nonenlun and lurluIence equalions vhiIe for energy lhe crilerion vas 1O
-8
and for
radialion 1O
-6
. Ior lhe radialion nodeI lvo vaveIenglh lands are considered corresponding
lo soIar speclrun (=O -1.1 n) and lo lhernaI land (=1.1 - 1OO n).

6. Reference case

In order lo vaIidale lhe nunericaI nodeI our sludy legan vilh lhe sinuIalion of a sunner
day for vhich experinenlaI dala aloul incidenl soIar radialion, anlienl lenperalure and
lenperalures deveIoped inside lhe lesl ceII infraslruclure exisls. Ior lhe vaIidalion il vas
chosen lhe sinuIalion of 22
nd
of Augusl of 2OO6 (Tzachanis A.D., 2OO8).

6.1 ExperimentaI configuration
The experinenls, used for vaIidalion, vere carried oul al lhe Soulh-orienlaled faade of lhe
lesl ceII during a hol sunner period (}uIy lo Seplenler) in Larissa, a Creek cily vilh a
cIinale characlerized ly Iong hol days in lhe sunner. The neasured dala are presenled in
paper (Tzachanis, A.D, 2OO8). Wilh a sel of pyranonelers vilh and vilh oul shading rings
vere neasured lhe diffuse irradialion, lhe lean irradialion and lhe gIolaI irradialion in a
horizonlaI pIane, as veII as lhe gIolaI irradialion and lhe ground refIecled irradialion in a
verlicaI pIane. The lenperalures vere aIso neasured in lhe anlienl, sunIil vaII, shadoved
vaII and in lhe gap lelveen lhe pIanls and lhe soulh vaII ly NiCr lhernocoupIes.

6.2 NumericaI configuration
The daiIy varialions of incidenl irradialions and anlienl lenperalure vere approached
vilh poIynoniaIs, in order lo le used as loundary condilions in lhe sinuIalion. The
corresponding poIynoniaIs are given foIIoving
Ior lhe irradialion in verlicaI pIane
3 6 2 1O 3 15 4
6.7 7.48 1O 6.21 1O 2.38 1O 2.33 1O
t
| x |imc x |imc x |imc x |imc

= + + (28)

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Ior lhe irradialion in horizonlaI pIane
3 6 2 1O 3 15 4
1.74 6.28 1O 4.57 1O 1.83 1O 1.79 1O
n
| x |imc x |imc x |imc x |imc

= + + + (29)
Ior lhe anlienl lenperalure
4 7 2 11 3
16 4 2O 5 26 6
2.13 5.87 1O 2.29 1O 1.72 1O
5.97 1O 1 1O 6.43 1O
am|
T x |imc x |imc x |imc
x |imc x |imc x |imc

= +
+ +

(3O)
Where, |imc is lhe line since sunrise in secs. In lolh pIane lhe percenlage of diffuse
irradialion f
d
vas 3O. Since lhere are nol experinenlaI neasurenenls, il vas supposed lhal
lhe norlh vaII received lhe haIf irradialion lhan lhe pIanls verlicaI surface and lhal aII of
lhis irradialion vas diffusive, f
d
=1. In lhe 22
nd
of Augusl in Larissa (=39.38
, L=22.25
o
) lhe
soIar sunrise line is 6h 39 36. Our sinuIalion viII legin fron 6h OO OO in lhe norning
giving lhe opporlunily lo lhe fIov fieId lo reach a sleady slale condilion, lefore lhe
loundary condilions legin lo aIlernale. The vhoIe period of sinuIalion is lhe lolaI soIar day
fron 6 h OO OO up lo 19h 2O OO, a fev ninules afler lhe sunsel. The line slep is d=1 sec.
The sinuIalion resuIls are saved every 6O secs.

6.3 ModeI vaIidation
The nunericaI nodeI vas vaIidaled againsl lhe experinenlaI neasurenenls. Three
lenperalures vere conpared. The lenperalure deveIoped in lhe gap lelveen lhe pIanls
and lhe shaded soulh vaII, lhe lenperalure deveIoped on lhe shaded soulh vaII and lhe
lenperalure deveIoped on lhe sunIil surface. As sinuIaled lenperalures are considered lhe
average lenperalures: a) on a Iine across lhe gap in lhe eIevalion of 1.35 n for lhe gap
lenperalure, l) on lhe surface of lhe soulh vaII, for lhe shaded vaII lenperalure, and c) in
lhe surface on lhe sunIil sheIler for lhe sunIil lenperalure. In lhe foIIoving figures 4, 5 and 6
lhe neasured and sinuIaled lenperalures lenporaI profiIes are given. The sinuIaled
lenperalures are aIso conpared vilh lhe lenperalures caIcuIaled ly sleady-slale
sinuIalions reaIized for lhe hours 8:OO, 1O:OO, 12:OO, 14:OO, 16:OO and 18:OO.

Iig. 4. TenporaI profiIe of gap lenperalure Iig. 5. TenporaI profiIe of shadoved
surface lenperalure
As far il concerns lhe gap and shaded surface lenperalures ve olserve a fairIy good
approach vilh lhe unsleady sinuIalion giving leller resuIls fron lhe sleady-slale
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sinuIalion since il lakes inlo accounl lhe phenonenon of lhernaI slorage. The average
devialion of unsleady sinuIalion lo lhe neasured lenperalures is of lhe order of 1O.
AInosl aII lhe day lhe reaI lenperalures are Iover lhan lhe predicled. This is due lo lhe facl
lhal lranspiralion and lhe sulsequenl lenperalure decrease is nol incorporaled in lhe
proposed nodeI.

Iig. 6. SunIil surface lenporaI lenperalure profiIe

As far il concerns lhe sunIil surface lenperalure profiIe ve olserve significanlIy nore
inporlanl inprovenenl of lenperalure prediclions passing fron sleady-slale lo unsleady
radialion, in lhe order of 3O lul lhe predicled vaIues are sliII avay fron lhe neasured
especiaIIy for lhe hours lelveen 14:OO and 16:OO. As il has leen poinled in lhe loundary
condilions seclion a nixed loundary condilion, laking accounl lolh conveclion and
radialion, has leen inpIenenled lo lhe sheIler ouler surface. Since lhe fieId around lhe
sheIler ouler surface is nol soIved in lhis sinuIalion a conslanl conveclion coefficienl vas
adopled during aII lhe day. Il is IikeIy al lhe aflernoon hours lhe exlernaI vind speed lo le
enough Iov, so as lo il Ied lo a conveclion coefficienl nuch Iover lhan assuned. This couId
expIain lhe devialion lelveen neasured and sinuIaled lenperalures during lhose hours.
In generaI lhe conparison is considered successfuI and lhe nodeI is considered lo sinuIale
vilh fairIy accuracy lhe lransporl phenonena lakes parl in lhe sludied fieId. In foIIoving
figures lhe nosl inporlanl fIov and heal paranelers in 6 characlerislic hours are given in
lerns of iso-conlours, slreanIines and profiIes. In fig.7 lhe lenperalure iso-conlours inside
lhe lesl ceII are given for lhe hours 8:OO, 1O:OO, 12:OO, 14:OO, 16:OO and 18:OO.
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Iig. 7. Tenperalure iso-conlours

During lhe day lhe lenperalure does nol exceed lhe 27
o
C, vilh lhe higher lenperalures
appearing al 18:OO h in lhe aflernoon in lhe lop of lhe ceII. AIlhough lhe norlh vaII receives
onIy diffusive radialion vilh lhe haIf inlensily lhan lhe soulh lhe pIanls exislence provide
enough shadov lo keep lhe soulh vaII lenperalure Iov enough lo canceI lhe appearance of
any lenperalure gradienl. The lenperalure in lhe fIoor renains 2O
o
C lecause il vas
seIecled lo adopl lhe parlicuIar sinpIifying adnission of isolhernaI loundary condilion. In
Iig.8 lhe lenperalure iso-conlours around lhe lesl ceII and lelveen lhe ceII and lhe shading
devices are presenled. In lhe exlernaI sludied fieId lhe lenperalure can le as high as 36
o
C,
due lo increased exlernaI air lenperalure and lhe healing lhrough conduclion, conveclion
and irradialion. The higher lenperalure is olserved in lhe 16:OO in lhe aflernoon.
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Iig. 8. Tenperalure iso-conlours around lhe lesl ceII

IinaIIy in lhe figures 9 and 1O lhe lenperalure profiIes aIong lhe x and y synnelry axes of
lhe lesl ceII are presenled. The Iuck of any horizonlaI lenperalure gradienl is verified. In lhe
horizonlaI synnelry axis lhe lenperalure increase unliI 14:OO and lhen renains aInosl
conslanl. The sane lehavior is olserved aIong lhe verlicaI axis vhere lhe higher gradienl
appears during lhe aflernoon.

Iig. 9. HorizonlaI synnelry axis
lenperalure profiIe
Iig. 1O. VerlicaI synnelry axis lenperalure
profiIe

In lhe figures 11 and 12 lhe slreanIines and lhe isolaric conlours are presenled for lhe
inlernaI and lhe exlernaI fieId and lhe sane hours.
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Iig. 11. SlreanIines and isolaric conlours inside lhe lesl ceII

Iig. 12. SlreanIines and isolaric conlours oulside lhe lesl ceII
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In lolh inlernaI and exlernaI fieId lhe onIy driving force is lhe luoyancy. Al lhe leginning
of lhe day a unique lig recircuIalion appears in lhe lop Iefl corner covering lhe vhoIe
inlernaI fieId. Very soon il lreaks in lvo recircuIalions siled in lhe lop Iefl and lhe lop righl
corners, in lhe nosl healed areas of exlernaI vaIIs. Olher lvo snaIIer recircuIalions appears
in lhe niddIe of lhe ceII al 1O:OO, aInosl disappears al 12:OO and finaIIy are eslalIished in lhe
Iefl and righl lollon corners vere lhey renains unliI lhe end of lhe day. Iron norning lo
lhe aflernoon lhe Iefl recircuIalion increases al lhe expense of lhe righl one and lhen il
decreases again as lhe anlienl lenperalure, and consequenlIy lhe norlh vaII lenperalure,
decreases. Al lhe end of lhe day lhe righl lop recircuIalion is leconing doninanl again. The
exlernaI fieId fIov pallern, lelveen lhe lesl ceII and lhe shading devices, renain aInosl
unaIlered as far il concerns lhe forn. A soIar chinney is deveIoped lelveen lhe pIanls and
lhe soulh vaII enforcing lhe exlernaI air lo enler fron lhe lollon and Ieave fron lhe lop
openings, in lhe Iefl lelveen lhe lesl ceII and lhe sheIler and in lhe righl lelveen lhe sheIler
and lhe pIanls. The fIov is separaled in lhe ceII Iefl corner and reallached in lhe niddIe of
lhe ceII lop forning and lig recircuIalion. In lhe foIIoving figures 13, 14, 15 and 16 lhe u and
v veIocily conponenls are given aIong lhe x and y synnelry axes inside lhe lesl ceII.

Iig. 13. u-veIocily aIong x-synnelry axes Iig. 14. v-veIocily aIong x-synnelry axes

Iig. 15. u-veIocily aIong y-synnelry axes Iig. 16. v-veIocily aIong y-synnelry axes

In aII lhe cases veIocilies renains very Iov and donl exceed O.O8 n/s. oundary Iayers
seen lo le veII nodeIed. The v-veIocily in horizonlaI axis renains aInosl zero excepl lhe
areas cIose lo lhe soIid loundaries and aInosl line independenl. In lhe verlicaI axis lhe
nosl exlrene lehavior are olserved for lhe hours 8:OO and 12:OO, vhen lhe inlernaI fieId is
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aIlered unliI il reaches lhe aInosl sleady aflernoon condilion. The sane hoIds for lhe u
conponenl of veIocily aIong lhe verlicaI axis. AIong lhe horizonlaI axis u veIocily
conponenl seens lo undergo nore severe aIleralions fron norning lo noon and il slaliIizes
during lhe aflernoon.
In lhe figure 17 lhe iso-conlours of lhe soIar land incidenl radialion is presenled. IIanls
prevenl quile efficienlIy lhe enlrance of soIar radialion decreasing il up lo 5O. The direcl
resuIl is lhe reduclion of lhe soulh vaII lenperalure and consequenlIy of lhe cooIing Ioads.
IinaIIy in lhe figure 18 lhe NusseIl nunler profiIe in lhe sheIler inner surface is given.

Iig. 17. SoIar land of lhe incidenl radialion iso-conlours

Iig. 18. NusseIl nuler profiIe in lhe sheIler inner surface
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In lhe sile vhere lhe lig recircuIalion appears a sudden drop of NusseIl nunler vaIue
occurs. Such a lehavior vouId le inpossilIe lo le predicled vilh lhe usuaI seni-enpiricaI
anaIylicaI caIcuIaling looIs lased on lhe geonelry and Re and Ir nunlers. This figure
reveaIs lhe CID conlrilulion in lhe connon engineering prolIens since il aIIovs lhe
fornuIalion a deep and accurale inage of lhe reaI lransporl phenonena and a nore precise
eslinalion of lhe cooIing Ioads and lhe gains arising fron passive soIar shading devices

7. Parametric study

The vaIidaled nodeI vas used for a paranelric sludy in order lo eslinale lhe aIleralion of
lesl ceII nirco-cIinale due lo lhe presence of pIanls during lhe vhoIe sunner. Iour nore
characlerislics days fron May lo Seplenler vere sinuIaled. Since lhere are nol neasured
cIinalic dala for lhose days, neleoroIogicaI dala avaiIalIe ly CRLS (Cenlre fron RenevalIe
Lnergy Sources of Creece) vere used. In lhe TalIe 2 lhe nonlhIy average daiIy radialion
|c|
H and lhe nonlhIy average daiIy diffuse radialion
H in horizonlaI pIane are given. The

22
nd
day of each nonlh is chosen as represenlalive. In lhe sane lalIe lhe nonlhIy average
fraclion of diffusive radialion

f is given, aIong vilh lhe nunler of lhe day of lhe year, n.
Day n |-j
WRW
+ |kWh/n
2
-dj
G
+ |kWh/n
2
-dj
G
I
22 May 142 6.66 1.97 O.3O
22 }une 173 7.13 2.OO O.28
22 }uIy 2O3 7.74 1.82 O.24
22 Seplenler 265 4.94 1.44 O.29
TalIe 2. Radialion dala for paranelric sludy

Iron lhe alove dala il is caIcuIaled lhe nonlhIy daiIy average lean irradialion in
horizonlaI pIane,
|
H ly lhe reIalion:
| |c|
H H H = (31)
Taking inlo accounl lhe lolaI duralion of sunIighl, NT, and assuning a sinusoidaI varialion
ve can caIcuIale lhe lean nornaI irradialion C
l,nl
(=O) |kW/n
2
j al any line of lhe day.
( ) ( )
, , nax
=O =O sin
| n| | n
|imc
G G
NT
t (
=
(

(32)
Where, C
l,nnax
(=O) is lhe naxinun vaIue of lean nornaI irradialion, in kW/n
2
, given ly
( )
, nax
=O
2
| n |
G H
NT
t
= (33)
The lolaI nunler of sunIighl hours, NT is caIcuIaled ly
2
15
s
NT
e
= (34)
Where,
s
, lhe sunrise hour angIe given ly
cos lan lan
s
a e | o = (

(35)
The lolaI irradialion nornaI lo lhe surface of sunIil lesl ceII surfaces, C
lol,nl
() is given ly
( )
( )
,
,
| n|
|c| n|
G
G
f
|
| =
(36)
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Where, C
l,nl
() lhe lean irradialion nornaI lo lhe surface vilh incIinalion angIe given ly
( ) ( )
, ,
=O
| n| | | n|
G R G = (37)
In lhis reIalionship R
l
is lhe ralio of lean irradialion on lhe pIane lo lhal on a horizonlaI
surface al any line given ly
cos
cos
a
|
z
R
u
u
=
(38)
Where,
z
, is lhe zenilh angIe caIcuIaled ly
cos sin sin cos cos cos
z
j j u o e o = +
(39)
The irradialion in lhe pIanls surface is caIcuIaled vilh =9O
and =O
, vhiIe lhe irradialion

in lhe sheIler vilh =5
and =18O
. The irradialion on lhe norlh vaII is laken haIf lhe

irradialion on lhe pIanls and il is considered pureIy diffusive.
As far il concerns lenperalure il vas assuned lhal il foIIovs sinusoidaI varialion during lhe
day under a ruIe of lhunl
( ) sin( ) T | a | | = +
(4O)
|imc
|
NT
t
= |hrj (41)
Where a and l are coefficienls caIcuIaled fron lhe nininun and naxinun lenperalures.
The nininun and naxinun lenperalures have leen relrieved fron NASA neleoroIogicaI
sile and are given in lhe lalIe 3.
TalIe 3. Tenperalure for paranelric sludy
Day Mininun T |
o
Cj Maxinun T |
o
Cj NT |hj a |-j l |-j
22 May 1O.8 25.7 14.36 14.9 1O.8
22 }une 15.O 3O.9 14.78 15.9 15.O
22 }uIy 17.6 33.O 14.36 15.4 17.6
22 Seplenler 14.1 28.7 11.95 14.6 14.1
AII lhe sinuIalions covered lhe vhoIe periods of sunIighl. The line slep used vas d= 2sec.

8. ResuIts

In lhe figures 19 (a-e) lhe daiIy varialion of characlerislic average lenperalures are given for
lhe nonlhs May, }une, }uIy, Augusl and Seplenler. SpecificaIIy in each figure are given lhe
anlienl lenperalure, lhe average roon lenperalure, lhe average lenperalure in lhe gap
lelveen lhe soulh vaII and lhe pIanls, lhe average lenperalure of lhe shaded soulh vaII
and lhe average lenperalure of lhe sunIil surface. The gap average lenperalure is lhe one
laken in a Iine fron lhe soulh vaII lo lhe porous pIanls al lhe eIevalion of 1.35 n. The
piclure is conpIeled vilh fig. 19.f, lhe daiIy varialion of anlienl lenperalure inposed as
exlernaI loundary condilion for lhe five nonlhs. In aII lhe cases lhe gap and lhe shaded
surface lenperalures are aInosl equaI lo lhe anlienl lenperalure as il is inposed ly lhe
conveclion of lhe air slrean enlering lhe conpulalionaI fieId fron lhe lollon opening. The
roon lenperalure renains Iov enough and lhe sunIil lenperalure lecones far higher lhan
lhe anlienl one due lo lhe soIar radialion and lhe lenporaI heal slorage. The highesl
anlienl lenperalures are found in }uIy and Augusl. In lhe figures 2O (a-e) lhe
corresponding daiIy varialions of average soIar land radialion in lhe porous pIanls and in
lhe gap are given, vilh lhe exlernaI soIar land incidenl radialion in horizonlaI surface given
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in fig. 2O.f. In nonlhs cIose lo lhe sunner soIslice very snaII anounls of soIar land
radialion are aIIoved lo pass fron lhe porous pIanls due lo lhe incidenl angIe and lhe
oplicaI properlies. Il shouId le noled lhal for lhe nonlhs May, }une, }uIy and Seplenler lhe
percenlage of ground refIecled radialion and ils direclion vas nol laken inlo accounl.

Iig. 19. DaiIy varialion of average lenperalures (a-e) and of anlienl lenperalure (f)
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Iig. 2O. DaiIy varialion of average soIar land radialion (a-e) and of exlernaI radialion
incidenl on horizonlaI surface

In lhe figures 21 and 22, lhe daiIy varialion of lhe average veIocily nagniludes inside lhe
roon and in lhe gap lelveen lhe pIanls and lhe soulh vaII are given. The lenperalures
inside lhe roon are very Iov as il vas expecled. They legin fron reIaliveIy high vaIues in
lhe norning and lhe decrease slaliIising for lhe resl of lhe day lo very Iov vaIues. This
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lehaviour is connon lo aII nonlhs and agrees vilh lhe daiIy aIleralion of slreanIines
sludied for Augusl in Iigure 11. In lhe gap il is olserved lhal lhe higher lhe nornaI
radialion in lhe pIanls exlernaI surface lhe higher lhe veIocilies in lhe crealed soIar chinney.
Iig. 21. DaiIy varialion of roon average
veIocilies nagnilude
Iig. 22. DaiIy varialion of gap average
veIocilies nagnilude

The lasic goaI of lhe pIanls use as passive soIar shading devices is lo decrease lhe cooIing
Ioads during lhe sunner. Wilhoul lhe presence of lhe pIanls lhe soulh vaII vouId have lhe
sunIil surface lenperalure and energy shouId le consuned in order lo renove lhe heal
gain. This energy corresponds lo lhe cooIing Ioad reduclion achieved ly lhe lraiIing panls
presence. In lhe nexl figures 24 and 25 lhe daiIy varialion of cooIing Ioad reduclion and
degree hours for lhe five exanined nonlhs are presenled. The degree hours (DH) and lhe
cooIing Ioad reduclion (CL) are caIcuIaled according lo lhe foIIoving fornuIas
( ) * DH Tsun|i| Tsnac |imc = |dhj
(42)
* * C| DH arca surfacc nca| |ransfcr cccfficicn| = |Wh/nj
(43)
Where lhe area is lhe soulh vaII area per neler (arca = 2.7 n
2
/n) and lhe nca| |ransfcr
cccfficicn| has leen exlracled fron sinuIalion resuIls for lhe soulh vaII surface.

Iig. 23. DaiIy varialion of cooIing Ioad
reduclion
Iig. 24 DaiIy varialion of degree hours
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Inlegraling lhe cooIing Ioad reduclion in lhe vhoIe day line period lhe lolaI daiIy energy
saves can le caIcuIaled. In lhe TalIe 3 lhe energy saves per vaII neler are sunnarized for
lhe five exanined nonlhs. Augusl resuIls agree vilh lhe energy saves caIcuIaled ly
experinenlaIIy neasured dala in (Tzachanis, A. D. 2OO8).

a/a Monlh DaiIy energy save |Wh/nj MonlhIy energy save |kWh/nj
1 May 1651 51.81
2 }une 185O 55.5O
3 }uIy 2O38 63.18
4 Augusl 1O98 34.O4
5 Seplenler 1127 33.81
TOTAL 238.34
TalIe 3. Lnergy saving achieved ly lhe lraiIing pIanls presence

9. Discussion

In lhe presenl vork a CID nodeI vas deveIoped using a finile voIune nelhod for lhe
sinuIalion of fIov and lransporl phenonena occurring in a lesl ceII parliaIIy shaded ly
lraiIing pIanls and a sheIler. The nodeI vas vaIidaled againsl ollained experinenlaI
neasurenenls. Il sIighlIy overeslinales lhe lenperalures deveIoped in lhe gap lelveen lhe
lesl ceII soulh vaII and lhe pIanl as veII as lhe lenperalures in lhe shaded soulh vaII
lecause il does nol lake inlo accounl lhe lenperalure reduclion lhrough lranspiralion. As
far il concerns lhe lenperalure of sunIil surface a discrepancy is olserved during sone noon
hours prolalIy due lo consideralion of conslanl heal lransfer coefficienl as a loundary
condilion in lhe sheIler exlernaI surface. NeverlheIess lhe differences are snaII enough lo
consider lhe sinuIalion successfuI and lhe nodeI alIe lo predicl lhe deveIoped fIov,
radialion and lenperalure pallerns.
Inside lhe roon lhe lenperalure during lhe vhoIe day renains quile Iov due lo lhick
insuIalion and lhe presence of lhe shading pIanls. The Ialer is verified ly lhe alsence of
horizonlaI lenperalure gradienl aIlhough lhe norlh vaII receives lhe haIf radialion of lhe
soulh sunIil pIanls surface, vhich is aIso lolaIIy diffusive. The fIov pallern inside lhe roon
aIlernales inlensiveIy during lhe firsl norning hours and il is slaliIized in lhe aflernoon
hours. elveen lhe lesl ceII and lhe shading devices (lraiIing pIanls and sheIler) a soIar
chinney is deveIoped resuIling in lenperalures cIose lo lhe anlienl ones. In lhe vhoIe
conpulalionaI fieId lhe onIy driving force is lhe lhernaI luoyancy. The line of naxinun
lenperalure is shifled lovards lhe aflernoon due lo lenporaI heal slorage phenonenon.
The incidenl soIar radialion is significanlIy reduced ly lhe pIanls vhich are considered
porous naleriaI vilh honogenous lhernophysicaI and oplicaI properlies especiaIIy cIose
lhe sunner soIslice vhen lhe incidenl angIe increases.
The conlrilulion of using CID lechniques for sludy of siniIar prolIens is reveaIed fron lhe
NusseIl nunler profiIe on lhe sheIler inner surface, indicaliveIy given in lhe figure 18,
vhich vouId le inpossilIe lo le predicled vilh anaIylicaI seni-enpiricaI looIs.
The paranelric sludy aIIovs lhe caIcuIalion of cooIing Ioad reduclion, offered ly lhe
presence of pIanls in lhe soulh vaII vicinily, during lhe vhoIe period of high anlienl
lenperalures of lhe year. Il shovs consideralIe reduclion of cooIing Ioads vhich couId Iead
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lo inporlanl energy save during a period vilh high pover denand. The quanlificalion of
lhis energy save vas lhe lasic oljecl of lhe sinuIalion reaIised in lhis vork.

10. ConcIusion Suggestion

The pIacing of pIanls near lhe soulh vaIIs offer inporlanl reduclion in luiIdings cooIing
Ioads, as il is knovn fron lradilionaI archileclure and liocIinalic design principIes. In lhe
presenl vork lheir effecl vas sinuIaled using ConpulalionaI IIuid Dynanic (CID)
lechniques aIIoving lhe quanlificalion of energy saving during lhe hol sunner period. The
deveIoped nodeI is considered successfuI since il conpares veII vilh exisling experinenlaI
neasurenenls.
NeverlheIess lhe nodeI can le inproved furlher. One inporlanl slep is lhe inlroduclion of
lhe nechanisn of lenperalure reduclion due lo lhe pIanls lranspiralion lhal couId aIIov
leller eslinalion of lenperalures fieIds. Anolher slep couId le lhe 3D sinuIalion lhal
vouId aIIov nore accurale caIcuIalion of lhe expecled energy saving.
A leller approach of lhe loundary condilion inposed on lhe lesl ceII ground vouId give a
nore reaIislic eslinalion of lhe fIov and lenperalure pallern deveIoped inside lhe lesl ceII,
aIIoving lhe exlraclion of concIusion aloul lhe conforl condilions lhere.
One inporlanl paraneler is lhe vaIue of lhe lhernophysicaI and speclraI oplicaI properlies
of lhe invoIved naleriaIs. LspeciaIIy as far il concerns lhe pIanl il vouId le very usefuI lo
neasure accuraleIy lhe oplicaI properlies and use lhen in a nore appropriale vaveIenglh
land discrelizalion. The nodeI can le used for lhe evaIualion of differenl pIanls
perfornance and il can aIIov lhe design of effeclive passive soIar shading syslens.

11. References

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savings of shade lrees, |ncrgq an 8ui|ings, 25(2), pp. 139-148
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vegelalion on lhernaI conforl in urlan slreel canyons, Sc|ar |ncrgq, 81(6), pp. 742-
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axevanou, C. A., Iidaros, D. K. & Tzachanis, A. D. (2OO8). P|an|'s snaing cffcc| in a |cs| cc|| -
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8. |unamcn|a|s, 23(3), pp. 269-288
Duffie, }. A. & ecknan, W. A. (1991). Sc|ar cnginccring cf |ncrma| prcccsscs, WiIey,
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LreII, L. & T. WiIIianson (2OO6). SinuIaling air lenperalure in an urlan slreel canyon in aII
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354O42O746, erIin.
Can, C. (2OO6). SinuIalion of luoyancy-induced fIov in open cavilies for naluraI venliIalion,
|ncrgq an 8ui|ings, 38(5), pp. 41O-42O
CouIding, }. R., Levis, }. O. & Sleeners, T. C. (1992 ). |ncrgq Ccnscicus Dcsign. A Primcr fcr
|urcpcan Arcni|cc|s, T alsford Lld., London.
CouIding, }. R., Levis, }. O. & Sleeners, T. C. (1993). |ncrgq |n Arcni|cc|urc Tnc |urcpcan
Passitc Sc|ar Han|cc|, alsford for lhe Connission of lhe Luropean Connunilies,
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Kin, S. H. & Huh, K. Y. (2OOO). A nev anguIar discrelizalion schene of lhe finile voIune
nelhod for 3-D radialive heal lransfer in alsorling, enilling and anisolropicaIIy
scallering nedia, |n|crna|icna| ]curna| cf Hca| an Mass Transfcr, 43(7), pp. 1233-1242
Launder, . L. & SpaIding, D. . (1974). The nunericaI conpulalion of lurluIenl fIovs,
Ccmpu|cr Mc|ncs in App|ic Mccnanics an |nginccring, 3(2), pp. 269-289
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consunplion of office luiIdings in ScolIand, App|ic |ncrgq, 85(2-3), pp. 115-127
Miyazaki, T., Akisava, A. & Kashivagi, T. (2OO6). The effecls of soIar chinneys on lhernaI
Ioad niligalion of office luiIdings under lhe }apanese cIinale, Rcncua||c |ncrgq,
31(7), pp. 987-1O1O
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effecls of cross-venliIalion affecled ly nicrocIinale around a luiIding, Sc|ar |ncrgq,
8O(4), pp. 371-382
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shading vilh pIanls for soIar conlroI of luiIdings, |ncrgq an 8ui|ings, 33(8), pp.
831-836
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Henisphere.
Raeissi, S. & Taheri, M. (1999). Lnergy saving ly proper lree pIanlalion, 8ui|ing an
|ntircnmcn|, 34(5), pp. 565-57O
Railhly, C. D. (1999). Discussion of lhe finile-voIune nelhod for radialion, and ils
appIicalion using 3D unslruclured neshes, Numcrica| Hca| Transfcr, Par| 8.
|unamcn|a|s, 35(4), pp. 389-4O5
Railhly, C. D. & Chui, L. H. (199O). Iinile-voIune nelhod for predicling a radianl heal
lransfer in encIosures vilh parlicipaling nedia, ]curna| cf Hca| Transfcr, 112(2), pp.
415-423
Tzachanis, A. D. (2OO8). The conlrilulion of naluraI shading vilh cIinling pIanls lo lhe
energy laIance of a luiIding, Gcc|ccnnica| Scicn|ific Tcpics cf GO|T||, In presspp.
Tzachanis, A. D. & SdravopouIou, C. (2OO2). Simu|a|icn cn |nc pcricic s|caq nca| gain in
|ui|ings. 2nd IASTLD InlernalionaI Conference on Iover & Lnrgy Syslens (Luro
ILS), Crele, Creece.
WiIcox, D. C. (1998). Tur|u|cncc Mcc|ing fcr C|D, DCW Induslries, O9636O5151, CaIifornia.
Zhang, Y., Mahrer, Y. & MargoIin, M. (1997). Iredicling lhe nicrocIinale inside a
greenhouse: an appIicalion of a one-dinensionaI nunericaI nodeI in an unhealed
greenhouse, Agricu||ura| an |crcs| Mc|ccrc|cgq, 86(3-4), pp. 291-297

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Modelling Simulation and Optimization
Edited by Gregorio Romero Rey and Luisa Martinez Muneta
ISBN 978-953-307-048-3
Hard cover, 708 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, February, 2010
Published in print edition February, 2010
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A CFD Study of Passive Solar Shading 417

A CFD Study of Passive SoIar Shading

radialion inlensily for vaveIenglh |W/(n

speclraI alsorplion coefficienl |1/nj - or exlinclion coefficienl

soIid angIes of exlenl

o is conpuled fron lhe alsorlpivily, o , according lo

= , vhere a is lhe pernealiIily and inerliaI resislance

. Ior lhe sheIler exlernaI surface il is laken =5

H in horizonlaI pIane are given. The

, vhiIe lhe irradialion

. The irradialion on lhe norlh vaII is laken haIf lhe

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