MSc Sustainable Energy Technologies

and Part IV MEng

SESM6018

AUTOMOTIVE PROPULSION
Prof. K.H. Luo and Dr. S.M. Sharkh
School of Engineering Sciences University of Southampton
1

AIMS
1. To teach principles of operation of internal combustion engines
2. To introduce fundamentals of chemical kinetics and turbulent combustion 3. To describe environmental impact of internal combustion engines and emission control 4. To introduce series and parallel hybrid electric vehicle concepts with emphasis on electric motor drive design
2

Part I Combustion and I.C. Engines (Prof Luo) Part II Hybrid Electric Propulsion (Dr Sharkh)

Prof Kai Luo Office: 25/1055 Extension: 27202 Email: K.H.Luo@soton.ac.uk

Dr Suleiman Sharkh Office: 26/2017 Extension: 23397 Email: Suleiman@soton.ac.uk

Part I Combustion and I.C. Engines Prof Kai Luo

Top Ten Achievements of Mechanical Engineering in 20th Century

(Source: ASME 2000)
The automobile The Apollo Programme Power generation Agricultural mechanization The aeroplane Integrated circuit mass production Air-conditioning and refrigeration Computer-aided engineering (CAE) Bioengineering Codes and standards
5

Why study automotive propulsion?

Transport is vital to modern economy and human mobility and comfort Transport is an important part of our sustainable future Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) are a marvel of engineering that offers superior performance, reliability, cost and fuel flexibility compared with alternative engine technologies Combustion the energy conversion process in ICEs, which is the underpinning science and technology for over 90% of energy conversion in the world Road vehicles are major oil consumers and sources of pollutant and CO2 emissions
6

Early History of Engines for Road Vehicles

1769, first self-propelled road vehicle built by French engineer, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725 - 1804), powered by a steam engine; 1807, Francois Isaac de Rivaz of Switzerland invented the first internal combustion engine powered car burning a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen as fuel (gas engines); 1832-1839, first electric carriage built by Scottish engineer, Robert Anderson. 1864, first gasoline-powered internal combustion engines built by Austrian engineer, Siegfried Marcus. 1876, first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine built by German engineer, Nicolaus August Otto

1885, first prototype of modern internal combustion engines built by German engineers, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach.
1896, Southampton graduate Frederick William Lanchester built the first all British automobile.
7

Cugnot Self-Propelled Vehicles

Reciprocating Steam Engine

1769

1771
Military tractor to haul artillery Large steam boiler at front, 2 pistons ~ 2.5 mph, stopped every 10-12 mins to build up steam pressure 8 In 1771, modified to accommodate four passengers Responsible for the first automobile accident when it crashed into a garden wall

Some History of Internal Combustion Engines

Otto-Langen engine patent and engine (1867)
Fuel is introduced at base and burns The piston in the column is driven up due to the pressure Once the piston is in freefall a racket engages which spins the fly wheel

Diesel engine patent (1893)

Rudolf Diesel introduced the first diesel engine in 1893 The slow-combustion engine compresses air to raise its temperature above the igniting point of the fuel Fuel was gradually introduced and vapourisation takes place due to heat

The fuel supply is stopped,expansion occurs driving the piston down

9

Some History of Internal Combustion Engines

Lenoir (1863)
Hydrogen gas fuelled one cylinder, ~2 mph

Benz (1885) Motorwagen

Four stroke engine, two roller chains to the rear axel. Top speed ~10mph

Daimler (1886)
First four wheeled motor carriage Stagecoach adapted with a prototype of the modern gas engine, top speed ~11mph

Maybach (1929): Four stroke, 12 cylinder spark

ignition engine; top speed ~ 93 mph

10

Frederick William Lanchester 1868 1946

An automobile and aeronautics pioneer
1891 - graduated from Southampton University (Hartley University College) 1896 - Built the first British automobile 1897 - Published The soaring of flight of birds and the possibilities of mechanical flight 1907 - Published two-volume work Aerial Flight, laying foundation for Aerodynamics 1916 - Published Aircraft in warfare: the dawn of the fourth arm, laying the foundation for Operational Research

11

Four Stroke Engine (Otto Cycle)

Mercedes Petrol Engine

12

Some Milestones of Modern Road Transport

1908: the first Ford Model T sold 1913: mass production of Ford cars began By 1960 global car population exceeded 100 million In 2005, there were about 776 million road vehicles worldwide

By 2050, there will be 3,300 million road vehicles worldwide, by projection

13

Licensed Motor Vehicles in the UK: 1950 - 2008

14

Source: DfT

Global Vehicle Sales

*China accounts for 25% of the worlds vehicle sales (20% of cars only)

Projection of Road Vehicle Number and Density (Source: BP Energy Outlook 2030)

16

Projection of Transport Energy Demand and Efficiency (Source: BP Energy Outlook 2030)
In 2030, 87% oil, 7% biofuel, 4% natural gas and 1% electricity

17

Peak (Conventional) Oil Day

In the New Policies Scenarios, oil production does not peak before 2035 and the peak would not be caused by resource constraint (Source: IEA, WEO2010)

Production capacity Investment

Demand

Efficiency of use

Production technologies

Government policies

Alternative energy

Price

New discoveries
18

Ultimately recoverable reserves

Fuel Economy Projection

IEA, WEO2010

19

20

21

Non-Combustion Propulsion
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) Solar powered vehicles (SPVs) Others?

22

Vehicle On-Board Storage Density

23

Source: Lotus Engineering, 2008

Comparison of Weight Requirements (in Kg) for a Driving Range of 300 Miles

24

25

26

Future Transport

IEA, WEO2010

27

The Future of I. C. Engines

Improvement in fuel economy and carbon reduction Production and utlization of alternative fuels Development of ultra low emission vehicles Policy and regulations

28

Assessment
Examination
80%

Coursework
20%

29

Reference Books on Combustion and Hybrid Electric Engines

1. JB Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill. 2. R Stone, Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, MacMillan. 3. BE Milton, Thermodynamics, Combustion and Engines, Chapman & Hall. 4. M Westbrook, The electric car, IEE. 5. J Larminie & J Lowry, Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, Wiley.
30

Reference Books on Combustion

1. F.A. Williams, Combustion Theory, Addison Wesley, 1985 2. K.K. Kuo, Principles of Combustion, John Wiley & Sons, 2005 3. I. Glassman, Combustion, Academic Press, 1996 4. N. Peters, Turbulent Combustion, Cambridge University Press, 2000 5. C.K. Law, Combustion Physics, Cambridge University Press, 2007
31