Linear Elastic Design or Working Stress Design Theory

[Singly/Doubly R/F RCC Rectangular Section] Modular Ratio, m = Es / Ec as per Elastic Stress-Strain behaviour of RCC section.

Es = 2 x 10 5 MPa = 200 KN/mm2, Ec = 5700fck MPa ( Ec = fn(t) ) Modular Ratio, m = 280 / 3.cbc as per BIS recommendations taking long term creep effects. Factor of safety , FOS = [ Elastic Limit Stress , f e / Allowable Working Stress , fa ]

Equivalent Area Of RCC Section for analysis/design calculations:

CASE 1: Ae = [ B . D ] = Ag = Gross Sectional Area , considering un-cracked sec. ignoring steel area. CASE 2: Ae = Ag + Ast . (m - 1) + Asc . (1.5m - 1) , considering cracked sec. including equivalent area of steel. CASE 3: Ae = Ac + Ast . (m - 1) + Asc . (1.5m - 1) , considering cracked sec. including equivalent area of steel & area of concrete in compression. Section Analysis Parameters: Given st , cbc (= cb) , Ast , b, d, Analyse for Moment Of resistance offered by the RCC section ( M R ) & vice versa. Section Design Parameters: Given st , cbc (= cb) , & Moment Of resistance offered by the RCC section ( MR ) , Design for b , d , Ast , Asc & vice versa. B = b = Section Width , D Overall Section Depth , d = Depth of neutral axis from the topmost compressed RCC fiber , n = kd = , Lever arm ,jd = d - kd/3 , Percentage Tensile Steel, Pt = Ast / Ag , Percentage Compression Steel , Pc = Asc / Ag , Moment of resistance offered by balanced RCC section , M R,BAL = RB . b . d 2 , [when depth of N.A. , n = nbal] , RB = (1/2).cbc j.k , Kbal = (m2 . p2 + 2.m.p)1/2 - m.p Singly R/F RCC rectangular section many be analysed/designed by considering given section as PARTIALLY CRACKED SECTION [Tensile steel resisting tensile stress in tension zone while area of concrete in compression resisting compressive stresses of concrete in the compression zone!]. CASE A & B: n < nbal or n = nbal , M = Mbal = C.j.d = T.j.d or Mbal = (st/m) . (m.Ast) . jd = (cbc/2).(b.kd).jd , Rectangular RCC Section is analysed and designed as singly under reinforced balanced section assuming working stress in RCC under tension equal to tensile strength of steel , s = st [Actually , s >= st allowing ductile failure for RCC section , concrete reaches its allowable strength before steel leading to predictable visible concrete crushing/breakage failure signs before actual collapse of the RCC member section!] and working

stress in RCC under compression equal to compressive strength of concrete in compression , cb = cbc CASE C: n > nbal , M > Mbal , Rectangular RCC Section is analysed and designed as doubly reinforced balanced section assuming working stress in RCC under tension equal to tensile strength of steel , s = st [Actually , s =< st leading to sudden member failure for over reinforced singly reinforced RCC section , steel reaches its allowable strength before concrete leading to sudden/unsafe collapse of the RCC member section!] and working stress in RCC under compression equal to compressive strength of concrete in compression , cb = cbc

Doubly R/F RCC rectangular section many be analysed/designed by considering given section as FULLY CRACKED SECTION [Tensile steel resisting tensile stress in tension zone while compression steel resisting compressive stress in compression zone, ignoring compressive strength of concrete in the compression zone!]. 1. Singly R/F balanced rectangular RCC section with tensile steel A st1 of moment carrying capacity Mbal.

Ast2 = Mbal / [st.(1 - Kbal/3).d] + (M - Mbal) / [st . (d - d')]

1. Doubly R/F balanced rectangular RCC section with combined tensile steel A st2 plus compression steel Asc resisting remaining balance moment of capacity (M Mbal).

Asc = (M - Mbal) / [(1.5m - 1).cbc.(1 - d'/Kbal.d).(d - d')]