IBPSA 29th July

The Development of Regulatory Compliance Tools for Ventilation and Overheating in Schools
John Palmer Chairman CIBSE Schools Design Group Malcolm Orme Willy Pane

IBPSA 29th July

Design Criteria

The appropriate design conditions for ventilation and summertime thermal comfort in schools in England and Wales are given in Building Bulletins published by the Department for Children Schools and Families:
Building Bulletin 101 Ventilation in School Buildings

available from www.teachernet.gov.uk

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Building Bulletin 101 states that

When measured at seated head height, during the continuous period between the start and finish of teaching on any day, the average concentration of carbon dioxide should not exceed 1500 parts per million (ppm)

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Advisory Performance Standards

At any occupied time, including teaching, the occupants should be able to lower the concentration of carbon dioxide to 1000 ppm. The maximum concentration of carbon dioxide should not exceed 5000 ppm during the teaching day.

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Thermal Comfort in Summer

Building Bulletin 101 states that: The performance standards for summertime overheating in compliance with Approved Document L2 for teaching and learning areas are: a) There should be no more than 120 hours when the air temperature in the classroom rises above 28C, b) The average internal to external temperature difference should not exceed 5C (i.e. the internal air temperature should be no more than 5C above the external air temperature on average) c) The internal air temperature when the space is occupied should not exceed 32C.

Design Tools Developed for Department of Children Schools and Families

ClassVent ClassCool
available from www.teachernet.gov.uk

IBPSA 29th July

ClassVent - Natural Ventilation Design & Part F Compliance Tool

This Spreadsheet produces the area of ventilation openings required for the supply of a specific volume flow per person
Legend of typical ventilation elements High Level Vent Openable part of the window Standard ClassRoom Geometry and Occupancy ClassRoom Geometry Width - m Depth - m Height - m (ceiling height or highest level for opening) ClassRoom Occupancy Number of Pupils Teacher (1 or 2?) 58 232 32 0.384 5.958621 0 Design and Enviromental Variables Temperature Profile - default season or user input Default temperatures Outside 5 1 Winter 2 MidSeason 11 24 3 Summer 4 Other - User defined temperatures Extra Height for Sloping Ceilings - m (leave it as 0 for horizontal ceilings) 0 Go to any strategy by clicking Single Vent Here Twin Vents Here Vent & Window Here CrossFlow Here Stack Here Stack (multiple rooms) Here Required Volume flow
12 l/sec/per 1

7.25 8 4

Building Height Floor Area = Internal Volume = Number of ppl Flow Requirements m/sec Flow Requirements ach Floor (input 0 for Ground Floor)

30 2

User

Inside 20 20 27 1 28 28

Low Level Vent Fixed part of the Window Door to corridor (seen through window) High Level Vent, leading into corridor or Stack

This spreadsheet is a simple tool to predict the area of the openings needed to provide external air under specified conditions The recommended values are: 3, 5 or 8 litres/second/person The User should enter the geometry and occupancy for the room and then progress throught the various design scenarios as indicated on the tabs below Six possible combinations are given that include variations of Single Sided, Crossflow and Stack ventilation. The "Single Vent" is either a single opening like a window or a vent; the "Twin Vent" has two (identical) vents at different heights. The "Vent Window", allows the user to change the window area (which will then produce a different area for the inlet vent). The "CrossFlow" and "Stack(single)" and "Stack(multiple)" ventilation cases allow further inputs for windspeed and up to 3 floors in the stack cases. The temperatures recommended as the default conditions for each period of the year are as shown in the table above Note: the areas predicted are effective areas - i.e. they will pass the same volume of air as a square edged orifice of the same area. The "hole in the wall" to install an actual ventilator that provides this effective area will be greater than these calculations imply.

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Based on CIBSE AM10

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Single sided single opening

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Results

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Other Design Options

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Predicted Annual Performance

Single Side Ventilation, 2 equal openings at low and high level, areas sized according to season; London TRY with wind
24
Outdoor air inflow for opening sized for Summer Outdoor air inflow for opening sized for Winter Outdoor air inflow for opening sized for midSeason

Flow, litres/sec/person

16

Winter Period

midSeason

Summer

midSeason

Winter Period

0 Mon, 01/Jan

Tue, 20/Mar

Wed, 06/Jun

Thu, 23/Aug

Fri, 09/Nov

Occupied time on 12 month (no summer hols)

IBPSA 29th July

Predicted Annual Performance

Outdoor air supply rate for different strategies; London TRY, with wind. Openings sized according to season
32
Design Strategy Cross Flow, two openings of equal areas Single Sided, one opening Single Sided, low and high level openings of equal area Opening with stack

24 Flow, litres/second/person

S S

16

Areas of front facade openings for different strategies W M S Cross Flow, two openings 0.75x2 0.97x2 1.72x2 Single Sided, one opening 1.5 1.9 3.4 Single Sided equal opening 0.39 0.53 1.09 Opening with stack 0.21 0.28 0.62 Stack outlet and inlet from room 1.0

S
M 8 W W M W

M W
S = area provided for summer design condition M = area provided for midseason design condition W = area provided for winter design condition

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Area of front facade opening, m

IBPSA 29th July

ClassCool Avoiding Overheating Part L Compliance Tool for

Classrooms
Window Area g-value

Classroom Definition
The basic classroom is assumed to have a floor area of ~54m and a volume of ~162m. This tool does not allow a change in these variables, as it cannot replace proper thermal modelling.

Note to the user:- do not cut 'n' paste cells unless using /edit/value which will preserve the formatting of the cells. Gf 1F 60
Partial Solar Control

Ratios

Natural 60 60 0.679

Window Area g-value

Percentage of Faade Area ( between 20% and 60%) Choose between No, Partial, Full solar control (between 0.675 and 0.38 ) if choosing "Other", provide input from Glazing datasheets here ===>>

60
No Solar Control

Louvres
Louvres

0.668
0

and here>
0

0.668

0.668

0.668 -1

Numbers of louvre blades, 0 to 6

Selection by orientation and floor Classroom Selectio Classroom Selection by orientation and floor
Gf Max 120 169 120 98 120 169 120 98
Half

1F 0 169 60 98 60 84.5 60 49

Orientation North East East South East South South West West North West North

Gf

1F 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.64

Overhang

W idth in cm, North East W idth in cm, East W idth in cm, South W idth in cm, West W idth in cm, North

(120cm for 100% shading of a 185cm window) (169cm for 100% shading of a 185cm window) (98cm for 100% shading of a 185cm window) (169cm for 100% shading of a 185cm window) (98cm for 100% shading of a 185cm window)
Half

0 0 120 98 120 169 120 98

Overhang

W idth in cm, South Eas t (120cm for 100% shading of a 185cm window) W idth in cm, South West (120cm for 100% shading of a 185cm window) W idth in cm, North West (120cm for 100% shading of a 185cm window)

MidPane Blinds

Shading Coefficient : - Choose "Full", "Half", "None", or "Other" If choosing "Other", provide input in here ===================>>

0.878 115
Middle Weight

and here>

0.878 115

0.878

0.878 115 2

Casual Gains Thermal Mass

Between 15 W /m and 115 W /m Low (1.18 W /K/m), Medium (3.0 W /K/m), High (4.9 W /K/m), (GF). If choosing "Other", provide input in here ===================>>

Middle Weight

4 8
in l/sec in l/sec

4 8 8 8

4 4 8 8 Avg Delta T 0 161.7 1f Gf Max Tint

MidPane Blinds
Day Ventilation Night Ventilation
Day Ventilation, l/sec/person - between 5 l/sec/pers and 13 l/sec/pers Night Ventilation 0 to 512 l/sec ( ~12 ach) Class AREA = Conditional Formatting statemen Hours TRUE TRUE Hours TRUE TRUE Hours TRUE TRUE Hours TRUE TRUE Hours TRUE TRUE Hours TRUE TRUE Hours TRUE TRUE Hours TRUE TRUE of of of of of of of of Overheating Overheating Overheating Overheating Overheating Overheating Overheating Overheating above above above above above above above above 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C

53.9
Input the flow in l/sec here =======>

Hours >28C
Hours >28C

Max Tint Gf 1f

Casual Gains Thermal Mass

Results

Day Ventilation Night Ventilation

Orientation 53.9 Orientation North (figures rounded up to the next 5 h)East North East (figures rounded up to the next 5 h) East (figures rounded up to the next 5 h) South East East (figures rounded up to the next 5 h) South (figures rounded up to the next 5 h) South West South East (figures rounded up to the next 5 h) West (figures rounded up to the next 5 h) North West (figures rounded up to the South next 5 h) North South West West North West North

Gf

111 1f

Volume = Gf

Avg Delta T

1f

Gf
1f

1f

255 410 415 305 230 290 300 230 330 340 215 335 230 245 250 240

Gf

315 270 295 265 300 295 315 310

9.9 10.4 8.6 8.1 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.5

265 7.4 6.6 250 7.4 6.3 260 7.3 7.6 7.1 250 6.9 255 255 280 275

>35C >35C >35C >35C >35C >35C >35C >35C

6.9 >35C >35C >35C 7.3 >35C >35C 6.7 >35C >35C 6.3 >35C 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.4

6.3 5.9 6.3 5.7 6.3 6.6 6.2 6.1

>35C >35C >35C 34.5 34.7 35.0 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.6 34.4 34.3 34.9 34.4 34.8 >35C

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Developing ClassCool
Dynamic simulation - hourly data, overheating is a short term effect IES Apache V5.01 Experimental design response surface methodology second order face centred hyper-cubic design

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Analysis Steps Parameter Selection

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Parameter ranges -- low : mid-point : high

Step One Solar Gains
glazed area (%) normal g-value overhangs (% shading) louvres blinds 20 : 40 : 60 0.68 : 0.52 : 0.38 0 : 50 : 100 (shading on June 21st) 0 : 3 : 6 (shading by SUNCAST) 1 : 0.64 : 0.28 (shading coefficient)

Step Two overheating prediction

solar gains admittance (W/K/m2) Ventilation o Day (l/s per person) o Night (air changes/h) casual gains (W/m2) from step one 1.1 : 3.0 : 4.9 5 : 8 : 13 0 : 4 : 12 15 : 65 : 115 (also scheduled by occupancy)

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The simulated model (seen above) is made of 4 classroom blocks, 2 storeys high, angled at 45 to each other. Each floor has 3 classrooms with a different amount of glazed area, a corridor and three other classrooms on the opposite side The four different blocks allowed the 8 basic orientations to be modelled simultaneously The simulation used the London TRY (Test Reference Year) weather file and the model is located in Heathrow for solar shading calculations.

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Predicted Performance
Internal air temperature Maximum air temperature Internal to external temperature difference CIBSE London Test Reference Year Monday to Friday from 1st May to 30th September Occupied hours from 9.00am to 3.30pm.

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Example of prediction of solar gains from modeled data

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Solar Gains with Overhang and Shading Coefficient

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Equations behind ClassCool hours above 28oC

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Equations behind ClassCool temperature difference

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ClassCool Thermal Mass Tool

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ClassCool Casual Gains Tool

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ClassCool Glazing g-value Tool

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Summary
Two simple spreadsheet strategic design tools Easy to use Downloadable Based on full dynamic thermal and coupled modeling Adopted as Regulation Compliance Tools

IBPSA 29th July

Thank you for your attention