Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
(TENSES)
[~: Zk ,
X ~zg QgzZ Subject ~ZZzx :Subject-1 X wB~zg QgzZ Object ~Zqk Q;g YHx 6 , qT :Object-2 X qZ :} X ~zg QgzZ Verb ~Zx k Q;gx
:Verb-3
X Verb Write rgzZ Object wB Letter gzZ subject Aslam Z~kZ X D&6 , g~ C i E X {z :}Future ( w ) ZzWX 3X q{z :} Past ( ) Z Zg / X 2 X q{z :} Present ( wq L ) {X 1
Present Indefinite Tense (Simple)
X D Z esc * sBVerb (Singular Noun) c * (He,She,It)Subject Zg / Z :^ X* @YH7 Z esc * sBverb Plural noun c * ,we,you,they, IgzZ
I write a letter.X Vq~ She writes a letter.X He writes a letter.X q{z
X :}
{z
X@ * YH7 Z es c * s BVerb~]gwEZ DoesX @ * wEZ does not B Singular Noun gzZ He,She,It X :^ X* @YHwEZ do not BPlural noun c * ,we,you,they, IgzZ
I do not write a letter.X Vq7 ~ She does not write a letter.X 7 He does not write a letter.X q7 {z
X :}
{z
Aslam does not write a letter.X q7 Z Aslam and Akram do not write a letter.
X 7 x ZgzZZ
es c * s BVerb~]gwEZ DoesX @ * wEZ Does ~qz B Singular Name gzZ He,She,It X :^ * ,we,you,they, IgzZX @ * YH7 Z X* @YHwEZ ~qz do BPlural noun c
Do I write a letter? Does he write a letter?
?Vq~H ? q{zH
X :}
[~: Zk ,
? {zH ? qZ H ?x ZgzZZ H
@ * W{)z} ~ ,ZD C C @ * ~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q X D xg ~uz VerbQD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z
Subject+2nd form of verb I wrote a letter.X q~ She wrote a letter.X He wrote a letter.X q{z
X :}
{z
Q @ * wEZ did Z # ~ InterrogativegzZ Negative1 CwEZxg ~uz , z~Past Indefinite Tense:^ CwEZ~Past Indefinite Tense(Simple)sgzZsxg ~uz~%Z / Z ~g7O g c * X CwEZxg Verb X @ * wEZ did q Verbn (Negative) X
I did not write a letter.X q7 ~ She did not write a letter.X 7 Aslam did not write a letter.X q7 He did not write a letter.X q7 {z
X :}
{z
X :}
X @ * W{)z ~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q X D xg Verb QD shall c * will QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z
Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb
X ZwEZ shall gzZ will Q : }gzi]! * / ZgzZX @ * wEZ will B ! * Shall B We gzZ ( W ) I X :^
I shall write a letterX V ~
X :}
[~: Zk ,
We shall write a letter.XK He will write a letter.X {z She will write a letter.X
{z
Aslam will write a letter.X Z Aslam and Akram will write a letter.XK x ZgzZZ
Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Subject+will not/shall not+Ist form of verb I shall not write a letter.X V 7 ~ We shall not write a letter.XK 7 He will not write a letter.X 7 She will not write a letter.X 7 Aslam and Akram will not write a letter.XK 7 Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) shall/will+Subject+Ist form of verb +? Shall I write a letter? Shall we write a letter? Will he write a letter? Will she write a letter? Will Aslam write a letter? Will Aslam and Akram write a letter? Present Continuous Tense (Simple)
X :}
{z {z
x ZgzZZ
?V ~H ?K H ? {zH ? {zH ?Z H
X :}
? K x ZgzZZ H
X :}
x ZgzZZ
7 ~ ? 7 {z
X :}
[~: Zk ,
Aslam is not writing a letter.X ;g 7 Z Aslam and Akram are not writing a letter.X g
7 x ZgzZZ
Present Continuous Tense (Interrogative) is/am/are+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+? Am I writing a letter? Are you writing a letter? Is he writing a letter? Is Aslam writing a letter? Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter? Past Continuous Tense (Simple)
X :}
?gx ZgzZZ H
X :}
x ZgzZZ
X :}
7 {z
7 Z
Aslam and Akram were not writing a letter.Xg7 x ZgzZZ Past Continuous Tense (Interrogative) was/were+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+? Was I writing a letter? Were you writing a letter?
X :}
Wa she writing a letter? Was Aslam writing a letter? Were Aslam and Akram writing a letter? Future Continuous Tense (Simple)
?g x ZgzZZ H
[~: Zk ,
will be/shall be
ZwEZ shall gzZ will Q : }gzi]! * / ZgzZX * @YHwEZ willB ! * gzZX @ * wEZ shall B wegzZ ( W ) I X :^ X
I shall be writing a letterX V;g~ You will be writing a letter.XVg ? He will be writing a letter.X ;g{z Aslam will be writing a letter.X ;gZ Aslam and Akram will be writing a letter.XVg Future Continuous Tense (Negative) Subject+will not be/shall not be+Ist form of verb+ing I shall not be writing a letterX V; g7 ~ You will not be writing a letter.XVg7 ? He will not be writing a letter.X ;g Aslam will not be writing a letter.X ;g
X :}
x ZgzZZ
X :}
7 {z
7 Z
Aslam and Akram will not be writing a letter.XVg7 x ZgzZZ Future Continuous Tense (Interrogative) will/shall+Subject+ be+Ist form of verb+ing Shall I be writing a letter? Will you be writing a letter?
X :}
?Vg?H
Will he be writing a letter? Will Aslam be writing a letter? Will Aslam and Akram be writing a letter? Present Perfect Tense( Simple)
?Vgx ZgzZZ H
X @ * W{)z } } ~ c * ` _V[ [~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q X D xg ~ Verb QD has/have QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z
Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb
yougzZ ( W ) IX @ * wEZ haveBThey, we,you,I,plural nouns gzZ hasBhe,she,it,singular noun uZz X :^ X @ * wEZ have B
I have written a letterX V[~ You have written a letter.X` He has written a letter.X Aslam has written a letter.X Aslam and Akram have written a letter.X ` Present Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+has not /have not +3rd form of verb I have not written a letterX V[7 ~
X :}
[ { z
[Z
x ZgzZZ
X :}
[~: Zk ,
? [ 7 Z 7 x ZgzZZ
[ 7 {z
Aslam has not written a letter.X Aslam and Akram have not written a letter.X ` Present Perfect Tense( Interrogative) has/have+Subject+3rd form of verb+? Have I written a letter?
?V[~H ?` ?H ? [{zH
X :}
Have you written a letter? Has he written a letter? Has Aslam written a letter? Have Aslam and Akram written a letter? Past Perfect Tense( Simple)
? [ Z H
?` x ZgzZZ H
X @ * W{)z} ~ c * ` _ [~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q ~ m , Z TensetX D xg ~ Verb QD had QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z Z~x gzZ @ * YH~Past Perfect TenseF , k Q Zx ~]g+Z ( [%!%WZ e )X :}X @ * wEZ ~V % , {kZ=Z Z%!%~Zz6 , zZX * @YH~ Past Indefinite TenseF , k Q {kZ c * W~Z egzZ, Past Perfect Tense ~F
The patient had died before the doctor came.X,~Past Indefinite Tense Subject+had+3rd form of verb I had written a letterX [~ You had written a letter.X` He had written a letter.X Aslam had written a letter.X Aslam and Akram had written a letter.X`
F , X :}
[ { z x ZgzZZ
[ Z X :BVV %[Z
The bell had rung when I reached the school.X _ #pwj~Z # The patient had died before the doctor came.X [%!%W Z e He had gone out before finished his work.X H `C ! * x {z
I had not written a letterX [7 ~ You had not written a letter.X ` 7 He had not written a letter.X Aslam had not written a letter.X
X :}
[7 {z
[7 Z
[~: Zk ,
7 x ZgzZZ
Past Perfect Tense( Interrogative) had+Subject+3rd form of verb+? Had I written a letter ? Had you written a letter?
?[~H ?[{zH
X :}
? ` ?H ? [Z H
Had he written a lette? Had Aslam written a letter? Had Aslam and Akram written a letter?
?` x ZgzZZ H
X @ * W{)zV` V_ _ V[ [~y WVzg Q ~ Tense kS X : K ~zg Q X D xg ~ Verb QD will have/shall have QD Subject zD F , ~Zzg QX :iF , ~Z
Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb
X :}
[{z
[Z x ZgzZZ
Future Perfect Tense( Negative) Subject+will not have/shall not have+3rd form of verb I shall not have written a letterX V[7 You will not have written a letter.X` He will not have written a letter.X Aslam will not have written a letter.X Aslam and Akram will not have written a letter.XV`
X :}
7 ?
[7 {z
[7 Z 7 x ZgzZZ
Future Perfect Tense( Interrogative) will/shall+Subject+ have+3rd form of verb+? Shall I have written a letter? Will you have written a letter?
?V[~H ?` ?H ? [{zH ? [Z H
X :}
Will he have written a letter? Will Aslam have written a letter? Will Aslam and Akram have written a letter?
?V` x ZgzZZ H
[~: Zk ,
( ~g Yd $ ) PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
zx / ZgzZX DwEZ since~ f Point of Time zm{~ / ZX * @YH f z~ Tense kZ :^X @ * zV zgzZX @ * wEZ sinceB zx V V x X @ * wEZ for ~]g+Z wEZ ( Y :x ) Period of time X D wEZ for BV[ R
Subject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing
:iF , ~Z
X @ * wEZ have been B Plural Noun gzZ has been BHe,She,It, singular noun
He has been playng hockey for two hours.X ;g ;V[ Rz {z:} He has been playng hockey for two days.X ;g ;Vz {z You have been singing a song since 8'clock.
Xg * * WJW?
Xg 7* * WJ W?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogtive) Has/Have+Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+? Has he been playng hockey for two hours?
Has he been playng hockey for two days? Have you have been singing a song since 8'clock? Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ? ;g
( ~g Y
* @ f z ~ Tense kZX @ * Past Perfect Continuous Tense ]{zW{)zg D g C ;g @ * ~y Wzg QT:yT X @ * wEZ for BPeriod of Time gzZ sinceBPiont of Time X
Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing
:iF ,
I had been reading this book for two months.X ;g| 7 , [ t{ z~:} He had been sleeping since morning.X ;g @ * {z You had been playing hockey for two hours.Xg ;V[ Rz ? We had been reading this lesson since Sunday.Xg| 7 , $ tg Z Z
[~: Zk ,
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+had not been+Ist form of verb+ing
I had not been reading this book for two months.X ;g| 7 , 7 [ t{ z~:} He had not been sleeping since morning.X ;g @ * 7 {z You had not been playing hockey for two hours.Xg7 ; V[ Rz ? We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday.Xg| 7 , 7 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative) Had +Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+? Had I been reading this book for two months? Had He been sleeping since morning? Had You been playing hockey for two hours? Had We been reading this lesson since Sunday?
$ tg Z Z
* @ PAST
X @ * wEZwEZ for BPeriod of Time gzZ sinceBPoint of Time ~kZX @ * f z ~TensekZX X DwEZ will have been B! * gzZ shall have beenBwe gzZ ( W ) I
Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing:i~Z I shall have been reading this news for two months.X V;g k7 , t{ z~:} You will have been playing since noon.XVg Pz\ W The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning.X ;g @ * `I~VX Ry FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing I shall not have been reading this news for two months.X V;g k7 , 7 t{ z~:} You will not have been playing since noon.XVg 7 Pz\ W The farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning.X ; g @ * `7 I~VX Ry
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative) Will/Shall+Subject+ have been+Ist form of verb+ing+?
Shall I have been reading this news for two months? Will You have been playing since noon? Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning?
[~: Zk ,
ACTIVE VOICE / PASSIVE VOICE PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases First Person Second Person Third Person
10
1
Singular Plural We Singular You
q
Plural You Singular He/She/It
$ T
Plural They
Subjective Case
(q -Z ) {z
( { c * i ) {z
qZ
Objective Case Me Us You You Him/Her/It Them
7Q
q B
Possessive My Mine Our Ours Your Yours Your Yours His/Her/Its Their Theirs
G 4$ q -G
Case
k Q
Zg
Zg v
Zg v
yQ
X :i F , ~Z X
I clean the blackboard.X V@ * s {(Y ~X :} The blackboard is cleaned by me.X * @YHs {(Y Present Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice
by xg ~ Verb is/am/are
verb
object
Voice)
subject
verb
object
( Active
X * @YHs {(
The blackboard is cleaned by me. (Passive Voice) Present Indefinite Tense (Negative) object not is/am/areQ @ * Yc * Subject S verb
~ verb
Object X :i F , ~Z X V@ * s { ( ~X :}
X * @YH7 s {(
[~: Zk ,
11
X V@ * 0 * D~X :}
?D YG0 * D H ?D YG 7 0 * D H
Object Subject by xg ~ Verb was not/ were not Q * @Yc * Subject Object X :i X
Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice
Subject by xg ~ Verb will not be/shall not be Q * @Yc * Subject Object X :i X Object
Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice Subject
[~: Zk ,
12
X1 X2
* , 6 p Z-Z1z{zq -ZX YYH ~ Vz 7Z gzZ Reported Speech Z @ LZZC zp Z-Z Zz%1 @ * {zzZuzgzZX @ * Y3g~ ( "
Verb{kZgzZ Reporting Speech ZX @ * C ! * Inverted Commas
tX @ * , 6 p Z 1 X N Y Z Z{Vz @ *
kZ / ZpX : W , Z 6 , TenseVerbSpeech
Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense) Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office. Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense) Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.
X2
X D that (yZ Uinverted commasReported Speech gzZ comma~y W Reporting speech ( ) subject Reporting Verb pronouns ( I, we, ) First person Reporting Speech } X w$ + ._
Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill. Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.
X3 X4
w$ + ._( wB) object Reporting Verb pronoun (you) second person Reported Speech X
X5
[~: Zk ,
X6
13
X C7 ~pn ~
Drect speech: She will say, " You are at fault." Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.
X Dsp ~Past Tense verbsx Reported speech ~Past Tense / Z Reporting Verb
Present Perfect
X7
gzZ~Past Perfect
X w$ + ~past perfect continuous present perfect continuousgzZ~past perfect perfect w$ + ~past perfect continuous past continuous gzZ~past perfect indefinite
Direct speech: He said tome," I sang a song today." Indirect speech: He told me that he had sung a song that day. custom
{z kZ
X8
X9 X 10
~ then now ~ thence hence ~those these ~ that this ~there here gzZ~ previous day yesterda ~ that night tonight ~ following day day X s$ + ~ night X :O gwV! * sfzgq zDsp~ Indirect Narrations ( iZ c * ) Imperative Sentences X 11 (Z) ( [) (`)
~ next day tomorrow ~ that day today ~before ago ~ so thus ~ thither
X @ * Yc * w$ + ~ proposed c * X f e infinitive verb Z To verb Imperative Sentences X 4 not to verb~]g Negative Sentences ( ~VzL {)z iZ )
[~: Zk ,
* c proposed Reporting Verb YHwEZ n c * , m ? let / Z () } p iZ let / ZpX @ * YHwEZ should X @ * YHwEZ permit c *
allow
14
kZgzZX @ * Yc * w$ + ~ suggested X 11
DqzB How c * who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) Zz wh X s$ + ~ inquired c * asked Reporting Verb z s$ + ~ Indirect Interrogative Sentences, Z
Reporting yZDq z helping verb
7 wEZ that ~kZX @ * Yc * 6 statement }L gzZ @ * Yc * whether c * if object verb }Lw$ + iDZX g (ZZz wh zs$ + ~ Indirect ZDqzZz wh}L DZ X D7 wEZ that gzZsp~( 6) statement
sp~ indirect direct VzL , ZX @ * Y Exclamatory Sentences 7Zg Z " _ . ~g ~X}L ,Z X :cegwV! * sfzgqn w$ + ~ Exclaimed joyfully c * Exclaimed with joy Reporting Verb kZ g Z p}L / Z X , that kZX ,
Exclaimed
X 12 (Z)
* c Exclaimed with sorrow Reporting VerbkZ g Z " _ . }L / Z ( [) X , that kZX ,w$ + ~ sorrowfully XK : {)z Hurrah , Alas, Oh, Aha }p Z ZzC ] c * /_ . (`)
sp~ Indirect Direct ZX @ * Y Optative Sentences Zg Z Zp c * ~X}L ,Z X :ce gwV! * sfzgqn X , that kZgzZ ,sp~ wished c * Prayed Reporting Verb X N respectfully Reporting Verb {sp Sir / Z~ Reporting speech X ,w$ + ~ bade farewell Reported Speech qz Farewell Reporting speech / Z
Reporting qz Good day c * Good night c * Good evening
X 13 (Z) X 14 X 15
+ ~{)zbade good night c * bade good evening c * bade good morning speech bade X s$ (
[~: Zk ,
15
PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
1
Singular Plural We Singular You
q
Plural You Singular He/She/It
$ T
Plural They
Subjective Case
(q -Z ) {z
( { c * i ){z
qZ
Objective Case Me Us You You Him/Her/It Them
7Q
q B
Possessive My Mine Our Ours Your Yours Your Yours His/Her/Its Their Theirs
G 4$ q -G
Case
k Q
Zg
Zg v
Zg v
yQ
[~: Zk ,