Vaporizer Technology f LNG Re-Gas for R G

Comparisons of Various Methods

Background
`

Five heat sources

Fuel Water Air Radiation Mechanical Reverse Refrigeration /Cooling

Old To New Approaches

SCV ORV Shell and Tubes Direct Contact Ambient AAV = Natural Draft FAV = Fan Assisted Intermediate Fluids with Fin Fans Heating Towers [reverse cooling towers]

Decision Drivers

Key is Life Life Cycle Cost Cost

Capital Cost + + Installation Costs + Installation Time + Space Requirements + Operating Costs + Fuel + Power + Chemicals and Systems y + Environmental + Replacement and Maintenance + Operating manpower

Soft Issues

Operational Flexibility Load Following Follo ing Restart time and costs Reliability Ease of Operation Effectiveness Ambient Temperature Limits to Operation Trim Heat Required to Reach Pipeline Temperature Efficiency Turndown Range

Hidden Costs

Water Intake / Outfall Systems Screens and Filters Water Quality and Treatments Algaecides / Bacterial Treatments Suspended Solids Corrosion Intermediate fluids Cost Hazards Chemicals C e ca s Neutralizing Hypochlorites Environmental Compliance

Overall Efficiencies

Basis = 1 BCFD about 600,000,000 btu / hr Efficiency = 600 MM / total energy used SCV at 98% fuel efficient 98% =600,000,000 / 612,248,900 Power required = 2400 kW = 8,195,000 btu / hr Final Fi l = 600 MM / 612 + 8 8.2 2 MM = 96 96.7% 7% AAV using 0 power and 0 fuel = infinite% Heat drawn from ambient heat sink 600,000,000 btu / 0 = infinite

Mechanical Advantage
`

Gained b by using sing Pumps for using free seawater heat sink Fans for using free free ambient air heat sink Outcomes are surprising Apparent efficiencies exceed 100% Only within confines of closed system with x Free energy in water x Free energy in air

Vaporization Efficiency for Various Technologies

Trim Heat eat Required equ ed for o Competing Co pet g Ambient LNG Vaporizer Technologies
P e rc e n t T rim H e a t R e q u ire d v s A m b ie n t T e m p e ra tu re
120 40 100 % T r im H e a t R e q u ir e d 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 Am b ie n t T e m p e r a tu r e (F ) 80 65 68 70 45 54

D ire c t AAV/ F AV F in / F a n R e ve rs e C o o li lin g T o w e r M u s ta n g S m a rt S ys te m

Vaporizer System Paybacks vs. SCV

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 Years 2.5 2 1.5 1 05 0.5 0
IFV V AA el l Sh & b Tu e V OR V FA IFV a -D ng T RC ta us -M j he

ORV Shell & Tube FAV AAV IFV-Mustang IFV Mustang IFV-Dahej RCT

N t Natural lD Draft ft Direct Di t Ambient A bi t Air Ai Vaporizers V i

The End Questions???