10.1.2 Type and Preparation of Weedicides There are various types of post-emerged herbicide available in the Malaysian market.

Their mode of action is systemic as well as nonsystemic. Systemic herbicides are either translocative or hormonal in action, while the non-systemic kills by contact. In Malaysia, hundreds of weed species are found on the rubber plantation and not all of them have similar growth characteristics. There is no single herbicides that can control all of them. Some herbicides are only effective on broad-leaved weeds while others on grasses and some on woody or shrubby growths. Thus, when mixed weed species exist on a plantation, a mixture of herbicides has to be used. Table 4 are for treatment of weeds in young rubber area and mature rubber plantations, respectively some noxious weeds are listed in Figure Attention is to be given hen spraying weeds along planting strips or terraces, the rate and volume should be reduced by using the following formula:

Volume per strip per hectare = Rate per hectare x width of planting strip Distance between planting rows

Example: Rate of Roundup per blanket area hectare Distance between planting rows Width of planting strips = = = 3 litres 5 metres 2 metres

Rate of Roundup per strip hectare litres

3x2 5

= 1.2

Volume of water per blanket hectare Distance between planting rows

= =

450 litres 5 metres

Width of planting strip Volume of water per strip hectare

= =

2 metres 450 x 2 5 = 180 litres

Table 4. Type of herbicides for young rubber forest plantation area

Type of weeds Type of herbicides 2, 4-D Amin Ally 20DF Asystasia gangetica Basta 15 Small grass, e.g: Paspalum conjugatum Elicine indica Mixed grass with broad and small leaves Basta 15 Roundup Roundup Basta 15 Hat-Trick Starmix Roundup + Ally 20DF Noxious Weeds e.g.: Imperata cylindrica Penisetum polystachion Ischaenum muticum Woody Weeds e.g.: Chromolaena odorata Melastoma malabathricum Round up Touchdown Starane 200 Garlone 250 Banvel 400 Tordon 101
6.0 litres 6.0 litres 240 ml 240 ml 3.3 litres 3.0 litres 3.0 litres 3.3 litres 4.4 litres 2.15 litres 3 litre + 0.15kg 132 ml 120 ml 120ml 132 ml 176 ml 86 ml 120 ml + 6 g Rate per hectre Rate for 18 litre (knapsack sprayer) 120 ml 3g 132 ml

Broad and small leaves e.g: Mikania micrantha

30 litres 0.75 kg 3.3 litres

1.0 litre 1.25 litres 2.0 litres 2.0 litres

40 ml 50 ml 80 ml 80 ml

Clidemia hirta Ferns e.g Dicranopteris linearis Stenochlaena pelustris

Ally 20DF Basta 15 2,4-D Amine + Sodium Chlorate

0.15 kg

6 kg

6.0 litres 3.0 litres +20 kg

240 ml 120 +800g

Table 5. Type of herbicides for rubber forest plantation mature area

Type of weeds Type of herbicides Roundup Basta 15 Hat-trick Starmix Roundup+Ally 20DF Noxious weeds e.g.: Imperata cylindrica Penisetum polystachion Ischaenum muticum Woody weeds e.g.: Chromolaena odorata Melastoma malabatrichum Clidemia hirta Ally 20DF Ferns eg: Basta 15 0.15 kg 6.0 litres 6g 240 ml Garlon 250 Starane 200 Banvel 400 Tordon 101 2.0litres 1.25 litres 2.0 litres 2.0 litres 80 ml 50 ml 80 ml 80 ml Roundup Touchdown Assault 100A Rate per hectare Rate for 18 litre knapsack sprayer 120 ml 132 ml 120 ml 60 ml 60 ml +3g 120 ml 120 ml 200 ml

Mixed grass with broad and small leaves

3.0litres 3.3 litres 3.0 litres 1.5 litres 1.5 litres +0.075 kg 3.0litres 2.0litres 5.0 litres

Dicranopteris linearis Stenochlaena pelustris

2,4-D Amine + Sodium Chlorate

3.0 litres +20 kg

120 ml +800 g

The rate of herbicides recommended in Table are for weeds in unshaded areas. Under shaded areas the rates can be reduced by 25 % in the same volume of water.