Mathematics (Short Notes)

Written by Mr. G. Vella Bonello Compiled by Ethan Brincat

Foreword
Almost all of Mr. Vella Bonellos short notes from the beginning of the chapters have been compiled into this document. Some questions were slightly altered to make them more note-like. Im not the copyright owner of these notes. These notes should only be used for last-minute revision.

NOT EVERY CHAPTER (TOPIC) HAS SHORT NOTES.

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Chapter 1D: Displaying Numbers in Standard Form

When a number is expressed in standard form it is displayed as a x 10n where 1 a < 10. The standard form comes in useful when writing and handling very large numbers. In these cases the power n is positive. However it is also convenient when dealing with very small numbers (smaller than one). Here the value of n is negative. To write a number in standard form, a must have its decimal point after the first non-zero digit.

Chapter 5A: Simple and Compound Interest

Simple interest is paid out by the bank, periodically, on a regular basis, say every year. The principle, which is the money invested, by the client will remain constant. On the other hand, compound interest is not withdrawn when it falls due, but left in bank account to accumulate with the balance of the previous year. The Amount, A, is sum of the principle together with the accumulated compound interest.

Chapter 8A: Mensuration

Length
1 cm = 10 mm 1 m = 100 cm 1 km = 1,000 m

Area
1 cm2 = 100 mm2 1 m2 = 10,000 cm2 1 km2 = 1,000,000 m2

Volume
1 cm3 = 1,000 mm3 1 m3 = 1,000,000 cm3 1 km3 = 1,000,000,000 m3

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Chapter 8D: Chords, Arcs, Sectors and Segments

An arc is part of the outline of a circle. A sector is enclosed by two radii and an arc. To find the length of an arc:

To find the area of a sector:

To find the area of a segment cut off by a chord:

Chapter 8F: Areas and Volumes (Harder Examples)

The formula for the volume of a shape of length L and a uniform cross-sectional area:

The formula for the volume of a 3-dimensional shape formed by joining a plane to another point which is not in the same plane (i.e. cone, pyramid):

The formula for the curved surface area of a cone:

The formula for the curved surface area of a sphere:

The formula for the volume of a sphere:

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Chapter 9A: The Pythagoras Theorem

The Pythagoras Theorem starts that in a right-angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. Hence if x and y are the two shorter sides, the equation used is:

Chapter 9B: Trigonometry

Trigonometrical Ratios:

Adjacent Opposite

Chapter 9C: Joining the Mid-Point of the Chord to the Centre of a Circle
The line from the circumference to the centre of a circle is called the radius. The line joining two points on the circumference is called the chord. The line joining two points on the circumference and passes through the centre is called the diameter. The line drawn joining the centre of a circle to the mid-point of a chord is perpendicular to the same chord.

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Chapter 10: Sine and Cosine Formulas

When a triangle has two angles A and B facing two opposite sides of lengths a and b respectively, the sine formula is used. This formula is used when there are 2 sides and 2 angles involved and one of these four quantities is unknown.

When a triangle has three sides of lengths a, b and c with an angle A facing side a, the cosine formula is used. This formula is used when there are 3 sides and 1 angle involved and one of these four quantities is unknown.

Chapter 14: Algebraic Expansions

In algebra to expand means to multiply. multiplication. Therefore another word for expansion is

Chapter 16C: Solving Quadratic Equations

1. The denominators of any fractions can be removed by multiplying throughout by the LCM. In this way the balance of the equation is not disrupted. 2. All the terms are transferred to one side of the equation, leaving a zero on the other side of the equation. 3. Any like terms are collected together, so as to simplify the equation. 4. This expression is then factorised using the knowledge of taking out the common, difference of two squares and trinomials. 5. The factors are then separated from each other, and equated to zero to form linear equations. Finally these equations are solved.

Chapter 16D: Quadratic Formula

Quadratic equations are usually in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0, where the three constants a, b, and c are referred to as the coefficients. The Quadratic Formula is only required when the expression cannot be factorised. The Quadratic Formula:

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Chapter 17: Variation

If y varies directly with x, then if y increases, x increases by the same ratio. If y is directly proportional to x, and y is doubled, x is doubled as well. If p is directly proportional to q, and p is halved, q is halved as well. If y is inversely proportional to x, then if y increases, x decreases by the same ratio. If V is inversely proportional to m, and V is doubled, m is halved. If m is inversely proportional to n, and m is trebled, n is divided by 3.

Chapter 19B: Harder Simultaneous Equations

1. Steps involved during solving Harder Simultaneous Equations: 2. Select the first degree equation, and make one of its letters (unknowns), as the subject of the formula. 3. Substitute the resulting expression into the second degree equation so as to eliminate one of the unknowns. 4. The resulting quadratic equation is then solved. 5. The first two solutions obtained are then substituted into the first degree equation to obtain another set of solutions. The final answer should consist of a total of four solutions.

Chapter 24A: Linear Graphs

In the equation y = mx + c, the two variables are y and x. The two constants are m and c. Letter c stands for the y intercept. The gradient can be found using the ratio:

The x-axis is represented by the equation y=0. The y-axis is represented by the equation x=0. The region y > mx + c is found above the straight line graph. The region y < mx + c is found below the straight line graph.

Chapter 28A: Angles at a point & Vertically Opposite Angles

An acute angle is < 90o. An obtuse angle is > 90o. A reflex angle is > 180o. Complementary angles add up to form 90o. Supplementary angles add up to 180o. When a line is extended, it is said to be produced. When a side of a triangle is produced, an angle is formed outside the triangle. Vertically opposite angles are equal to each other.

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Chapter 28B: Parallel Lines

Parallel lines are lines that never touch each other. The distance between parallel lines remains constant. Two angles bound by parallel lines and in the shape of an F are said to be corresponding. These angles are equal to each other. Two angles bound by parallel lines and in the shape of a U are said to be interior. These angles are supplementary to each other. Two angles bound by parallel lines and in the shape of a Z are said to be alternate. These angles are equal to each other.

Chapter 28C: Bearings

Bearings are always measure from the north, turning in a clockwise direction. If the North is taken at the 000o mark, therefore the East must be at the 090o mark, the South at 180o and the West at 270o.

Chapter 28E: Quadrilaterals

A square has four equal sides. A rectangle has two pairs of parallel sides which are equal to each other. A parallelogram has two pairs of parallel sides which are equal to each other and opposite angles are equal as well. A rhombus has four equal sides which are also parallel. A trapezium has only two parallel sides.

Square

Rectangle

Parallelogram

Rhombus

Trapezium

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Chapter 28F: Polygons

A polygon is a closed geometrical shape bound by a number of straight lines. The sum of exterior angles of a polygon is 360o. A regular polygon is a shape where all sides and angles are equal. The formula for the sum of internal angles of a polygon with n sides:

A triangle is a polygon with 3 sides. A quadrilateral is a polygon with 4 sides. A pentagon is a polygon with 5 sides. A hexagon is a polygon with 6 sides. A heptagon is a polygon with 7 sides. An octagon is a polygon with 8 sides. A nonagon is a polygon with 9 sides. A decagon is a polygon with 10 sides.

Chapter 29: LOGO

Clear graphics: Clear screen: Pen up: Pen down: Move forward: Move backward: Rotate left (anticlockwise): Rotate right (clockwise): Repeat: CG CS PU PD FD BK LT RT REPEAT N []

Chapter 30: Congruent Triangles

Congruent triangles are exactly the same in size and shape. Triangles can be proved congruent in 4 ways: SSS SAS ASA RHS

Chapter 31: Similar Shapes

Similar triangles have same-sized angles but different-sized sides. Similar triangles have the same shape. Triangles can be proved similar if the angles of one triangle are matching with the angles of the other triangle. All circles are similar because they have the same shape. Not all triangles are similar because they can differ in shape.

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Chapter 32A: Properties of Angles subtended by Chords in a Circle

Angles subtended by the same chord (or arc) in the same segment at the circumference of a circle are equal. The angle subtended by a chord at the centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended by the same chord in the same segment. Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. Therefore, the exterior angle of this quadrilateral is equal to the opposite interior angle. The angle subtended by the diameter is a right angle.

Chapter 32B: Tangent to the circle Theorems

If a radius is drawn to meet a tangent at the point of contact with circle, then the radius and the tangent are at right angles to each other. Only two tangents can be drawn to a circle from the same external point. Tangents to a circle, drawn from the same external point are equal in length. The alternate segment theorem states that the angle between the tangent and the chord is equal to the angle subtended by the same chord in the alternate segment.

Chapter 35C: Transformations

Translation
In translations, only the position changes, during shifting there is no change in size or orientation. When describing a translation, one must include the vector displacement: ( )

Enlargement
In enlargements, only the size and position change, therefore the shape no longer remains congruent but becomes similar. When describing an enlargement, one must include the scale factor (e.g. 2, , etc.) and the centre of enlargement (x,y). The formula magnification to find the scale factor:

Reflection
In reflections, only the position and orientation change. When describing a reflection, one must include the equation for the mirror line (e.g. y = 0, x = 0 etc.). Always check that object distance = image distance.

Rotation
In rotations, only the position and orientation change. When describing a rotation, one must include the direction (clockwise or anticlockwise), the angle by how much it turns (e.g. 90o, 180o etc.) and the centre of rotation (x, y). THE END Page 9 of 9