BOOK-3: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRICAL UTILITIES Table of Contents

Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Introduction to Electric Power Supply Systems Electricity Billing Electrical Load Management and Maximum Demand Control Power Factor Improvement and Benefits Transformers System Distribution Losses Harmonics Analysis of Electrical Power Systems ELECTRIC MOTORS Introduction Motor Types Motor Characteristics Motor Efficiency Motor Selection Energy Efficient Motors Factors Affecting Energy Efficiency and Minimising Motor Losses in Operation Rewinding Effects on Energy Efficiency Speed Control of AC Induction Motors 25 25 26 26 31 32 35 40 41 42 01 05 08 09 15 18 19 21

2.10 Motor Load Survey: Methodology

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM Introduction Compressor Types Compressor Performance Compressed Air System Components Efficient Operation of Compressed Air Systems Compressor Capacity Assessment Checklist for Energy Efficiency in Compressed Air System HVAC AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Introduction Types of Refrigeration System Common Refrigerants and Properties Compressor Types and Application Selection of a Suitable Refrigeration System Performance Assessment of Refrigeration Plants Factors Affecting Performance and Energy Efficiency of Refrigeration Plants Energy Savings Opportunities FANS AND BLOWERS Introduction Fan Types Fan Performance Evaluation and Efficient System Operation Fan Design and Selection Criteria Flow Control Strategies 93 93 96 99 103 71 72 76 77 83 83 86 91 45 45 49 50 51 65 66

5.6 5.7 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7

Fan Performance Assessment Energy Saving Opportunities PUMPS AND PUMPING SYSTEM Pump Types System Characteristics Pump Curves Factors Affecting Pump Performance Efficient Pumping System Operation Flow Control Strategies Energy Conservation Opportunities in Pumping Systems COOLING TOWERS Introduction Cooling Tower Performance Efficient System Operation Flow Control Strategies Energy Saving Opportunities in Cooling Towers LIGHTING SYSTEM Introduction Basic Terms in Lighting System and Features Lamp Types and their Features Recommended Illuminance Levels for Various Tasks/Activities/Locations Methodology of Lighting System Energy Efficiency Study Case Examples Some Good Practices in Lighting

106 109

113 115 116 117 121 125 132

135 139 146 148 149

153 153 154 155 157 158 159

9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 10

DG SET SYSTEM Introduction Selection and Installation Factors Operational Factors Energy Performance Assessment of DG Sets Energy Savings Measures for DG Sets ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 10.1 Maximum Demand Controllers 10.2 Automatic Power Factor Controllers 10.3 Energy Efficient Motors 10.4 Soft Starter 10.5 Variable Speed Drives 10.6 Energy Efficient Transformers 10.7 Electronic Ballasts 10.8 Energy Efficient Lighting Controls ANNEXURE 179 180 181 183 184 187 188 189 193 165 168 172 175 177