FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM _________________________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

A MATTER
Learning Outcomes You should be able to: describe the particulate nature of matter define atoms, molecules and ions state the kinetic theory of matter relate the change in the state of matter to the change in heat relate the change in heat to the change in kinetic energy of particles explain the inter-conversion of the states of matter in terms of kinetic theory of matter

Activity 1
Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s) in the box given mass between TTTTT tiny positively-charged bonded 1. . is anything that occupies .. and has 2. Matter can be classified into and . 3. An element is a substance that consists of only type of atom. 4. A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements that are chemically .. together. molecules gas ions matter discrete solid space elements smallest liquid participate compounds atoms arrangement chemically one

5. Matter is made up of . and particles. 6. The tiny particles may be atoms, .. or .

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM _________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. An atom is the particle of an element that can .. in a chemical reaction. 8. A molecule is a group of two or more which are bonded together. 9. An ion is a . or negatively-charged particle. 10. Diffusion occurs when particles of a substance move the particles of another substance. 11. Diffusion of matter occurs most rapidly in state, slower in .. state and slowest in .. state. This is due to the different of particles in the three states of matter.

Activity 2
1. The kinetic theory of matter describes the and . of particles in solids, liquids and gases. 2. Complete the table below. State of matter Arrangement of particles Movement of particles Forces of attraction between the particles Energy content of particles Solid Liquid Gas

3. Fill in the blanks below to describe the melting, boiling, freezing and condensation processes. Process Melting Description 1. When a solid is heated, the particles in the solid gain .. energy and vibrate more vigorously. 2. The particles vibrate .. as the temperature increases until the energy they gain is able to . the forces that hold them together at their fixed positions. 3. At this point, the solid becomes a . 4. The temperature at which this happens is called the .

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Boiling

1. When a liquid is heated, the particles of the liquid gain energy and move . 2. The particles move as the temperature increases until the energy they gain is able to the forces holding them together. 3. At this point, the liquid becomes a . 4. The temperature at which this happens is called the 1. When a liquid is cooled, the particles in the liquid lose . energy and move . 2. The particles move as the temperature decreases until they do not have enough . move freely. 3. At this point, the liquid changes into a .. 4. The temperature at which this happens is called the .

Freezing

Condensation 1. When a gas is cooled, the particles in the gas lose . energy and move slower. 2. The particles move . as the temperature decreases until they become slow enough for the gas to change into a

4. State the processes for the inter-conversion of the states of matter in the spaces provided.

A B ... C.... D. E F 4. The is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid at a particular pressure. 5. The is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas at a particular temperature. 6. The is the temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid at a particular pressure. 7. . is a process by which a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through a liquid state and vice versa. Examples of substances that undergo sublimation are , . and

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM _________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. The graph below shows the heating curve of naphthalene.

Temperature ( C)
O

D B C

A
Time (min)

Based on the graph above, complete the table below. Point State of matter Description

Solid

Solid

Liquid

Liquid

9. (a) The graph below shows the cooling curve of naphthalene. Temperature (OC) P Q

Q
A

R
B
A

S D
A

Time (min)

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Based on the graph above, complete the table below. Point State of matter Description

Liquid

Liquid

Solid

Solid

THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Learning Outcomes You should be able to: describe the development of atomic models state the main subatomic particles of an atom compare and contrast the relative mass and the relative charge of the protons, electrons and neutrons define proton number define nucleon number determine the proton number determine the nucleon number relate the proton number to the nucleon number relate the proton number to the type of element write the symbol of elements determine the number of neutrons, protons and electrons from the proton number and the nucleon number and vice versa construct the atomic structure

Activity 3
1. Complete the table and draw the structure of each atomic model. Model Daltons atomic model proposed by ... (1805) Thomsons atomic model proposed by ... (1897) Structure Description -The atom was imagined as a small indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball.

- J.J. Thomson discovered the electron, a negatively-charged particle. - The atom was described as a positivelycharged sphere embedded with electrons.

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Rutherfords atomic model proposed by ... (1911) Bohrs atomic model proposed by ...... (1913) Chadwicks atomic model proposed by ... (1932)

- Ernest Rutherford discovered proton, a positively-charged particle in an atom. - The proton and most of the mass of the atom are concentrated in the nucleus. - Niels Bohr proposed that electrons in an atom move in shells around the nucleus.

- James Chadwick proved the existence of neutrons, the neutral particles in the nucleus. - Neutrons contribute approximately to half the mass of an atom.

Activity 4 Fill in the blanks and complete the table. 1. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles namely protons, and .. 2. and . are found in the nucleus of an atom while electrons surround the nucleus. 3. Subatomic particle Proton Neutron Electron 4. The proton number of an element is the number of in the nucleus of its atom. Proton Number = Number Of Proton 5. The nucleon number of an element is the total number of .. and .. in the nucleus of its atom. Nucleon Number = Proton number + Number of neutrons = Nucleon number - Proton number 6. The nucleon number is also known as the .. Symbol Relative mass Relative electric charge

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM _________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. The standard representation for an atom of any element shows the proton number and the nucleon number of the element. It can be written as follows: Nucleon number Proton number
A Z

Symbol of element

C ISOTOPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Learning Outcomes You should be able to: state the meaning of isotope list examples of elements with isotopes determine the number of subatomic particles of isotopes justify the uses of isotope in daily life

Activity 5 Fill in the blanks. 1. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the . number of protons but .. number of neutrons. 2. Complete the table below: Element Number of isotopes Symbol of isotopes
1 1

Number of protons 1 1 1

Number of electrons

Number of neutrons

Name of isotope Hydrogen-2

Hydrogen

3
16 8

2 8 8 9 Oxygen-16

Oxygen

18 8

O
6 Carbon-12 7 6 17 17 35 35 35 20 Bromine-79 Bromine-81 8 6

Carbon

14 6 35 17

Chlorine Bromine

2 2

Cl

3. For each of the isotope list below, state one of its uses. a) Cobalt-60: . b) Carbon-14: .. c) Phosphorus-32: ..

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM _________________________________________________________________________________________________

d) Sodium- 24: e) Iodine -131:

THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

Learning Outcomes You should be able to: describe electron arrangements of elements with proton numbers 1 to 20 draw electron arrangement of an atom in an element, state the meaning of valence electrons, determine the number of valence electrons from the electron arrangement of an atom

Activity 6 1. Electrons occupy the shell nearest to the nucleus of the atom. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons. The first shell can be filled with a maximum of . electrons The second shell can be filled with a maximum of . electrons The third shell can be filled with a maximum of .electrons

2. (a) Draw the electron arrangement of a sodium atom in the box and complete the table given. Number of protons Number of electrons Electron arrangement

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM _________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) Draw the electron arrangement of a chlorine atom in the box and complete the table given. Number of protons Number of electrons Electron arrangement

x
x

3. Valence electrons are electrons in the .. shell of an atom. 4. Identify the number of valence electrons in these atoms according to its electron arrangement. Element Oxygen Aluminium Chlorine Neon Potassium Magnesium Carbon Phosphorus Helium Electron arrangement 2.6 2.8.3 2.8.7 2.8 2.8.8.1 2.8.2 2.4 2.8.5 2 Number of valence electrons

5. By referring to the Periodic Table of Elements, complete the table below.

Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Proton number Number of electrons Electron arrangement Number of valence electrons

FORM 4 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM _________________________________________________________________________________________________

Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium

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