AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY AND DISPERSION

S. PAL ARYA
Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University

New York Oxford Oxford University Press 1999

Contents

PREFACE

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1

INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION

3.3 Synoptic Weather Systems 3.4 Mesoscale Systems 59 3.5 Microscale Systems 69 Problems and Exercises 75
4

51

The Air Pollution Problem 1 Sources of Air Pollution 3 Air Pollutants 4 Effects of Air Pollution 14 Regulatory Control of Air Pollution 21 Problems and Exercises 24
2 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS 26

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

MICROMETEOROLOCY AND PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER 77

2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Composition and Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere 26 2.3 State Variables and Thermodynamics 29 2.4 Atmospheric Stability 32 2.5 Conservation Laws and Atmospheric Dynamics 33 2.6 Large-scale Inviscid Flows 35 2.7 Small-scale Viscous Flows 37 2.8 Applications 40 Problems and Exercises 40
3 ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS AND POLLUTANT TRANSPORT 42

4.1 Introduction and Definitions 77 4.2 Earth-Atmosphere Exchange Processes 78 4.3 Vertical Distributions of Thermodynamic Variables 80 4.4 Vertical Distribution of Winds in the PBL 83 4.5 Turbulence 84 4.6 Gradient-transport Theories 89 4.7 Similarity Theories 91 4.8 Boundary-layer Parameterization for Dispersion Applications 96 Problems and Exercises 103
5 STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE 105

3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Macroscale Systems

42

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Reynolds Averaging 105 Probability Functions 105 Autocorrelation Functions 108 Spectrum Functions 110 Taylor's Hypothesis 112 Statistical Theory of Turbulence 113 Observed Spectra and Scales 117

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CONTENTS

5.8 Effects of Smoothing and Finite Sampling 120 5.9 Lagrangian Description of Turbulence 5.10 Parameterization of Turbulence for Diffusion Applications 124 Problems and Exercises 125
6 GRADIENT TRANSPORT THEORIES 127

122

8.4 The Mixed-layer Similarity Theory 188 8.5 Experimental Verification of Similarity Theories 192 8.6 Applications to Dispersion in the PBL 194 8.7 Limitations of Similarity Theories 195 Problems and Exercises 195
9 GAUSSIAN DIFFUSION MODELS 197

6.1 Eulerian Approach to Describing Diffusion 127 6.2 Mass Conservation and Diffusion Equations 128 6.3 Molecular Diffusion 131 6.4 Turbulent Diffusion 137 6.5 Constant K (Fickian DiffusionTheory 139 6.6 Variable K-Theory 143 6.7 Limitations of Gradient Transport Theories 148 6.8 Experimental Verification of K-Theories 150 6.9 Applications of K-Theories to Atmospheric Dispersion 152 Problems and Exercises 152
7 STATISTICAL THEORIES OF DIFFUSION 155 10

9.1 Basis and Justification for Gaussian Models 197 9.2 Gaussian Plume and Puff Diffusion Models 198 9.3 Diffusion Experiments 200 9.4 Empirical Dispersion Parameterization Schemes 202 9.5 Further Improvements in Dispersion Parameterization 207 9.6 The Maximum Ground-Level Concentration 210 9.7 Model Evaluations and Uncertainties 213 9.8 Limitations of Gaussian Diffusion Models 216 9.9 Practical Applications of Gaussian Diffusion Models 216 Problems and Exercises 218
PLUME RISE, SETTLING, AND DEPOSITION 220

7.1 Lagrangian Approach to Describing Diffusion 155 7.2 Statistical Theory of Absolute Diffusion 155 7.3 Plume Diffusion from Continuous Sources 161 7.4 Statistical Theory of Relative Diffusion 163 7.5 Puff Diffusion from Instantaneous Releases 167 7.6 Fluctuating Plume Models 169 7.7 Experimental Verification of Statistical Theories 170 7.8 Applications to Atmospheric Dispersion and Limitations 175 Problems and Exercises 176
8 SIMILARITY THEORIES OF DISPERSION 178

10.1 Momentum and Buoyancy Effects of Release 220 10.2 Plume-rise Theory and Observations 222 10.3 Gravitational Settling of Particles 226 10.4 Dry Deposition 228 10.5 Dispersion-Deposition Models 234 10.6 Applications 237 Problems and Exercises 237
11 NUMERICAL DISPERSION MODELS 239

8.1 Dispersion in Stratified Shear Flows 178 8.2 Lagrangian Similarity Theory for the Neutral Surface Layer 180 8.3 Lagrangian Similarity Theory for the Stratified Surface Layer 183

11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Short-range Gradient Transport Models 239 11.3 Turbulence Kinetic Energy Models 243 11.4 Higher Order Closure Models 245 11.5 Large-eddy Simulations 249 11.6 Lagrangian Stochastic Models 260 Problems and Exercises 267

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12 URBAN AND REGIONAL AIR QUALITY MODELS 269

CONTENTS

12.1 Introduction 269 12.2 Components of an Air Quality Model 269 12.3 Urban Diffusion and Air Quality Models 276

12.4 Regional Air Quality Models 281 12.5 Applications of Air Quality Models Problems and Exercises 286
REFERENCES SYMBOLS INDEX 305 287

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