Additional Maths Quick Revision Guide Here is a list of the extra topics needed and the formulae you

should know:1. Simultaneous equations 1 linear, 1 quadratic Rearrange the linear equation to get y = or x = , whichever is easier. Substitute into the quadratic equation and then solve it by factorising or using the formula. Then substitute back into the linear equation - you should end up with 2 values for x and 2 values for y. 2. Coordinate Geometry If A and B are two points with coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) respectively: The midpoint of AB =( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) 2 2 The gradient of the straight line AB = y2 y1 x2 x1 If 2 lines are parallel they have the same gradient. If 2 lines are perpendicular, the product of their gradients is -1 The length AB = (x2 x1)2 + (y2 - y1)2 The equation of the line AB is given by y y1 = m(x x1) (use if you know the gradient (m) and 1 point) The equation of the line AB is y y1 = y2 y1 (use if you know 2 points) x x1 x2 x1 3. Identities Algebraic proof Remember to work on the LHS and RHS separately. Simplify one side to show it is the same () as the other side of the identity. 4. Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem If f(x) is divided by x-a, the remainder is equal to f(a). e.g. to find the remainder when x3 -2x +5 is divided by x+3, substitute x= - 3 into the expression. (remainder = -27 + 6 +5 = 16) Factor theorem. If x + a is a factor of f(x), then f(-a) = 0. (e.g. Show that x+1 is a factor of x3 -3x2 x +3 and hence factorise fully. If x+1 is a factor, f(-1) = 0 f(-1) = (-1)3 -3(-1)2 (-1) +3 which does equal zero, so x + 1 is a factor. Now use long division to divide x3 -3x2 x +3 by x + 1 =x2 4x + 3 = (x 1)(x 3), so x3 -3x2 x +3 = (x+1)(x-1)(x-3) 5. Calculus: Differentiation a) by first principles Substitute x + x for x to get y +y, then subtract the original equation (x=) to get y = . Now divide by x and find limit x0 and y0 to get dy/dx b) by rule: If y = xn, then dy/dx = nxn-1 Find the equation of the tangent to a curve. (dy/dx gives the gradient at any point). Maximum and minimum values (when dy/dx = 0) d2y/dx2 = positive for a minimum and negative for a maximum Integration Indefinite integration if dy/dx = xn, then y = xn+1 + c. (dont forget to put +c) n+1 Definite integrals when you are given the limits of integration (substitute the given values after you have integrated and subtract) use to find the area under a curve.

6. Completing the square e.g. complete the square for x2 + 6x = (x + 3)2 9 (half of 6 is 3, (x+3)2 = x2+6x + 9) Using this method to solve quadratic equations or find minimum value of an expression. 7. Trigonometry Using trig in 3 dimensions. Special values : sin 0 = 0 sin 30 = sin 60 = 3/2 sin 90 = 1

cos 0 = 1 cos 30 = 3/2 cos 60 = cos 90 = 0

tan 0 = 0 tan 30 = 1/3 tan 60 = 3 tan 90 =

sin x = cos(90 x) and cos x = sin(90 x), sin x = tan x cos x Angles greater than 90 0 to 90 ; sin, cos and tan all positive Over 90 up to 180; sin positive, cos and tan negative, Over 180 up to 270; tan positive, sin and cos negative, Over 270 up to 360; cos positive, sin and tan negative, Work from 180 or 360 e.g without using a calculator, find the value of cos150 cos150 will be negative, cos150= - cos(180-150) =-cos30 =-3/2 Remember CAST

S T

A C

GOOD LUCK EVERYONE!