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FIELD
MANUAL
AND
EMPLOYMENT
H E
ft
D Q U
R T E
fl
DEPARTMENT
OF THE
ARMY
1973
MARCH
PM 7-40
FIELD
MANUAL
No
7-40
C.
March 1073
GHAPTEH
1, 2.
INTRODUCTTON
L
^^
Section
Ir
Dojm
of
for
TraininE
...
-.-
^'
' 5 9
II.
Til.
Training
Tralnlnj RmjuiremBnti
1113 1419
CHAfTO
Section
3,
I.
XL
2B3Z
U
it
2S 2 36
Cbaptck
SBCtion
4.
1.
BASIC SCOUTING
GerenU
SuBpkiouA TnininbTraining ConsidemilDna
[nieuriiilon of
-
SSZi
--
11.
38
3S
HI.
IV.
----Miiu-n.
3^
*^
TripwlMs,
BoohTlrnnj
4866
And
Cach
CbaptBI
aection
5.
1.
INTERMEDIATE SCOUTING
Tmlnlni Coiiidationi EffKU of Wind Md Tflrrain
Ditflctffln
7flO
61,62
43
44
11.
IIL
IV-
63Bfl
''*^
M
*^
Cbawbh
StEon
a.
1.
''
"^2-
'^
^^
*^ SB
IL
m.
IV.
Rapi-uiTii
'^''^5
"
Sreh
of
BoUt-Up Arena
^S1
9Z-^i
^
69
CaAyTBt
7.
ADVANCED SCOUTING
S.
EMPLOYMENT
G*ntL
a-
fll 100
-
Stdon L
'1 73 ^^
n.
Trpa
of EmpIoyiMiiE
AmiHDix
A.
B.
ftEFBRENCBa
C. D.
82
^
9'^
AREA LAYOUT
INDEX
^*
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
\.
Purpose
fol-
This manual is a ffuide for Army personnei charged wjtb the training and employment of acout do^ teams. When combined with other applicable manuals and programs of inatfuction, this manual forms the basis for conduct of a formal program for the trainiiiff of scout doga and
handlers. Additionally, this manual provides guid-
early detection of individuals or groups in the vicinity of a friendly patrol (ambushea, snipers),
Silent,
infiJtraiors
sp^toaching
officer's
in the
and
tacticaE
empteyment
[n
infantry operations,
Assistance in the detection of tunnels, bunkers, or other means of hiding- personnd and/ or storing food, ammunition, or supplies.
d.
Scope
Assistance
in
the
detection
of
casualty-
producing devices.
This mBnual covers the general and speciaiiaed aspects Of the training and employment of scout dags and handier^.
6.
Limitatfoni
d^
3.
,Vort:
Is
FM
20-20, Baalc Ca>* and TrilnruB of Mtlit&ry a pr#nqui4lt :ar UAe of ihi4 njAnuL ]atlvF to
man Shepherd
handler. Most of the Inforamtion in this publication deals with the trajninj and employment of this element- Scout dog teams can be grouped
Although the scout dog team is a tactical element, it La neither self-austaining nor selfprotectiuf Since the handler must concentrate hia efforts on interpreting his doff's reactions, and on controlling ttie dog during contact with the enemy, the team is normally provided with one or more bodyguards to protect the team until the handler can defend himself or withdra'.v
>
from contact
7a.
adminiatracive, technical, and command and control personnel to form scouc dog platoons or sections of composite tactical dog platoons. A detailed diacuaaion is contained in chapter 8.
4.
with
Evolution of th Concvpl
dof, under various names, has supported combat operations for over SfOOO yearsThe requirement for a means of providing early
The scout
is essential to
any army-
Tom Mftifon
b.
The modern
The mission of
team
the acout dog team is to support Infantry combat operations by providing silent.
out-
ear^ warning of foreign presence or devices side the main body of supported troops,
5.
CapabHititf
The scout dog's superior senses of ameJl, hearing, and sight enable it to give silent indication of the presence of a variety of foracgn presences. Combined with the handler's ability to interpret these indicattons and judge their significance, the
as a tactical element began in World War TT, when large numbers of s<:out dogs were employed succesgfu[fy by the Afh'ed antf Axis powers in ali theaters of operation. The United States deployed and utilized large numbers of scout dogs during WoT-M Wiii- II (15 pJfllDPns;, the Korean Conflict (3 platoons), and the Vietnam Conflict (2S platoons).
A/Choqgii the acoat Jog's moat effective utilization in the past has been in unconventional or counterguerrilla warfare, the adaptability of the
c.
concept (the aae of modem behavioral trainiiiff methods, and the ^ievelopment of electronic control meaaureg) will insure the value of the scout dog team in any future conflict
S.
a.
has reaponaibifity :or trnining instructors, leadetg, handlers, and dogs in the ai;oiit dog pro-
gram.
Comvrand. Commandera are reaponaible for the proper employment, handlin^n care and con^
Responiimmiei
fmininij.
CHAPTER
Section I
9.
SCREENING
Procedure
The scoot dog is the basic infantri' tactical dog. As sach. it must be more versatite and adapCab/fl than other military working dogs. The term
"screening" refers to the procedure used to claasify dogs tor the type at military service for which they seem best qualified. This daasiflcation la based on observation of the physical and psycho^ Eo^cal traits manifested by the dogs from the time they are tested upon arrival at reception
throughout their baBJc training period, and even after they have begun apeciaiized training. It is imperstivE to continue observing the dogs throughout the training pro-am. The potentiolitiea of some dogs and inherent weakneaaea of others may come to light
troining^
and
board has the responsibility for deciding which dogs will be trained as scout dogs anij which will be trained for other duty. The selection is based on consideration of the demonstrated qualities of an individual dog as
The
centers^
measured against the requirements for the aev eral types of duty. Scouting makes many demands on a dog's intelligence, temperament, and stamina. Dogs that qualify best in these traits may be
selected for acout training.
uDKipectedly- The dofa are initially observed by a daa3ilii:atlon board conaiatiug of a commanding officer and selected inatructors^ On the basis
dog may ahow that It is not, after all, suitable. It may then be transferred to another type of training.
of acout training,
a.
Section IL
PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING
and river crossing are integrated
ing.
1 1
Genrol
Basic dog training is an end in itself. It serves simply, hut necessarily, to develop in dogs the behavior that is eaaential to efficient and effective
training for apecific military funddons. that successfully completes basic training
dog
is dis-
ciplined and prepared to receive instruction in ita particular military duties. Furthermore, its
Basic scouting eraphasiaes teaching the handler how to read his dog's alerts, teaehing the dog what Co aJert on, and deweiopfcg team ability in scouting; techniques auch as quartering the fleld and suspicioua training.
b.
c-
behavior during basic training, if properly observed, la an indication of the type of specialfied training for which it ia best auited12.
a.
diate training along with medium range patrolling- Emphasis is on tripwire explosives and
mineSs
Scout Training
to scaat
begins immedi-
ately after obedience training. This training is subdivided into basic, intermediate, and advanced scouting. During the latter portion of training
In advanced scouting the hsndler Is ready to employ what he has learned. Decoys are set Dot over a large area and the h^dJ^ is subjected to all types of terrain and unuaual conditiohs in order to find the ilecoy. A number of dog teams are tsJ^en out on patrol with one team scouting at a time. The handler should now be ready to
d.
detect the
enemy and
He
learns to
swnmps. Ob-
also by the goal of accompli shitiu a ?n]53ion. The dog- can and should be trained fo coinplete a
croasmg a logp a atreamn or a deep ravine should be mastered that both the dog and handier jain c;onfidencsH
stacles such aa
tngk as an end in itself^ not simply for the snke of reward by the handler. In all trainingp therefore, the dog must be permitted to finish every exercise successfullyp no mtitler how Tiany errors
it
13.
Sfatemenr of Principles
effectiveness of apeciaJized dog training defar
The
is
conducted
the fQllo"wln^
and
aponaibility
and
to
insure the
The General Attitude of tfu H^indler. A handler must fully really the importjince of the work that he \a doing. He must understand and
a.
accomplishment of
f-
mission.
appreciate the fact that dojfs are used to conserve nmnpowerp conserve lif e> and to further the work of the military service through the use of their innate abiiities.
The Ability of the Dog is Developed by Training Dunnff Daylight. The effects of daylight training will carry over into actual service
at nisht. Training
Js difficuJt
to conduct in dark-
The ImpcrtaTice of the Handler-Dog Reta^ tioTtship, The dog and handler must ^ork as a teanin Therefore^ no handler must be forced to train an animal that he deems unsuitable. For the same reason, if a dog^ appears unwilling to serve a. certain haadlerp it may be necessary to assign it to another. On the other hand, once a team ha been establishedp the relationahlp should be maintained. Only the handler should pralat
b.
ness because the handler cannot see well enough to observe the dog's errors and correct them. But the dog can carry over the effects of good daylight training into night performance. The dog and handler must be proAclent in daylight training before any training at night is attempted.
Previous Traimn^ Maintains a/nd Raises the Level of Performance. Handlers must use their beet judgrnent in determininj how often previously learned everciaes should be reg. Revievi of
peated,
Assoaniioti of Id^as Fti/^itatea Lmming. Where special equipment is used, the dog must leam^ to asaociate this equipment with ita work,
c.
K
on
ed,
Doga Depends
Care Taken for Their Welfare. Unleeia the dogs are kept in ffood health* properly groomthe
fed,
Motivation. The do; should be motivated not only by food, or by praise and pettingp but
d.
Stion
1
111.
TRAINING REQUIREMNTS
necessary that auHicient qualiiied personnel be available to permit the assignment of one instructor/trainer to three student/dog teams (in effect, one instructor to six "students"). To provide realism, insure troop and dog safety, and achieve the requisite technical proficiency, this ratio should he maintained as closely as
It is therefore
A.
General
Most types of military dog training require an unusually high instructor/student ratio. Except
for obedience training, nearly all practical training must be conducted on an individual basia.
this
is
instructor/trainer will normally be training students with untrained doga. Since the dog cannot
possible.
understand verbal
instruction,
the
instructor/
trainer must "filter" his instruction to the dog through the medium of a student who is himself untrained. This unique aspect of military dog training demands an unusually high degree of expertise and patience on the part of the instructor/trainer. Other reasons include the types of terrain over which instruction is conducted, and the fact that each student team mut be worked individually on uncontaminated training lanes.
15.
lnrtry<tor/Traiiir
.VnJfl;
The inntructor/trainfr
[a
lermeHi bfcauie ho
both inslracCB students and traljia doga, akilla whieh &re intcEFated yat dLatLnct. For aimplLcitri he will herssfte? be referred Id as an in^uurtoT.
conducting scout dog team training should rest with qualified military dog
Responsibility
trainers
for
(instructors)
.-.coat
das
trajn[jii;.
Whun
shonase uf
qualified
,1.
Choke
^jhain tuilar,
trainers exists, e^-perienced scant dog handlera may be used as asaistant instructors. This ia not. liowever, desirable since few handlers have the
b. c.
Leather collar.
^-foot,
and
^.i-foot leashes.
deplK of experieni:*- neceasary to cope -vith the many traminj: and motivational prohlema that
iiievjtibly
T.
t.
Feed pan.
k'enne! nr "stake out" chain.
develop
.n
16,
Handlers
Equipment
holder.
do? and Its handler. Handler/students must meet the requirements discussed in FM 20-30, The handler ig responsiole for the daily care and arooniine of his dog and the maintenance of it3 kennei area. Since a strong bond of affection between dog and handler must be eatablished and maintained, each handler should be assigned only one dog, and he should retain that animal until they graduate as a team or until one of them ia eliminated from the training program,
icciut
dog team
con^iists of
one
sc:oiit
J.
fntrenchini; tool.
h.
Harness.
[.
A pouch or
Whistle, military
food.
y.
worker's apron (tig 1) IS ideal for carrying food, although ammunition pouches or other items which can be secured
The
construction
to the
web
17,
Dogi
must he available
19.
Terrain
so that there is one for every student to be trained. An additional number of dogs equal to at least 10 percent of each
Sufficient dogs
atudent class should be available. In any given group, a certain number of students and dogs will not be psychologically or motivationally compatible, thus, sufficient excess dogs must be available to allow for proper "mating" of handler
All infantry tactical dog training requires large areas of terrain. Fifty student scout dog teams, for example, require a minimum of 10,000 acres good rule of thumb is to of training area,
multiply the
number
of
then doublfi or triple this figure to allow for rotation. There are three primary reasons for these large terrain requirements.
and dog.
18,
Equipmn|
Scout dog handlers require the following equipment in addition to their normal fteld gear:
C&ntamvnation. After scout dog training has been conducted In a given area for approrimatdy 1 week, the area becomes so contaminated by confusing human and animal scents that it
tu
if
oarrv
fo^ hr
dog.
becomes dirfkuJt or impossilile for the dogs to distinguish between thtse scents and chose of th*
personnel they are expected to locate. For this reason, areas should be rotated weekly to allow the diitractinjr scents to dis:?ipivte, the vegeCafion ta re<Jover, and to prevent the dogs from hei:oming t&o familiar with
h.
Sit'r.t<t
a.
scout dau team must be trained to operate effectively over any type of terrain. For this reason, maximnm use mual he made of the terrain diversity in any military' training area. Ideally, basjc scouting should be
c.
Uzversincaiion.
'Lne
level terraiiu
A.^i
given area,
dos; traininsj is condutjted in the otf-lejsh mode, the teams in training must be dispersed to pre-
the compiexuy of training progresses, so must the complexity of the terrain. The hnal stage? of advanced scouting should be conducted ovei the most difficult terram :ivai]able.
vent the possibility of injury to personnel or doif3 by dog lights. In addition, training lanes must be far enough apart so that a team working one lane is not distracted or interfered with by a team on another lane.
mum
thatt
use of
hills,
natural and
manmade
final point
:;
ed
in
where feasible, training should be conductan area which resembles the area to which
CHAPTER
THE FOOO-REWARD
METHOD
Section I
20.
fNTRODUCTJON
cessfully trained, to a higher overall degree of proficiency, in less time than by the praise-
Gonvel
There are two btiaic methoda used in thft training of mjiiit&ry dogz, the prBise-puniahment metliod and the food-reward method- Both methods make use of thft principle Of reward for perforroflnco and punishment for nonperformance or mJabehavior-
puniahmeht method.
11.
Food
Two
tt
typea of food are necessajry for auccesafaf use of the food-^reward method:
Praite'PitTiiahment Metht>d. This is the traditiooal method uaed by animal trainers. Simply
a.
stated,
when
some
rewarded by praiae and petting. When it fails to perform, or miabehaves^ it is puniahed by verbal disapproval sad physical diEcomfort or Enild pain. This method la moat effectively used where hig^hly disciplined dogs are required, and in training military dogs which must be Hiffhly
taak
it is
Training Food. This is the food given the dogs as a reward for performing Kome taak. For this purpose a ^mmerdslly-pnp&red sott'UtoJat dog food (FM 20-20) in the form of cubes or large pellets is uaed. The cubes must be easily handled and must not crumble when handled^ Each handler will require 1 to 2 pounds of training food for his dog each trainfuB; day.
agvresvve.
FoodrRewtird Method. This meth<Kl is ^atively new to miiitaty dogr trainina-. although it haa long been used by snimal behavlorisli. It
b.
Gotd Food. Goal food is a key factor In the use of the food-reward methbd. This food ia given after the laat work seaaion if the dog haa performed weU. For this purpose:, aae a cottunercially-prepared, meat-base cann^ dog food which
b.
to us behavioral coaditioning, stimulus-reaponae training, or operant conditioning. In this method, the animal ia conditioned to associate the performance of a task or the preia
also referred
is especially appetising. At the completion of the last work session of the day^ the dog is given
apiwaranc* of food and praifltf. The dos Jaanu that performing a task, such as locating an object or scent, will bring the food reward and praiae. Here the food-reward method departs from the traditional method in that it advances the degree of aufatfety. Failure to perform a (iven task, rather than bringing physical puniahment, brings ot:\y the absence of food. This may aeem overly aimple. but since food is, after sex, the moBt important motivation to the dog, the method is extremely effective. Thia method ta moat effectively uaed in training militsry doga which must pepfbfm a large variety of unre^ted tasks, or where the task to be performed is quite complex or difficult. One Important advantage of this method ia that, out of a given group of untrained dogs, a larger percentage can be suc-
the remainder (if any) of its preacribed daily ration of training food plus the canned food. If a dog haa not performed well that day, it rec^iu^a nc ffwci food} (Goal tood fa not given
on nonworking days.) The dOgs quickly learn that they munt perform well each day in order
to earn their goal food.
KEMBEB; THE KEY TO USE OF THE FOOD-REWARD METHOD IS THAT THE DOG RECEIVES ONLY THE
22.
?r9paraiion
Prior to introducing a dog to the food-reward siethod. jt JJi Arst necesasry to deprive the dog of food for 4B houra, Thia is normally done over a weekend. By doing thia, the dog's hunger will increase its motivation to leam. During training^ the dogs are also partially deprived on weekends
and other nonworkin^ days. Depending on each doj'a food requirementSH appetite, and motivation, it may be given fu[I ration (minus goal food) on Saturdays and half-ration an Sundays or half-ration on Saturdays and no ration on
Sundays.
23.
team while workina^ and by reducing the amount of training nrea required. There
isoiating ea<:h
Veterinary Supervision
CJose coordination with nnd supervision hy the station veterinarian is necessary when asing the food-reward methodn No dog should undergo the preparatory food deprivation until the veterinariao^ has insured Chat the do^s state of health will allow it. Due to variations in moEivatiDn and appetitCp some dogs will gain or lose weight during training. Close coordination "with veterinary personnel will prevent excessive weight loss or gain. If a dog is unable to leara quickly
teams in training; wheu necessary, up to ten teams can work with one pen^ but the number of trials per team will be reduced. Ench pen [fis 2) ahould be constructed of jiny fence post material and ^J^-inth chicken wire. Dimensions shouJd be 10 feet wide by 20 to SO feet long. One end should have a simple gate in it. If pens are unavallabiep conditioning mu5t he performed with the dogs on leash. (See appendix Dp example layout of basic
five
scouting area.)
25,
enough
to
earn
its
minimum
daily
ratioQp
it
Training Pena
essential^ tralninff
used throughout training as a reinforoer to inform the dog that it haa performed an expected taak properly and/or that food is about to appear. "G<K>d" is called a reinforcen not a {^ommandp aince it is normally given in a low-to-moderatep pleased tona of voice rather than in a commanding tone. Food is the other
reinforcer for training purposes, ('^Good" and food are called positive reinforcera; punishment in a negative reinf orcer^
Although not
P^^
facilitate
FigMTA
t^
rro^itip p*tu
in
2b.
Eiitzh
CDfidiTioning
of
'GQgd'^
L^proti
filled
with
trainini^ food.
in
The apron
Che
his
iti
worn
side
leash,
:i
at the wa]5C,
(fig"
fron*-
of
\v]ll
or on
C:ikt^
riuht doy'd
3)^
The
i:;
Kindh^f
i^Lite.
Li];d
romove
Thu
rJr^r;
Ldlovvt."]
to LLt.vu^roni :t^Ai to
let"
then
^c_
Stt J
Whi=ni^vj_^r
tli^
]t
do^^
L:i
lt
r]ear
th-i
and eapec]ariy if the htindler aaya "Gomii" takes a cube of food from
hiLncilern
it in
lookinjj at him.
hlada^'s
itioiich
is
(R^
-I),
and aW future atage^ ^f i:QndL tinning. The prO[:Edqre muat oittuyt b^: "G^mdr' i ~ sen^flrid pause, appeftranH:e o/ iotxl- Tlie handler muEt not ]VQ the dDg an}^ cue gr aLgnii], aLich 19 renchmr tuw&rd the aprfln or bending over t>eCore the word '^Gcd" ifi ftaid. This proccdui-B \s intLnud for uvermi ttiaCSt until the doff atarta waUhin^ its handler and wtJtinf for food, i^r other wlAe eidiLblta what a termed ''beS^rLff
jVoe:
TLTrim;?
Gsaentlil during
thia
behavior
b.
"
Step S. The handler waits until his dot looks or moves away from him before saying "Good" followed 1/2 second later by food as before. When the handler ia sure his dog is respondijig to "Good" and not other sianals^ such as various body movements, he can bejpf^ "shap-
responses Conditioning of "'Gcwd" is considered complete when the handler can "shape" the dog to move away from him with the word "Go^Jd/' Traininff time for the averaffe dog is five or sis trials* each lasting 10 to 15
ing^' his dog's
^
minLites-
27.
a.
Exercise
in
Shoping Proedurs
FiffuT^
J.
St&p 1, To shape the dog's behavior into a certain response, such as moving away from the handler^ he says "Good'" whenever his dog ^^^^
untii
consistently.
2.
The handler waits until his dog makes a slight move away from him before saying 'Good," and continues this until the doR repeats "starting to move away."
Step Step J. Thfi handler waits untii his don takes a step away, then several ateps^ or until the dog
c.
moves 4 or 5 feet each time, before saying and h:ive [he dog reCuru for food.
d.
''Good''
handler will hav^ to wait a long time for hia dog to accidentally go to the right spot in the pen. He will have to wait again to get his dog to continuously go to that apot, and he must expect only slow results. During this phase of training some dogs will become quite confused, and many will constantly hesitate until they are sure they are performing the correct action. Many handlers will also become impatient or discouraged during this periodi especially if :hey see other handlers' dogs progressing faster than their own^ The instructors muat consrantly remind the handlers that each dog progresses at its own
Step
in
away/' the the dog moves in a desired direction. The instructor must insure that the handler doesn't expect too much of his dog at one time. The
When the- dog repeats "moving handler may wait to say "Good" unU\
pace and encourage them to be patientn If a handler becomes disgusted or loses his tempern any benefit from that day's training may be
lost.
e.
StApa 5 and
S.
for
gflt-
11
FiffTirf
;.
Pta^^ff
foO<l in doff'j
m^u^A.
pen is to "Divide' the pen into progressiiel/ smaller sections. The handler should stand in the
lo a certain spot in the
mov^
center of the pen. He may then reinforce his dog only when it is in that half of the pen to his front (fig 5), Next, he may reinforce his dog
only when it is in one quadrant (flg- 6)r and so forth until the dog continuously moves in on[y
one direction. The handier constantly withholds reinforcernent until his dog gets a little closei to the desired spot, and expects a little more each time. Once the handler has his dog going tc a particular apot^ he must never reinforce hi dog for doing le35, such as going only halfway to the spot. Training time for the average dog if two or three 10 to 15 minute sessions.
12
HANDLER
DOG
Fiffun
S.
Dividinff
pn
{irainittff faffilitv),
af p*n.
ripure
B.
13
Section
2 a.
General
(fig
a aequence of eventa whereby the procedure outlined in paragraphs 20 through 27 is used to ahape the dog's hehavior toward some practical task {e.^., obedience sx~ qrcise, finding people, boobytrnps, and the like).
7)
la
pan
this
In the same manner as the dog's behavior was shaped to go to a particular spot in the pen^ it can be shaped to perform aimost any desirable
action.
"pairing" procedure, iiny actions or objects can be introduced to the dog in a ihort period of time.
31.
ft.
29.
Step 1 Orientatiim on Feed Patt. Before takjng the dog into the pen, pEace a pan with water and an empty pan at the far end of the
pen. so the
The
it
wishes.
in
One
as follows:
R, - Rf,
S,
H,
Rf,
the above sequence can be read as "The First Stimulus (3) (a feed pan) plus the First Besponaa (H) ((oing to the feed pan) leads to the First Reinforcer (Rf) (Good + food) which leads to the opportunity to go to the feed pan again which leads to "(Jood" + food
As an example,
an aprou, will stand behind the pan (initially this should be an assistant instructor; later another handler can do this). The handler takes his dof Into tha pen and stands 6 to 12 feet from the pan, facing the dropper {tig 8). Thd dropper will take one cube of food at a time, hold it at about waist height (fij 9), and drop It into the pan so that
it
man,
with food
noise.
which leads to
30.
Pairing
'*
,
The primary purpose of the search chain is to provide a basic stimulus (S,) which can be associated or ^-paired," with practical actions to teach the dog. in smooth steps, its job of finding people and objects. Sfrnplj- stated, the baaic
Qnt prAcU thu id thit tha fuhta wU] not brnjiwa cut iMib> the jfroond. Any food which fiillt to Oie gnand. at any time, must b plckid u^ ind diKtrdsd. Othenrlto ^e dcff nill Icnlc for Ehis "free tood" rvther thui par tttntlon (o lt< wqtIc
As quickly as
ped.
and
ant.
is
eats a cube, another is dropAfter five to six trials, the dropper halts waits until the dog Udki inio the pan
the
dog
Timing
is
import-
stimulus <3,) is paired with a new stimulus (9.) unit the dog responds to both. S^ is then faded out of the picture until the doff responds only to the
The food must be dropped aa the dog's head sning down to the pan, NOT when it is coming
new
stimulus.
As an
up. This procedure, if properly followed, will soon cause the dog to look into the pan as soon as it
represent a strange person or object, and R, the dog's response, which may be looking suspiciously at an object or alerting. Incorporating these new
factors into the baaic search chain, the procedure will look like this:
5,
has eaten the previous cube. Orientation is considered complete when the handler takes his dog to the pan and It immediately orients on the pan. Traning time for the average dog is two 10to 15-minute sessions.
&,
Rf, R. -* Rf, -* S,
R,
S,,,
+ H,,
+ R,
Bf,
S..,
5*p
*JJeoiii
frdmins^ Begin
1.
this
ses-
Rf.
which can be read as '*the presence of the feed pan + the dog going to the feed pan brings
presence near the feed pan of 3,; the dog going to the feed pan and
;
The dropper
will
food
After the dog eats the food the handler recalls it by giving the command (Dog's name) COME. Some dogs will want to stay at the pan, and
Figure
7.
14
Fiff^T^
S.
be necessary to take the dog by the or collar with the left hand, gently lead it two three ateps away from the pan, and turn to the right to face the pao again. As the handler begvr^ his trun to the right, the dropper drops a cube in the pan. At the same time the handler releases hia dog which, hearing the noise (plunk), should go to the pan and eat. Thjs process will normally be repeated three to four
it
may
side.
To do
this
he may have
to start
by grasp-
until ing the dog's collar with hL right hand and the dog's head is behind him, then bend change hands, releasing the dog with his left hand as the dog poises the heel position (fig his dog re11, 12, 13), When the handler has turninjj satisfactorily without assistance, the dropper begins delaying until the dog moves
times before the dog starts returning '.vuhoiit 4 assistance. Eai^h lime the handler allows S to
handler, and a few inches farther around the continues delaying (with about five triala at pan each sta^el until the food is hitting the
just as
seconds between hia command and his movement be to guide the dog. Initially, the sound should heard as the dog's head is passing the handler's Hiikt leg (fig 10); at this point the handler insures that the dog continues around behind
to the
left
(heel)
dog search being stopped. Recall training in the returns to its chain Is complete when the dog reinforced aa handler on command and is being position on its way back to it passes the heel
15
the
th^'n
l!i
deby by
fructioiis
of
[s
over
is
LO
to
dog
-^ever:!]
fli
I
-secondn.
Stay
at the heci
when
Ijefore
complete seconds
the
being reinlorceir.
.vz'Jiout
bre;iki;i]:
search ohain, and 'A-lthou'. the handler'.-, rii'i'i.stanoe, Tr:iinmg; twn to three IrVminute ^eisioius.
Cominiind. '.Ths -lommand MOVEOL'T, givon .n a lou", :hm vnici.'. will be used to initiaf? nearly all future training exercises; it is aJsn used to initiate operational patrols or exercises,) Review steps 1 to 3 as neededr After several trials of step 4, the handler
d.
St''j'
Movoiit
command MOVEOUT, accompanied by the moveout arm gesture. This gesture is accomplished by using the right hand and arm in
gives the
a casting motion. With the fingers extended and joined, the right forearm is brought forward and up from the side until the fingers are pointing nearly straight up (fig 16). Continuing in a smooth motioOf the forearm is brought smartly forward until the elbow is locked, with the arm parallel to the ground at shoulder height (li? n). lEEMEMBER: sloppy gestures produce sloppy performance by the dog.) The moveout command is given as soon as the dog sits; at the moment the moveout signal la complete, the dropper reinforces. This continues until the dog starts moving out on command^ instead of waiting for reinforcement (10 to IB trials). The dropper will then start dlayiug reinforcement until the dog is a few inches cloaer to the pan, and contlnueB this procedure until he Is reinforcing when the dog reaches the pan. This step is considered complete when the dog sitSt waits for the moveout command, and goes to the pan
Figare
9.
Dropper'a
potitiitn.
the pan
(flg
14).
minimum
before going on to the next atep In the search chain. Trainins time for the average dog la four to six 15-miniite
of 10
trials
being reinforced (at least 10 trials). Training time for the average dog is two 15minute sessions,
before
aessiona.
Step S Reorientation on the Pan- Eeview the previous step, then begin reinforcing when the dog looks at the pan, even though it may be
e.
Step 3 Stay at Heel Position. Begin by reviewing step 2. On about the fourth trial, the handler catches hia dog's collar with his left hand as the dog la juat to his left rear
c.
several steps
away
(five
to
six
trials).
Some
and hoLda it at the heel poaition (fig 151, The dropper delays dropping the cube just ^ntil the instant the dog Stops siraininq at the eoilar. When the dog atopa at the heel position with little or no pressure on Its collar, the handler can stop holding his dog. Make sure* however, that the food is still dropped at the moment the dog stops at the heel position, until it has stopped on its own for eight to ten trials without
1*
dogs will orient on the dropper at this stage and won't look In the pan. If the dog is losing interest in the chain of events, the dropper can silently place a cube in the pan as the dog is returning to its handler. This should cause ii to look in the pan when it approaches, and the
dropper can start reinforcing the pan orientation. This step is complete when the dog orients
on the pan for 10 to 15 trials. Reorientation time averages two 15-minute sessions.
Step 3 Sit at the Pan. Haview previou.^ step. At about the fourth trial the handler give?
/,
1,^^i4^^
-1
F^ff^r^ i^^
^^^
p^/J^t
dr^pp^d
L^lfl
rti?dinfj
p^n
tu
riffhl
!^g.
the
command SIT
just as the
dos
^s
odeat'mg
on the pan and before it^ head comes np- The Jttoment the dog sita it is reinforced, even though it may not be looking at thw pan as it
sits-
jnterest after one or two trials and return to tts handler to atart again, but it should at least
If the handle):-
jiving the
command
inter-
with the d^^s position at th^ pan (the dog may want to face its hundler}^ the ri'ropper C3n "ive the crpmmnj>d AJter five to si:^ trials the do? should oriejit on the pan and sit without
ferea
glance in the direction of the pan after sitting oti the second or third trial, ft tran then be reoriented on the pan- Reorientation is considered complete aftei^ 15 to 30 succei^aful trials. Training time- two to three IS-minute sessions.
t^ommand- !f the dog fails to orient before uittinsn the dropper may have to reinforce orefntation for a few trials. Training tim^ averages two to
three !5-:nJJJUe s&^lonSr
Was rt&riEnTed to the pun folLowlni? the Lnlrtjciucthe new ^ii^tion. This prucedui-e will L]onunuE into to fyrther 5tae*^s Qi tr:iinrfi^.
'he iios
tifin 9.
Whtn working
kp
in
mind th&t
Step T-^R&^ypientatioii After Sit Revle-^v prsvimj^ step and then wait to r^ly^Sorce until the dot ]ooka bac!^ at the pan- The dog may lose
g.
omita &]iy atep it is reSotn& rtogs wiaL try to Mif* cuts iff ^i r^jjiforced, i"jch ai rerrtaining at thfl pad to E^t Tnflrs food wlthutit wotkini for it- The dojt
In
order to be
tr,
t-anifurcHid.
it
qijir^d
hetfLti
the tfial
aiPiLci-
s^^
J7
FigMTf
il.
Step
haitiHer
flui^jji^
dog
[u
kefl poettion
ififfltt ha-Ttit).
goon leama ihat chig doesn't worJt, and it reiurna 1o the search chain. Somctimeg a dOg will faj[ Tn stop flt h*eL v/hvn it aKould, but ugam it ia aos reinfarced; ic ia required to E!flrt a^mn. and it learna that gloppinif At hv^i
LB
food). Review step 7; when the dog orients on the pan after sitting, the dropper reinforces
3r A common proJjlBm inBtructor^ muat be alert for ja [hat of f:arnJ[i!ra aft-'-npiing to inlvanize their dags aLong the gporch chair too Quickly. Th]a will only ^onfuac the dojTS. Another pitfall ia trying '.o neach a doe- -.^.o la^k:, fe.^., orEentilla and ailtir.gf at the same :ime. A|fain, mo?t doga wiLj oilJ^ become coniuied and quit working. Thia often oaiisea Ihe handler to Iwlieve hia dag is gtupid or Lack^ niiHivaLinn.
with "Good." waits 1/2 second, then takes a cube of foofl, quickly places his hand, palm up, inside the pan and allows the dog to eat the cube. Since the dog haa previously been conditioned to "Good," it should quickly learn that the uoide sound "Good" has replaced the noise at the feed pan as the signal that produces food. Recond[[.ioning should average two lO-minII
te sessions.
I.
h.
Step
In
S RKi:onditioning
Step 9
S.
Review
of
R^jnforcsr
step
of
The handler
preparation for elimination of the dropper, the dogs must first be reconditioned
'Good.'^
to at
"Good"
the feed
(i,e.,
"Good"
will
reinforcing his dog. on the pan after sitting, the handler reinforces with "Good," steps up to the pan and places
his
IB
doff to
keH ^^tt^^
(both,
han rffll
ing his dog to eat the cube- When atarting this procedure the handler should stand about 2 feet to his dtig's re^r- He will alternate iu his do?^a
right sides when reinfordng. Thii maintains the doR'a position relative to the pan. The dropDer will be standing in his usit;l1 posleft
ntw step un^l they are pmflcsent Jit the previous ^tcp. This atep ia Considered complete when ihe handler h&a
jairicd
hia
licKT
a rcunhTnum
and
fou^
7.
CO
from the pan and L3 proficLent wsihtjut the dropper. Training time: flvE L5^ minute seaaiongr
diatac.ce of 35 feet
Step
JO
Distavce
Training,
Review
step
ition
determined that the doH ha.^ learned hjs reinforcement ^g t^oniinst from hia handler. The dropper then takes one st*>p bai:l< from the p:in every two or three triaJs untd he ia out of the immediate train inp area. The handler and dog should be n^ovin^ back to their
unti]
it
ia
^. Every thre^e to fo'er frfa/^ ihe ha:3^J^r Iake one or two steps baol^ from ^he pan. This pro-
cedure car be rontinued until the hancHer is at any desired distartce from the pan; it should be carried to a mitiirnum of 25 mefers and can be continued out to 100 meters or more. Training
time: four to five Ls-TrJnute scaatona- This completes the aearch chaiti with the feed pan.
t.
starting point at
jViJt-*'
tht^
^ame
time.
Atter the ifroppn^r fiaa 6&en ?trnifTilwd rnJm tJj* aearch i^hain. the handier can beam workitur on ilLfltaiit:*^ He iKould Take about one atep hack from the pan every
Ihr*^
in
paragraph
'^K?,
(^ut trials. REMEMBER: The <igE ia paaily coCfHS-ed: handlers muat not try ten advance their di>sa tD
-ir
goal -food
that portion of a dny'a preacribed ration not eaten during traininR p^u^ one can
19
Figt^rf
M. Step
hand).
dog food. Goal food should be given on the laat trial of the day, since it is important to associate goal food with the dog's work. During the last sessiiJn of the day, if the handler and instructor agree that a dog has perfiimi'd weJ] enough to earn its jjiiaJ food, the goal foi_.i will bft placsd near '"vha pan befora tha laat trial la complete. At the completion of the last trial, inatpad of saying' "Good" the handler says "Chow" in an excited, happy tone of voice. He moves quickly to the pan, maijit-iiJiing his excited manner. 3t ia important that the dog ceaiizes that this procedure is significant and that the dog has caused jt to happen by pleasihK its handler. As soon aa he reaches the pann the
of tasty
times while doing thia. After receiving goal food, the dog does no further work that day, but the handler should play with hia dog and groom do^ tliat require more associatjon of it. For food with their work, it may be deairable to give a small portion of the daily ration on the
l&5t
tEial
Qf
f.li:l^
MS5il>S\.
If
M,
It
ftl\Qld
b*
given in the same manner aa regular s^\ food. The handler will need to know how many aessions his dog will work that day and reguTjite
its
food
accordingly.
The end-of-tha-day
goa]
food must be the lariat portion. It is desirable, but not always practical, to give goal food at different times each day, ao the dogs will not learn to anticipate it. Once a dog has learned
handler prepares the jroal food. He may talk hftppily to hia dog ot repeat "CVitr" sever^i^
20
by goal food, its handlei tan gi&d^ians IntTtaM the ijiteTval bathat
will be followed
"Chow"
to
altrootdoe'i
atleatio-Ti.
Ween
''Chow" and receipi of goal food a few feet each day. This will be usefuL when working long lanea, as the dogs will run to their pana on "Chow" and wait for their goal food-
time his doj out, the handler must be sure that he gives the signal at the jnoTnent his dog is d^ing something wrong. A low, stern NO is a
giiod signal for this parpoas. signal, the handler on-leash, keeps it at
c^ose
dog is "timed out" when it will not work, when it misbehaves or malperforms. whether through ignorance or deliberately. A
l Timeout.
Cakes
it
io s.n
common
lack of motivation for food. Instmttors must insure that the handlers don't cause timeouts by expecting too much of their
reasori
is
from
is
usual stakeout, After locating a suitable tree or post, the handler will tie his dog 30 that
its
dogs or trying to advnrice them too qiiickJy. Thia only confuses the dog; [f it is confu&ed or fim?d out too many times in successfon, it may refuse
to
done only when directed by an instructor and under his supervision! (Jij;
^Varning: This
19 and 3t.
work
at
all.
If a handler's
dog
is
confused,
The dog
is left
he should reestablish
off to
he can watch or hurt it^if. The instfnctor will determine if the dog should be timed out for a short period
2\
alone, btit the handler stays wher^ to insure his dog doesn't chok?
Figun
J J,
fland^T mou*!
ioff:
and worked again, or timed out until the next day. In hot weather the dog will be staked in the shade with wacei-. Moat timeouts should not exceed 15 to 20 minutes.
32,
instead of in the pen. Conditioning of "Good" outside of pen should progreaa at the same rate
as inside. When the dog is conditioned to "Good," the handler can start shaping his dog to move
CancurrenP Training
Concurrent training is performed outside the pen without the search chain. It should include ^onditioninK of "Good/' MOVE OUT, COME, KEEL, SIT, DO^^^ and STAY.
Start on the 5-foot leash while conditioning "Good." then advance to the 25-foot leash and to off leash as the dog becomes profldent at
Q.
away from bim as outlined under paragraph 27. He should advance to the 25-foot leash at this time and shape the dog to a minimum distance
of 15 feet before starting recall training.
to this point the dog has automatically returned to the handler when the word "Good"
b.
Up
"Good" has been a form of recalling the dog. Xow, the dog is to return on the command COME. It will be neceaaary to pair the old signal "Good" with the new
effect,
the movements. Condition the dog to ''Good" in the same manner as outlined in paragraph 2S.
signal
The
33
thfl
dog
is
on-Ieash
given first, followed immediately by the old signal "Good." When the handler sees the dog starting to return on COME,
is
COME. COME
r.
I.
Fipu^O
Jfl-
Sffp
Figure
17.
Step J
he can start delaying the word '^Good." As hta dog atarts tg fum and come back to the handler
when
COME
is
given,
the
turn
movement
is
the
turn before hearing "Goo^;" the handler then waits until his do^ takes a ^tep tnwiird him befote gaytnj "Good," then tivo stepa iir.d ^a oti
until the
"o
retLivii
to :he
ond later delivers a piece of food. After three or four trials the hjindler can start giving his dog HEEL when he reaches for ita collar to guide it around and into the heel poaition. The handler gives less and less help to hia dog as training progresses, until the dog is coming aronnd him and stopping at the heel position on the commands of COME and then HEEL.
stops at Ehe heel position. the. handler ptits his left hjind Ji th^ >;jtfe >f the dog'^ tall ami applied mild pressure ui\l] the dog sits. At the moment the dog sits it is reinfonred ivrth "Goad" and th^n giv^n food in the usual manner. When the dog starts sittinH as the handler touches it at the base of the tuiJ fcroop^p the handler c^u then sfarC givi^ig the verbal SIT command an instant before touchtL
COME
before
bemg
vein-
When
the
'iusr
performing ^vell on COME, the handler starts talking hia dog by the collar with hia nght hand and gentii' pa/Jmg it around to hia rear, catching 'the collar with hi^ left hand and bringing the dog; to the heel position. At the moment the dog reaches Che hsei position, ita handler reinfortea with "Good" and 1 2 secthe doR
is
When
S3
fT,
Whi-'Ti
the
iloL'
ii
sittinn nn
in
.-ommaiid.
r.\\v
hyndlef
to [he
itojj
y;<:iv.A
t.ikes
the leash
hii
left
hand.
15
i;]ose
ilf>i^''s
until the
iloivn
hjindler reinforces
-j
aaiial.
pull
iin
!he
lerjFli
each
trail
the
do"-
^'^p^
down on commiind
/.
ivithout ^isi^istam^e.
'.ommanr: :md, holdinif Che doi,' biit'i ^-ith his lell hand, takea ^ hiHf step forward and then reinforces. Thia i^onttnues until the do? ceases trylni; to move with its handler and he can stop reijive.'S
the
position,
'he
venai
STAY
can then Cake two steps after giving STAY before reinforcmg. Continue this procedure until the handler can move away from his dog to the desired distance. When the dog has learned all of these commands, the handler can then start giving them without a aet pattern^ such aa giving the dog after moving to the end of the leash, or STAY when the dog ia coming back on recall; each command given in this way should be reinforced because it is no longer a chain leading up to reinforcement as far as the dog is concerned. After the dog has learned to perform all of the commands, the handler can give a series of commands before
hifl
straining
dog.
He
DOWN
reinforcing- If he wants a
new
signal or com-
take over* or have the same effect as an signal (i.e., he has already taught the dog to go down on the verbal command and he wants it to go down on the hand gesture), the handler
to
r>]d
mand
gives the new command (hand gesture) an instant before giving the old command DOWN. The dog will associate this new signal with the old one and atart working on it. The differFigifi
IS.
D13
at clogt
ke^L
ing the doff, until the dog' is aittlng on the verbal command for reinforcement and the touch has been eliminated-
ence in the search chain is that the handler wants the dog to perform a series of events, one after the other, by giving the dog a minimum number of commands in concurrent training he wants to gain control of hia dog in all possible
;
situations.
34
F'flfifj*
t^
D'?ff
f^tQkt-d
rnr
tixsn-^^i^
itatirtrn^.
^5
Fi^HT^ JO.
Dc^p
^tnk^d /or
iim^iyU-t
JiitlTtp.
26
CHAPTER 4
BASIC SCOUTING
Section
GENERAL
tact with the enemy. It
is
33.
a.
Sop
During basic
(1) (2)
the collar be replaced with the leather harness prior to any scouting exercise. This procedure
is called b.
his
to
dof
alerta
on
different targets,
the change^er.
rend
(interpret)
on
dog's
alerts,
(3)
to
work
300-meter) patrols.
(4)
How
to
tain factors.
b.
Providure. The handler faces his dog into the wind and straddles it from the rear to effect the changeover (fig 21). He will run the leash down his dog's back, place the harness over the dog's head, and buckle it snugly (he keeps the loop over Ms wrist during this procedure). The handler will then unsnap the leash and attach
onto his dog by placing two Angers under the harness. He then removes the collar and places It on his web belt, in his pocket, or an empty pouch of his apron.
it
That
it
hidden
human
That
decoys.
^t
(2)
tripwires,
on
35,
34.
(L
Nois* Disclpirne
the beginning of basic scouting, the scout is always reprimanded if it barks or whines
From
dog
or warkiuff harness Is dog's trainins. Most types of military dogs Eeam In their training to associate wearing of the choke chain or leather collar with obedience training, play^ or rest* and associate the leather harness with work- The leather harness also removes the restriction around the dog's neck, gives It more freedom of action, and give the handler greater control over his dog during adverse conditions such as difficult terrain or con-
for any reason while working (except for suspicious and chase training). The scout dog may ttark or nhlne only in the kennels or during play, stakeout, or travel periods. The handler can correct his dog by commanding KO. This failing, he may gently hold his dog's mouth shutWhen necessary, he will strike his dog in the windpipe with his hand or grasp it by the throat and apply pressure until the dog stops trying to
make noise
{fig 22).
57
yiffiirt ti.
Chanff^^^r.
76
Ffff^^re 2S.
Sii*^teinff dcffr
Section
II.
SUSPICIOUS TRAINiNG
ing so that he can determine when his doa aierts and judffethe tj'pe"^ ^l^i't.
'>.
36-
Introduction
conducted the first flay of liasic scoEirinR so the haniller can see e*r:^ct[y how hii^ do^ iilerts on sound, aight, and scent.
SLispicioiis training la
Co'itiiSio'tFfi
/Sit)
An-'-'
^it
tx]e:-.
SluilC
iin
do^s
jre
objects; trip-
In
aiiBpicLOiLS
training,
of
the dog. He places the h:indler at a (tegipiated point, hjivini; the handler kneel ly hia dog. The
then hoa the decoy make a noise, suUi as clicking the safety of hia rifle^ so the handler can see how hia dog alerts on sound. The decoy wiil then move in a crouched and auapicioua manner so that the handler can see how the dog alerts on sight. The decoy then moves to a position upwind of the dog so that the handler can see how his dog alerts on scent,
inistructor
and boobytrap". This alert ia unmistakablg, and pinpoints [he location of whiittiver [hh? iloij liaa found. Furthermore, it provides handler with a L-lejr distinction between ihii personnel and object alerts. This is an important consideration when the handler must advise the commander on his dog'a alert.
wifea,
pits,
33.
The Dcoy
a vital role in the training of scout poor decoy can retard or ruin a scout
They play
dogs.
Thia should be repeated until the instructor is sure that the handler can recognize the dog's three types of alerts. Handlers should he given an understanding of the various techniques used to train a dog to detect and give early silertt warning of enemy presence as well as how to read and interpret these aleria properly. Deapite
the scout dog's innate senses it is not instinct but repeated training that develops the dog's
dog's progress.
Decoys should Ideally be totally unfamiliar personnel. At least they should be from different training squads or groups, so that the dogs don't become familiar with them and lose intera.
deure
silently
aad
to do this
It is
associate certain happenings with certain localities, sounds, or people. During early basic scouting, decoys should iwt always conceal
b.
Dogs
training that teaches the handler how to read his dog's behavior accurately; one must complement the other if a well-trained team is
also to result.
themselves behind only trees, rockst or bushes. If, on the first several scouting runs, a dog decoy behind the same object tt will associate such objects with finding decoys. This wiil, consequently, cause the dog to rely on its eyesight, which is inferior compared to Its senses of smell and hearing. This rule also applies to training areas. They should be rotated frequently so the dogs don't associate only certain areas
Ands
its
37.
a.
Typei of Abrti
Natural
natural alert ia normaily used when alerting on personnel. Each dog will alert in its own individual manner. Some dogs will give a very pronounced alert, e.g., hackles
raised, growling, tail erect, ears forward, or even
AUrU The
with decoys,
Since a decoy may sometimes have to remain In position for several hours, he must not make himself so comfortable that he might tend to fall asleep. This problem is especially evident in very hot or very cold weather- This caution
17.
standing on the hind legs. Other dogs may give no more than a slight head or ear movement^ It is, therefore, necessary for each handler to observe his dog's behavior carefully when work-
particularly Important
if
Section m.
TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS
be given in a low, suspicious tone of voice to arouse the dog^ It should not be given so loud that
b.
it
39.
Command!
MOVEOUT,
distracts the
dog from
its
mission,
used to start a scout dog searching. This command should be repeated only as often as necessary to keep the dog working. The command MOVEOUT should
The command
MOVEOUT
The
second
is
scouting
the
dog that it is to break off and either continue the search for another decoy or
signifies to the
Llie
problem
is
over.
The cnmmand
OUT
[a
not
There are
wind,
L'ot relation.
If
the doji fiiils to react to the the handler precedes the com-
hut there are also ^'ays which ihouid not be used for security reasons or because they might distract the dog from its mission. One method
that
is
not
recommended
is
pulline
hair from
ChaaB
.-iQspii'ious
Durini;
little
interest
This could be painful, if the handler id not careful, and physical contact with the dog can he a distracting influence. Kicking the ground and stooping over to pick up g^,^A5 or
the
cio^'s
back.
frightened or ahy iit first. Dogs that lack aggressiveness must have their confidence nnd interest increased if they are to be scout dogs. This can usually he accomplished by using the chase procedure, A handler can work his dog, on leaah, to within 15 feet of a decoy. The decoy will rise from hiding in a alow, threatening manner. When he has the 6og'3 attention, he will break and run straight away froni the dog. The dog's chase instinct should take over at this time; the handler will encourage the dog by running with it, giving it verbal encouragements such as "Watch Him, Boy," or "Get Him." DOG IS TO CATCH THE
dust
also
aiso distracting to the dog. There i^ the risk that you might alert ;he enemy
is
by the noise. Lighting a cigarette is dan^erDUs, especially at night. So there are two points to remember when seeking a method of checking wind direction: Does it violate security? Will it distract the dog?
THE
is
There are several points that should be taken into consideration when working the wind. If the sector to be cleared of decoys is rather narrow, usually no wider than 50 meters, then the handler ordinarily works his way straight into the wind allowing his dog to roam hack and forth In
d.
front of him.
On
if
the area
is
not advisable
allowed to pursue for 15 to 30 meters; by prearrangement the decoy will break to one aide and the handler will give Ms dog OUT and
because the dog may miss a scent cone to its right or left therefore, under such circumstances, the handler should check the area, starting at
;
break in the opposite direction. He will then praise his dog. During the chase the decoy does not shout or wave his arms as this may cause a dog to become noisy and aggressive, even though chase is the one tirrte when. the dog is allowed
to bark-
the
downwind
to
aide
left,
and
then
working
left
diapjnally
from right
versa.
to
right,
or vice
4T.
a.
Using lh Wind
a variable factor, one that can on the handler and the dog is they are, not careful. It is subject to change without notice, and many dogs will lose the scent only to
e.
The vind
is
play tricks
The wind
tion in
the
In addition to the various scents carried to the dog by the wind, there are also sounds- Therefore, it is esaentiai that a scout dog handler be wind conscious, because the wind direction dictates what route he should follow with his dog in order that the dog may pick up the scent of the decoy.
There are several methods by which the handler may check wind direction while running a problem. A reliable method is to watch the dog, as it will point its noae into the wind to sample and test the air currents. This is instinctive with dogs. The handler may remove
&.
the wind switches back. There are also those dogs which will catch the scent of a decoy, forget about the wind, and start charging ahead blindly in the direction they alerted. This must be avoided, for if the wind should suddenly change the dog will soon run out of the scent cone and subsequently end up bewildered. It is always best to stop the dog momentarily after it alerts to confirm that it has alerted and to see if the wind might change. This stop-and-go method is also advisable periodically throughout the entire duration of the probregain
it
later
when
is
particularly vital
determine
quired
if
if
new paitem
fails to
the
wind
brow
to
come
into contact
with the wind. There will be a drying effect on the side exposed to the wind. By paying
close attention he can also feel the wind blowing on exposed portions of his face and hands.
do not rely on the wind always blowing from the same direction it may be fatal if an enemy ambuflh is nearby.
the handler observes hia dog carefully he will notice that his dog often alerts and instead
/.
30
of aoinjj iCraigh[-in
angle all to it5 right or left The doff does this because more than likely it has hit th^ edge of the ^cent cone
the
doR- wi\]
and
[joTi
is
working
^']r fi^revt Is
^ixftere
atten-
dog's behavior at this moment. He should he ab;e to determine by its actions whether
to JiLS
The handler must cojiccTiut^iire on -Igwin;^ bi,=^ dosj down after the lirsC re\v triiLn]E^ prnldem-^ He must however, temper his uorrtjctLons with judument: They must not be so har?h that the do^ is discouraged frgm working Some r^^i^'ommended correttivs meaaur&s Lire'
b.
([}
Work
^]e'
the
croi;
Ls
lost
problem,
(2)
An member
{f.
tn^portant point for the handler to reLs not to permit the dog to lead him all over the area. Many dogs will do this if the
mzike
l'
-]t
until it ^iectles
down
2-^).
It
{3)
will
Che ^.Vfoot
[eash.
handler doesn't watch them. They haven't alerted, they're just wandering. Therefore^ the handler sticks to the route he is to follow^ guiding his dog as necessary.
.-step-
let
Tie a 10-pound weight to the leash and the dog drag it. It will soon tire of this.
Sil9n<
Silence
is
43.
a.
Speed
scout dogs develop a tendency to work too fast. This h usually due either to their over anxiety to find and give chase to the decoy or excess energy, A scout dog which works too fast la apt to miss alerts by running out of the scent
Many
43.
Ah
and create undue noise. At night it could make enough noise to aLert an enemy a half-mile away. Hesult: Ad ambushed
cone. It will tire quickly
part of a good scant dog- A doi; that barks or whines on patrol 13 a ^eriou^ and costly liability. Not only will it alert rhe enemy to the patroL's approach or presence, it may also set the patrol up for an ambush,
6.
patroL
less
Everytime a dog barks or whines^ regard* of where it ia. it must be silenced immediDFcar
fsDTJ
SCDIJT
000 TEAM
&ECOT
ROUTf
SCfNT CQUE
Ftfftt^ 2Jr
B^^c
tc^Titinff
3T
f Efrun
ateiy.
f J.
SfTi^uC d^ff.
on patrol
The handler can do hia by damping hia dog^a mouth shut and commanding NO, or by
choking
off
the
dog's
air
supply momentarily
until it is quiet
Once the decoy is in place he should remain silent and out of sight He must refrain from^ smoking. Mistakes on the part of the decoy can^ cause a dog to become a sight-hunter.
Cr
Keeping scout dogs quiet ia a SA-hour-or^y job in a scout do^ unitn If the dog^s handler is
(?.
45^
a.
not present to make the correction another handler or the charge-of-quartera should aasum the
reaponaibility, Thia they can do by
scout dog
undersirable.
commanding
NOp or throwing a small object near the dog. The point h that a scout dog must be quiet.
There
44,
d.
is
no
-^ther alternative.
order to bfl totally effective. A dog that tracks could lead a patrol into an ambuah. Tracldn^ \3 not a dJJ^icult habit to breakp nor does it require an undue amount of elFort and patience on Che
Placing Decoys
This
dog
to follow
if it is
ao inclined. In going to his posi^ion^ the decoy should make a big sweep around the area to
{fig
2&),
must be constant* All it requires ia skiJip repetition, and ample opportunity for the doff to pick up an airborne scent. For the latter reason the handler should try to avoid all situations which might encourage the dog to track.
part of the handler^ but
it
the decoy
or dogs to see where beinjj placerir This w[]] cause vhe han-
There are two means by which a dog can he discouraged from ground trailing while on pabr
to3:
dop into the decoy instead of permitting^ the dog to find him using its senses of smell and hearing. On the other hand^ if the dog sees where the decoy is hiding it will rely on
dler to lead his
its
leash
nose
to
the
eyesight to find him. In such instances it is a waste of training time to even st*trt a problem.
its
commanding N"0, followed by the command SEARCH. The most siTective means is to eliminate the cause for
ground,
same
instant
tracking.
32
OOCCAH
TR>C DECOI
Figi'-'^ J*'
Pl*"^'"'-'^^ "f
^""VIt
46.
in
Whn Going
b.
on Decoy
a.
handler In an actual combat situation the This would never ruah in on an enemy position. The team is is not the scout dog team's mission. the paonly a detection and warning device for of training, trol. Therefore, in the latter stages handler will be taught what to do when his
Che
done to go in on the decoy during training is and to only to stimulate and maintain its interest, confirm that it knows where to decoy is located.
47^
Alerts
dof gives a
take in
alerts are essential in the trainportion ing of scout dogs and should be a familiar obtainof the daily training. Best results may he out' ed during night training, while conducting
post find
ambush
patrols.
33
DEcar
OFDDa
^f^ws 5J C^mftniwi
Sactlon IV.
AND CACHES
48,
Gnral
Prior ia he^nmng Quia tr^lniag, the h&ad}&f should have had the opportunity to observe his and other doe:a prorkiiif By doing this he will Learn that each dof reacts difTerently under various aituationa, and how hia do? ^reacts. Minea, boobytrapBy and homemade devices have been used in warfare for centruies; they can kill, disable, h^raaa, and affect the morale of a fighting unit. Patrols will ^counter th^ devices in combat; therefore, it i^ imperative that handlers pay strict attention to this training. Although the military dog ta one pf the moat effective means
.
boobytfaps, and caches in conducted concurrently ^ith basic scouting procedures. For training purposes, the four classes of targets are deAned as
foUovJS;
rnpitiVea. A length of material stretched across diagonal or parallel to, the dog's path. Material may be standard tripwire, string, or monofilament line. Tripwires may be at varying heights, angles, and degrees of concealment.
a.
of detecting these devices, and often the only means on hand, the doi[ is not infallible. It is the handler's ability to Interpret and react to hia
dor's alerts that
(defused) antitank AUd antipsrsoUDei minei il] j]orma]]y be burled in road surfaces or shoulders at depths varying: from 1 to 12 inches and with varying degrees of conceahnentb.
MiTiea.
Simulated or real
may mean
e.
i^as-
35
producing devices other than minea. These are nomuilly pyrotechnica or defused hand grenades. When not attached to tripwires, boobyTialty
to
them.
50-
traps
may
Tripwire Lanes
Carhes.
Any
at,
ment hidden
Introduction Jo Tripwire*
Tripwires present some uoique problema in training acout dogs. The moat important factor is to inatiJl in the dog a reasonably caution towards tripwires. Since moat dogs will have a natural suspicion of anything across their path, improper technique can change this to fear. For this reason exploding devices are not attached to tripwires
Rrst introducing tripwires, special lanes should be used. These may be narrow (ft to 10 feet) dirt roads or lanea cut across rioids. Each lane should contain five to ten movable stakes at least 3 1. 2 feet long, with najls or hooka every 6 Inches apart for a length of 3 feet; the wires are placed at varying distances and heights. Tripwire at this point should be heavy white string (easily visible) with weights on both ends to hold it taut (flg 26 and 27). The strings should be placed on different stakes for each dog.
When
51,
advanced training. dog which has had several boob>^apfl blow up in Ita face may become trail-shy and refuse to work. On the other
until
Some doga may have difficulty with early tripwire training, or may wander off the lanes and
bypass tripwires. In this case, a simple training device may be constructed of lumber (fi^ 28). The device should consist of two rails, 34 feet long and 3 feet high, with posts every 3 feet. Tripwires can be attached to the posts as with the stakes on the lanes. This device ia used in
dog is taught no respect for tripwires, accidentally break them, or even do so deliberately to show its handler it has found one.
if
hand,
it
may
START
SSiS
Fiffllra Sfl,
-V^J^ii'',TripttHre lana.
'.^'-
fvxfi
36
ir.
TripvrifB hcelmp.
the iiame m;iriner us the traininff lanen but reenitrieta the HriR's attention to its immediate vironment. If desired, Che raib may be covered
may
i^ the a^ime position ai m dtep l. fietH ble to use three strings at fi. l:^, and IS inches, to discourage the dog's jumping the 'vire to get at the feed pan. The handler will follow his dog as his doi^ ciosely as it moves out. As soon
.'.
^^ivi^ii-
gives
the
slightest
indication
of
heaitation
at
57.
<i.
Method
Step
}.
As
rji:iLn
procedure la used. Initinlly, placed e:ic:h doir :jn ^e worked on one tripwire, about lU feet from the starting point and I foot high. The dog h first introduced to the string with the feed pan partially under Che string and
diLhstitution
"Good," the barrier, the handler reinforces with and the dropper shoves the pan under th<? ivire tcj NO MOVE the dog. The dropper MUST the feed pan iintj] "Good" is aaid. Continue thia procedure unt:) '-he doij jnei to the barrier and waits for reinforcement, Grad-
MAKE
TOWARD
number of wires
ro one,
and be-
the dropper behind the strinff (ftg 29). The search chain is employed, with th dog going to the pan, eating the food and returning to the heel position. This will acquaint the dog with the string without instilling fear, and condition it to atop at strings or wires.
Stev
To
beffin
Fade out the feed pan and dropper. the handler will give food by hand on
i.
Step 2. Repeat step I with the pan centered under the wire. The distance of the string from the starting point la increased until the dog consistently goes through the search chain the full
h.
every other trail Gradually increase the ratio of hand-to-pan delivery until all food comes from the handler. At the same time* the dropper will gradually move away from the wire until he is out of
the immediate training area- When this complished, the feed pan ia removed.
e. ia
ac-
Step
J.
is
place 1 to
The feed pan with one cube 2 feet beyond the wire* which
in it
ia
Step 5. Aa the pan and dropper are being faded out, begin incorporating the ait response at the tripwire, Aa soon as his dog stops at the
wire, the handler gives the sit command,
fol-
in
Fiff^irt SB-
Tripwire
Iritininff
dmiee.
37
Fiffure Si.
u'Ajlfl ttrtnff.
lowed 1/2 second later by a light touch on hfa dog's croup. WVien'tht %iX movemeni ia ttflnp^ete, the handler reiTiforces. This procedure ia continued until the dog couaistentfy goes to the wire and 5its vjitho-Jt comrfiand.
the ait response. When the dog gits, the Iwuidlet slves the stay command. After 1 to 2 seconds, if hig dog remains sitting-, the hantiler rdnforces. Continue until th* dog retnaitia sitting up to 5 seconifs before reinforcement. From this point oit, dogs should always be reqiured to ait at feast 2 seconds before celnf orcement. This i^mctice will
/.
Step S. Concurrently with step 7, the handler "iH begin having Viis dog complete the search chain with tripwires. He allows hia dog to go to the wire and sit. After 2 seconds, he recalls his dog to the heel position beJore reinlorcmg.
the tripwire lanea to open wads, trails, and ftatda. AH wIe^b are ncvj attached to natural objects; be^n with white string and change to other materials. Most dogs will
I,
Step
6.
tjt
Step
9.
Move from
them
trip
piopomted and
wires may be nearby. Since the strongest cue 19 the "track" left by the empJacer aa he string the Hire, thifl tY^ck ahovild initially ba quite obvious. Other cues include: the scent of the wire
or the device attached to it, the disturbances at the er^da *>f the wir?, ^snal observance, or even the sound of a taut wire vibrating in a strong
breeze.
observed
ff.
b;y^
all
members
of a patrol.
Step
7.
materials,
locate
making them increasingly diflrcult to by eye. Vary height, distance, and flngle
lane to another.
from one
HB
} Step
10.
Introduce
off-traj],
N^^vVvVV
usLJ^li
thy
ounii:
pmL-iiii'^i''.'
;i.-:
p;iii
urii^iJ'JUnjri
coJiplerl
\vLi:h
^ubstitutmri
iri
the
ii?ari:h
^hiiii.
miny will he pUctJ oti the ^'round. Thtf feed pan may Ije p linked iiti:tt to the mjne
InitLiaiy, the
ixnd liiter
dii'e'?:|v
t;idtfd
onC
i3r
tlie
food
mny
iie
phite^i
mS
'ne
ttii!
un tht mintf. Oni^e thi.' ^ou^ iir^i uomplet^e;irdi i.'ti:iiri with mine^. ulm rainei^ 'jliei
54.
flooby'^op*
In most cases, boobytrflps are aitathed to tripivirea and require no special traininfi' procedure. It IS preferred thaf the dog he taught to detect and respond to the wire, not tKe boobytrap. A dog that finds a wire and then searches for the
rv'^'wwi
rfWS/W
boobytrap may accidentally trip it, and some older dogs wUl often deliberately aet off the boobytrapn hoping that th^y will he taken off the lane and staked out, thereby setting a free break. Where boobytraps ai-e not attached to tripwires, doga can be taught to detect them in the same manner aa with mines.
55,
it
L&HAPE
Cachu
may
be taught to give either the 'natural or sit response to caches- The natural response is preferred, since the equipment will probably have a large amount of recent human scent on it, causing the doz to give a per^nneJ
Seoul dogs
to
the
(natural) alerts The natural response also otTers the handler a means of dlfTerentiatlnff these alerts from those Oji casaal^-prcduans devices,
may he i to 2 inches above the ground. 'xirss msy hi 4 to 5 feet shove the gr^*""^53.
Hiffh
56
Advancd Training
Minn
may
be taught to detect buried
In the intermediate and advanced stages of training, tripwires, mines, boobytraps, and caches
Scout doga
mins
should be integrated into personnel lanes any^ where that it ^voaid be tactJcaJJy loffical to do 3o,
39
FiQur3 r&
Cm^i4^
40
PtiFwe JO
C7cmtiTUi(i
41
FiffVTt
so
Continual
4a
CHAPTER
INTERMEDIATE SCOUTING
$*ction
I.
TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS
weathei',
alert,
57,
ScQp
Du fluff
a.
To
The handler considers thitse elements of available Intelligence and information which may
d.
ution
the
akills
alert.
into a cleat,
concise statement that a patroJ leader or unit commander can use immediately. An example of
and detect various types of tripwires and boobytraps, all of which are part-
To
recoffnlze
ialiy-to-weU-concealed.
d.
To
^nd ur^nvater
rec-
The handler teams to ognize and interpret bis dog's actions and
at night.
To work
such a statement might be: "Sir, my dog has given a strong peraonnel alert between 1 and 3 o'clock. The distance is 200 to 250 meters, I suspect eight to ten dismounted enemy personnel." Ajiother example would be: "My dog is alertins between 11 and l o'docic, at sbc:it 15 meters. Is uspett a tHpwire acrosa the trail."
r.
spdnaes at night.
59-
Th Clock Sytm
During intermediate scouting the handler and doff begin to function as a team. The handler will obtain almost complete control of his dc^ by use of voice commands, hand and arm aignaia, and the dog whistle. They will operate und?r conditions more closely ilmulating combat.
/.
Scoat dog haadiera use the cJock system to estimate the direction of their dog's alerta. In doing so, the handler imagines himself standing at the center of a standard clock face, with Ma direction of march repreaenting the noon or 1.2 he observes the direction of alert and ^oes throggh the Mental proceea described in paragraph 5S.
o'clock pcBJtiwi
^flg.
31).
When
his
dog
alerts,
5B.
Calling AUrti
Calling or interpreting his dog'a alerts may w]] be the handler's moat important function as a
When
aure he has determined the correct direction, hn selects the appropriate haifthe handler
Is
niember of a acont ths ie&m- Any muTiber of a patrol i^an probably give the dog commands, Jind the dog may even work for him, TMbh however, is
not aufndent. It
is
"<>allB"
the
hitar
if
pt>3Jriona
lo
For example,
is
the handler
alerting at
1:
30 on the
mak
he will call hia alert aa belrij between 1 and 3 o'clock. This process ia done mentally and verb-
To 6d
this,
the handler
illy:
must perform a sometimes complex mental operation. The process may work as Follows:
n.
Range Estimation
alerted.
with
43
Ffffunff 41.
Th* fA
TittMad-
Fiffitrt St-
CdUin^ alrrt bv
a. b.
The
d.
his
dog raacla
to
different tarff^ts,
Sett^on .
EFFECTS
6T.
{L
Effects
of
Wind
dinUnished.
Whenever
possible,
Wind
is
flcout
dos team shouM be empioyed to take adproduces what is known aa a scent 33)- Due Ut tha difference in wind r-eio-
in the propeT' employment oi a scout doff. The wind carriea acenta and sounds to the dog. Denied the advanta^ of the nlnd, the e^ectiveneas of a
b.
Wind
(fig
cone
44
wind will produce a adent cone that to a moderate^ IS nariflw in width compared itendy wind that produces a wider scent cono. A li^lit wind, ^uch as a breeze, due to its lack
city. i-trQna
.ilert,^
up
vO
I.Oili)
{S)
hill
Wind
wpakly. Sttnnij, ijcL^cy winds, on the other hand, will create ijver chjinsjing dcent pacterns depending on the
01'
force,
will uiuie
the
sceric
to
drift
fenda to break into two or thrt?e ^mailer iCreams of air current <lig i^r>'i,
thai particular momentr To iiuiukiy and correctly report infiirmation provided [yy a flcmiC doif, the handler mnsl be conj^lantly
wind's
velocity
at
Scents borne by the wind off a mesa may he scattered, blown aiotL or die inifure ^i:^y come into contact with ijroiLnd level ^rtE Sii?.
i-i)
doif
[0
may
pick up
-i
seen',
far
from a mez^a
only
aware
67.
a.
upon comiiiy closer to the nie.'sa because the aceni is being blown over ihe dog'j
loip it
head.
EFfeeti of Tsrroin (B)
terrain and ap
Terrain.
(1) Terrain is a determining factor in the direction and force of the wind and a neceaaary
and over a hill, paas, cut, or mepa may carry a acent from the base or from some distant place. The doj may show some confusion when arriving
at the edge of such a terrain feature |6)
(fig 37),
during Che employment of acout doga in order to properly locate the object of
consideration
the
Dense jungles
do^a
(2)
alert,
The
only
steadily
ia
that which comes over a flat and even surface [fig 34), With this condition, alerta of 300 to
scent considerably, cauainB: it to drift aimlessly due to the general lack of air circulation in such areas. An alert range of 15 to 30 meters is considered good under such conditions.
STRONG
VfIND
LIGHT WIND
fLfun SS.
Sv*nt conu.
*5
^TT^ ,,
-^^"TTTTT
Fiovrw
Si.
^vT
Bfftot of vn-nd 9n open ttrr^in.
Deftected Scent. Certain terrain altuationa cone from a tartretf caualns the need for careful judgment by the handler In
b.
for example, the scout dog ing at 3 o'clock, but the handler should
fissure 3Sj
In
is alertcall
his
alert
Hera, hia knowledge of wind and terrain factors may he of critical Importance.
as o'clock."
44
Fiffm'^ JS.
n^t'^^r^ terrain.
47
Fiffure
Jff.
41
49
."^
"OQCLiHE
Section
DETECTION
63.
a.
Underground
Phase
it
I.
J.
When
Every
in
ia allowed to
S.
command
ed to
patrol.
flit,
After a number of repetitions the dot should get the idea and slow down.
S. 6,
Phase
(1)
II.
decoy:
(a J
1.
Weak
dogs.
doff
soon as the acout dogs have progressed, the decoya are placed in foxholes and carefully camouflaged.
(2) The alerts indicated by the dogs are not as strong due to the reduced amount of scent that escapes from air venta,
(3)
As
siffht
within
Order decoy
to
come out
of foxhole
By
After decoy emerges from :he hole^ chaae the decoy about 10 to 15 meters, then cvit back in the direction previously indicated by Che instructor. At thia time the command OUT is
J.
from underground.
will
Some doga
approach suspiciously,
given,
while others may stick their nosea in the air venla to sample the acent, then they may dig and grow!
(flg39).
(5)
is
continued.
Strong dogs.
50
and become dcnfused when they do not, while some may run
at the atfonsreat Bource of the icent in circles, amelling^ the i^round.
enoui^h to the hise of the elevating oujec'- to detect the scent left where the personls) climbed
the object.
at this time that the handler ihould he alert, oijijerve his 6os- ^id he ahle to read
(fi)
It 19
65,
Underwater, Riverhcnks
;ind eqnipmi'nt will
the
doi^.
Personnel
64.
Above Ground
in
or
Detection ot' personnel or e^iiiipment .ihove ifrour.'] presents some proLlems due to deads pa i:e Depending on height, wind strength and direction, and nearby terrain features, the scent cone may reach the ground some distance from the target, or even not at all. Other than sight or sound, there are two means whereby a scout dog can indicate ati alert on an above ground target;
personnel
hidinf!
may
aliO
try
to
avoid
iciection
iinde!'ater.
irea:hinu'
through
[L
ii
Training for Detection Aton^t Riverbnnka. Dig a tunnel below the water level of a stream or riverbank and into an undergronnd hideout Air vents should be dug at an angle (fig 40),
a doc enters the scent cone, it will often raise its head to aarapEe the air, or it may even start 3nil!lng close to the ground and work its nose upward in the direction of the targeta.
The scout dog should be able to detect the scent coming either from the air vent or from the
a handler ia certain his dog has alerted, he investigates the area and the decoy is told to emerge from the water. This will as-
If
water.
When
fa.
If
a dog
ia
in the deadspace, it
may
be doae
tonish most dogs at firat, but they should soon be eagerly searching for air venta.
pflrffanW^ undtrgroK'i.d,
91
deCeottnR thLs
.-sijent.
wiJl
5:ick
]tg
head
in
the
water breathinE through atraws, reeda, or bamboo (fig li) 13 not difficult provided (h hancJUr t::in read his dog successfully- Seme dogg^ upon
iiJer^in]f
66.
on
live
i^cent,
will
LJurin];^
ini^tnicttjfs shoulc
bduomt^ confuHtfl
edge.
Che
\vL\z^r'^
nailing'-
a tripwire
hL^
o.
enter the water and start rio-^vnatream, foifowing The ciarrent-borae scentn am] lose if. They mjiv len turn hack upatroiLin or swim in cirtfes OccahLOtiaity a suduc -io^;, upon
w]]l
Otnet^
d^}\
lead
hh7i
itrou^\d
\iin:^
isive-i
anothor
:hi?
may
aJert
he ne^^rby,
thi-^
fi'jltr* iO,
Hv^rb^nfc ^r
ftxtml im-nA.
5a
*^
-'-^i
-^^VHri ^-^H
t^
^^s
'^
riffiit-*
il.
Dfllflctioti
0/ pfrffonnfl^
reed.
Sacfion IV.
NIGHT TRAINING
a.
67.
Scop
Advantages.
(1)
Scout dog team^ normally receive three nights of training early in intermediate scouting.
a. The scout dog learns that night as well as in the daytime,
it
will
work
bet-
ter
and longer
(2)
atures.
must work
at
The dog's
his
Scout dogs can usually alert at greater distances at night, especially on sound.
(3)
b.
The team learns the procedures for employment on outpoats, listening poata, and ambush patrols.
63.
Dtaadvantages.
(1)
may
not be able to
General
see his dog's alerts or control it at any distance, he must work his dog on the 5-foot leash. This will reduce the warning distance during move-
There are a number of advantages and disadvantages to working scout doga at night.
ment.
(2)
Even on
may misa
53
personnel alert
fuJly.
if
he
do^ care-
(3)
Some
wak-
may
ProcAdurv
iVo/jc Di.s<'ipli7j^,
coy should approach from ^ome rJi^Lance upwind, without taking undue care about makiag noise. This gives the handler the chance [q observe both sound and scent alerts. The team should also be exposed to other soimds at varying distaticjes: Che izlick of a rifle htjJt a tw:^ l>fe[Lkin!r, the ijlank of untaped t:ombat gear, and other :yp[cal souaids.
Later, the decoy(ir) should approach from various directions and di^-^canceSn exercising noise
t\
3nme handlers
will
discover
thjit the]]-
must
dogs.
ieiirn
dogs wtU s-owl or bark ac night. They ^o quickly atop any noise by their
discipline.
be placed in a concealed simulating a listening or observation postp along with an instructor. Initially, the de5.
Each
ten.m should
locatioQp
During all phases of nighi: Irainjng^ the handler must be reminded th^t^ besides watchinjj for hia dog'g alert, he must he quick to stop any
d.
54
CHAPTER
SPECIALIZED TRAINING
Sclion
GENERAL
71.
70.
Purpose
Scope
conducted
in
SpecialiMd traininff b conducted foilowins the completion of ifitermediate scouting. Its purpose IB to give the scoot doe team training in overcoming natural obetactes, enterinj or leaving areas of difficult access, and search techniques in
built-up areas.
River
crosainff.
RappellinB;.
Stion
72-
II
RIVER CROSSING
on the ground with the hood facing up and tied off at the neck.
(1)
Expedient. Mathodt
is
placed
lacea are
boots.
Fording. If a wide, shallow (less than 5 feet deep) stream iiS encountered, a secluded shallow
a-
spot for fording sbould be aelected. The dog team should cross first, leading the security or reconnaissance elements. The handler or his bodyguard may probe stream depth with a fathoming stick. If the water is swift-flowing, a safety rope should be secured on both banks, when possible, to pre-
web gear
Is
placed on top
|4) The rifles are placed on each side of the clothing and equipment with the muzzles pointing in the opposite directions, operating rod handles facing toward the center, and front and
The One-Rope Brid{/e^ A rope ia strung across the stream and pulled as tightly as possible. The dog handler slings his rifle over his back and enters the water with both hands on the rope and the leash tied securely to his leading hand. The scout dog is made to swim in front o the handler. As the handler makes his way across by the rope he always faces upstream in order to detect and avoid floating debris. In this and the
b.
The
(6)
poncho
Starting
the equipment.
(7) The ends of the poncho are twisted into tight pigtails and are tied together over the
rolled
other methods, handlers should not try to use their dogs as flotation devices, as some dogs will become frightened and try to escape or even bite. Handlers ahould also discourage their dogs from trying to climb on them while swimming.
first
seam with one boot lace, (8) The second poncho is one was. If more bouyancy
(9)
laid
is
out as the
desired,
brush
may be placed
placed,
pigtails
Poncho Raft. This raft is constructed by using the equipment of two inc.
The
Ajtstraiian
other boot
lace.
S3
mr-
'^^^P^^^^^^^^.
PACK.
CLOTHING. eCOTS
BELT, ETC.
HELMET ON TOP
{}
BOOTLACE
SECOND PONCHO IS WRAPPED AROUND INNER PACKAGE AND SECURED WITH {3> BOOTLACES
DIMENSIONS
BOOTLACES*
i#4
a.
Aattraliafi ponEha faft.
Fifvrt
(11)
around
An empty
will float
an
indi-
U) Ammunition
cans
may
pair of fatigue trousers tied off at each of the ankles can be inflated and used aa
water win^s.
73.
empty canteens
tied to each
end
Crossing Thickly
3.
Areas
Conditioning the mind and body to accept dense vegetation and mucky underfootin^ is the key to crossing this kind of obstacle effectively. On-thejob tralninff is the only way to sain this kind of
Handling :i dog while ivading ihrough a sivamp can be a diiScult ordeaL Frec:onditJonini!,
quent
marches
swamps
S^tion m.
74.
a-
JtAPPtiUNG
point icentert oi its length is on the hip oppo.site to the hand that will be used for bralfing. An overhani3 knot 1^ tied in front of Che body. The ends of the rope ate brought bet^ve^n the h-x^ (front to rear), around the legs and over the
Rcippelling
Team
Rappelllvij-
upon
olistaclei
(Jescenci
riippel,
siiding
down
i ^llng rope
(trees,
EHahliahing a Rappei.
(1} In aefecting the routSn tie sure the rope reaches the bottom or a place from which fur^ ther rappe! can be flccompliahed, (2)
fuJJy
tested care-
and inspected to see that th^ rope ^ill run around it when one end is pulled frorn below^ and that the area is clear of loose rocks or debris.
(3)
pel it
and tied with a square knot and two half hitches on the side opposite the braking hand (2. 3v fi* 43X The snjip link is placed through the single rope around the waist and through the overhand knot. The snap link ig inserted with the gate down and the opening to^-^rd tha body. The snap link is then rotated one-half turn so that the gate Is up and opens awny from the body.
hips,
d.
If a i[itis rope is to be
loops.
(4)
The
ftrat
man should
The rappeller stands to one side of the rope twhen braking with the right hand on the left side, and when braking with the left hand on
(1) the right aide) and snaps the rope into the snap
link.
Slack between the snap link and the anchor point is taken up and brought underneath,
Place
loose
rocks,
which th rope
might
way,
See that the rope will run freely BTOUod the J-appd points rt-he:? pulled irom beJow.
(5)
around and over the snap link, and snajjped into it ajain. Thla results in a turn of rope around the solid shaft of th snap link which does not cmss itseif wh^i undej tensioa (Us 44).
a single rope is used, two wfapa around the snap link are made to increase triction. Fatting sideways, the dimber descends using his upper hand as a guide and the lower
(2)
sifirnal
Off Rappei. straighten the ropea, and see that they will run freely around ita anchors. When silence is needed a prearranged signal of pulling on a rope is substituted for the oral sijfnaL the last man is down, the rope in recovered; it should be pulled smoothly, to prevent the riging end from whipping around th^
(fl)
When
When
rope. Persoi^nel should stand dear of the falling rope, and T-ocka that may be dislodged by it, (7) Bopes should be inspected freqaently ii a large group of personnel I3 rappelling,
hand to brake. The rope is grasped by the braking hand with the thumb pointing down and towards the body. The braking hand is held behind and siightly ^tbove the hip,
Braking action is obtained by closing the hand and pressing the rope againat the
(3)
body.
Bitd
protect the palms of the hands from severe rope hums, gloves ahould be worn for ail rappelling.
(a)
To
The rappeller should lean well angle from the point where the rope
jnake a smooth
is
out. at
\a
an
secured,
and
evejj
descent.
fastest.
This
method
15
and
How-
must be taken
This method differs from others in that the .main friction is absorbed by a snap link which is inserted in a aling rope seat fastened to the rappeller. Thia provides a faster and lesa frictional descent than other methods [1, fig 4S).
(1)
Loose clothing or equipment around the waist la apt to be pulled into the snap link, locking the rappei. For these reasons the rappeller must be checked carefully before each derope.
attach the seat, the sling rope is placed acroaa the dimber'a back 30 that the midt2|
To
of rappelling see
FM
T
4n*CMIH[iTHE ^E*T
(T)
SOJARB KNOT
(T)
KVaHE
iJ/DT
*HD
tW(J
MiLf miCHFJ,
75.
Dog Tam
Tha
the scout dOff team to operate in mountains, juuffles, or other inaccessible terrain, make? it ^wential that a team b% ablft to rappel. After the handlers leam to rappel, it la necesaary to accuatom the dogs to various
heigrhta.
tuma
if
one matnJwr of the patrol hooka up tha YappeUing sling or expedient poncho sling to the rappelling rope preparatory to lowering the dog.
(4)
first,
The handler
rappels
then
the use of pulleys, the do^a can at first be lifted by the uae of a scout doj rappelHnff siin^r or an expedient aiiiiir-
By
Che ground can slow the descent of his dog by mereJy pulling on the rope
15)
to
The handler on
apply friction,
(6)
The Scovi Oflff Rti-ppeWing Sling. This type rappemns sUn^ (flg 45) can be easily fabricated from durable nylon material (tubular nylon re0.
The handler
receives
hla
inforced with nylon thread). A larffe. medium, or small ai^ slinj is made to fit the dog, and la more comfortable than other methods.
First the dOff is muzzled: then it steps into the alin^ with the front loops passing over the head.
(1)
leam
h-
and 5-Foot Lea^h. This technique is a fast, simple expedient method that requires no 3pecial equipment and may be used under nearly
all
conditions.
(1) Procedure.
side and tiack loops are brought together over the dog's back and aU snapped into
(2)
The
The
first
is
step
is
to
insure
that
the
(a)
leather harness
wcurel^r
faateMd.
is
loop by running the free end of the leaah through the hand loop. Place this loop over the narrowest part of the dog's body.
Make a
SI
between the nb c-a^e and the pelvis. Make the bop snug with the hand loop portion at the spine 46). and the free end running forward (I.
Riin the free end aJonj the left side of fhe spine, 'indf the rear body strap, over the dorsaJ or upper strap, and hack under the rear body strap on the n^ht side, F[t anugly (2. ftp
ib)
i.-)
Riin
the
free
end
nff
back
-llh
along
the
Repeat procedure
('^)
if
leaah
ia
long
enough.
D-ring on the harness. If necessary, wrap any excess leash around the upper strap until there is just
(e)
to the
enough Mi
"Iti^P
left to
snap
(4, fij:46).
(/)
Test
the
sling
by
grasping
the
formed by the three lengths of leash, and lifting the dog. The dog should balance and
^'handle,"
It ia
Attach a snap link to the "handle." preferrable to attach a second snap link to
is) to allow free piay of the rappelling rope
the
first,
(fl4SJ.
{^) The dog or to a helicopter.
may now
be rappelled from
TvOiAK
(2)
(a)
An
alternate
method of r&ppelUng
doj from or to a helicopter ia with Che use of a duffel bag or mail bag. (b) Procedurt. Back the dog into the
Filfvrt
U. S4at
Xip mtthoii.
bag. Secure the opening. Attach rope or cable. Lower or extract dof.
39
SCCHJT
MC SAPPtLLWC
$LlNO
SCOUT DOG
IN
PiPPELLENC^UHG
40
'"s^f:-^
.^ ^
r-
Step
41
Step
d3
63
step 4
Flfjure iS
CtmtiTmed.
fttfitrfl i".
TtiJt
^iittff
b^ lifting
df>ff.
Fiffurt it.
Attachino
$iuijt
HjiA ta
komoH.
Secrion rV,
SEARCH OF
BUILT-UP
AREAS
76.
Gnaral
Searching villagea or other built-up areaa, with certain exceptions, is little different than other
operations.
a.
fadiitAte the search, handlers are taught three rulea which should be followed whenever It it
tactically feasible:
a.
The exceptions
are:
removed from
is
thf
being con-
Inliabitanta
may
All
ot
penned.
Farm
There
The scout dog team(s) should be assigned definite search area and pattern.
E.
78,
Procadure
77,
RuIm
and
64
such bitildinjs are unavilnble, a vJlia^e can be constructed from avoiJable materials, making three or four rudimentary buildinga and adding simple artifacts auch aa fences, galea, pens, haystacks, and the Ifke.
79-
taught to establish a definjte search pattern before entering the village [flg 49), The dog should be worked closely [n ro 10 meters) In front of [ts handler, or even on-leaah where necessarv,
is 0.
gets increases.
The handler
AnlmoJA
It
Perimeter
Setirrh.
is
The handler
is
taught
ic
anticipated the scout doga will be areas corraining large numbera of domesticated nnimais (horaeSt cowa, pica, goats, chickens) it is desirable to accustom the doga to
is
When
to get
e:iriv
employed
in
the "feel'' of the area and aN:bJinc:e to give warning of any hostile presence ^virhin,
b.
such animals during training. The scout doga may otherwise become distracted or frightened by auch animals. Where feasible, a aelection of Auch animals can be procured. Initially, they should be kept in pens adjacent to the Iwnnels, so that the dojis become accustomed to their sounds aad smells- During built-up area search
training, the animals can be penned in the builtup area to add realism to the training,
Building Search. Once the perimeter search is complete, the scout dog team bejHns its search pattern. The team should try to approach each building from downwind. Each building should be completely circled before entering. If the building is to be entered, the scout dog Is given the opportunity to check the entrance carefully for boobytraps.
ST.
Othttr Bulh-Up Areas for
80.
Viiragt
The procedures
the beginning of this training, one or two decoys and a small number of boobytrapa and
At
searching built-up areas other than villages is baaicaUy the same as above. Here, the team will be required to search a
definite section, such as a
few
buildings.
It la
caches should be concealed in the villafre ao that they are fairly easy to detect. As the teams progress, the number and degree of difficulty of tar)
desirable to have at least one two-story building so that the scout doj can gain experience in
*7
CHAPTE?! 7
ADVANCED SCOUTING
advice about his dog's aleru and, where appropriate, suggesting courses of action. 85.
32.
Scope
During: this final phase of instruction, the scout dog: teams are no longer being trained, but will apply what they have learned under simulated
combat
a.
conditions,
will
Moat probiema
can be gained by having the teams support the problems courses. Problems which can clude ranger problems, escape
cises,
field
student scout dog of various leader he supported inand evasion exertraining exercises, and squad, pla-
or below ground level, fully concealed mines, boobytraps, caches, and multipifl tripwire
above,
settings.
d.
or company tactical patrols. Such integrated training both allows the handler(s| to gain experience in supporting infantry unit operations and gives the leader 3tudent(s) experience in the proper employment of a scout dog
toon,
team.
include situations re-
86-
Summary
Advanced night training should consist of night reconnaissance patrols, ambushes, and oute^
Prior to the final field performance examination, operationaJ readiness training test (ORTT), or Army Training Test (ATT), scout dog teams should be able to accomplish the following:
a.
poata/listenitis: posts,
clear, con-
Problems should include the use of gunfire, artillery and ^enade simulators, boobytraps simulators, and other battlefield effects.
33
Prsttmploymvnt Training
Handlers should be able to effectively employ their dogs over all types of terrain, to include river crossing and rappelling operations.
b.
scout dog teams are to be deployed to a combat zone, advanced scouting should, where possible, be conducted over terrain and under conditions closely resembling the area of operations.
When
Scout doga should give a natural alert on at least 90 percent of personnel and caches hidden on, above, or below ground level.
Scout dogs should give a sit alert (wlthm 2 to 3 feet) on at least SO percent of all types of tripwires and boobytraps, remaining in position
d.
84.
Procedure
until recalled
.
by
their handlers.
Students
should act as instructors for each other, under the supervision of qualified instructors. Prior to the start of each problem, the student should receive the patrol leader's (instructor's) briefing, Chen give his patrol briefing
Scout dogs should work well in front of their handlers (10 to 100 meters, depending on terrain), remaining under strict control, and should be able to safely guide their handlers around tripwires or boobytraps.
(app B), Instructor advice should be kept to a minimum during the patrol. The handler should conduct the patrol as he would in combat, giving
Handlers should be able to read their dog's alerts to the extent that they can determine the
/.
target's
approximate distance and direction hour by the clock aysteni, and to atate
alert.
Handlera should be nh\e to eifectwely employ their dogs on night reconnaiaaance, ambush patrols, and outposts, liatening posts.
j7.
70
CHAPTER
EMPLOYMENT
Sectren
I.
GENERAL
Assisting in searching objectives and objective areas, camps, and villages for concealed individuals or groups, and caches of weapons, ammunition, equipment, or food (including detection of concealed tunnel or cave entrances, and holes dug in caves or riverbaoks).
J.
37.
Orgfiniiation
may
Tofantryplatoons (scoutdoB).
Composite
Composite
tactical tactical
k.
When
a patrol
is
moving by
Raitatemanl of Miwion
doff team's
The soout
mission is to support infantry and combat support type units in tactical operatlona acainst hostile forces by detecting and CLvinc silent, early waminc of any foreign presence outside the main body of the patrol or other croup with which the team is workings i-c-i t recotinoiter for and report enemy presence- Spetaska dOB* teams are capable of pflv^ormine include:
cific
streams, and to the flanks and rear, performing in effect, any task the team can perform on land.
89.
a.
Capabilitisi
and
Limitations
detection and
faculties:
A
(1)
scout
dog team's
warning
combined results of
Smeil 40 times greater than perception (eatlmated). <6) Sound 20 times greater than
human human
Pinpointinc friendly occupied positions through or near which a patrol departs or reeatei3 friendly areas,
ci.
perception (estimated), (moving objects) 10 times (c) Sight greater than human perception (estimated).
()
The handler's
skill
in
working
and
b-
Aaslating
a patrol
Jntlltratinff
an enemy
well-trained, physically
fit,
Detecting ambush sites^ close-in snipers* mines, boohytraps, and similar dangers, includTUg tripwiresd.
Providing, by placement at the rear, detection of forces seeking to follow the patrol.
e.
ahead of a patrol before any actions of the ambush reveal it to the patrol members; through detection of recent human presence warn of boobytraps dangerous to a patrol well ahead of detection by patrol members.
Besides human presence; a scout dog team can usually detect: A scout dog regards the scents (1) Caches of food, weapons, or ei^uipment as foreign and alerts on any of these scents, (2) Tripwires A acout dog alerta on seeing or hearing a tripwire (even though the human scent of the Installer has dissipated, the vibr^
c.
Providing early warning of enemy (or unidentified peraonne!) approaching patrol ambush aites, base perimeters, outposts and listening
/,
posts,
g. h.
i.
Pinpointing objectivea-
Locating
or
determining
or
the
extent
e.g..
of
enemy
positions
installations;
camps,
piLt]"ol
Min^H lioooylraps- A SJ^out -rloa ma> reuQ^mze the dJstinuuve ^certta of the explosivenh or other components of the devices [e.y., in the ca3e of mines, fleshly turned earth) and uferts on these scents, even in the absence of human
(li)
in [Jie
j^ame marine:"
\.i^
it
wtiuUl to a non-
The
h[s {ittentioci on
doij'^
actions prevents
him
pre-
scent.
d,
from proteutinH
acotu do^ team realizes
scent.
its
When
fuilest poten-
tial
when wind
work
on airborne
F,
ceding a patrol (the team'^ usual position), a dog team is highly vulnerable :q enemy rire. Therefore, at leadt one patrol member must be assigned to protect e:ich wfn\":[nij s^roiit "iog team durinjf operaMons.
90.
or no wind^ when the wind IS from the flanks or rear, in areas of much noise or movement^ and by unfavorable weather or terrain conditions; e,ffr, raiUn smokep fog, dustn dense undergr&wtli> heavy woodSp or jungle. Under uafavorable wind conditions the scout dog
little
Dog Tcamt
infantry tactical dog unit is attached to a tactical unit, normally brigade aiae or larger, the unit commander advises ^nd makea recommendations to the commander of that unit concerning the employment of his scout dog teama. When scout dog teams are employed with units that have not previously used them^ personnel of these units will be briefed on the team's capabilities and limitations. This is absolutely necessary to the team's success in combat since unit commanders may not be familiar with the proper methods of employing scout dogs.
n>
When an
la still effective Jn
/h
more frequently
and
g.
in greater
amounta than a
m^,
Except for water requirements, a scout dog^s need for rest and food, and its reactions to climate extremes^ compare to those of A man; i.e^p its elfeotiveness declines aa j.t becomes fatifued, hungry, Chiraty^ overheatedp or very coldn
Fatigue suffered by the dog^ and physical fatigue and mental stress bearing on the handler^ limit majtimum effective performance by a scout dog team. (Reserve acout dog support, to permit periodic rotation of working teams, is desirable for patrols where the requirements for continuous support exceeds the expected performance
h.
Prior to assignment to any operation the infantry tactical dog unit commander or his repb.
limits.
Proper use of a scout dog team may reduce the apeed at which a patrol could oCherwiae niove. For eiamplep unless a patrol is moving directly into the wind, with favorable weather and terrain conditions, a scout doff team, to work effectively, usually must move left and right of the patrol's line of marchp with forward speed reduced in proportion to the amount of left and right move^
i.
cawfully briefed oi\ planned miasiona as far in advance as possible. This allows htm to select teams that have worked with the supported unit before and/or tho^e team^ which will be most efFecttve for a particular mission. It also allows the handlers time to prepare themselves and their dogs; for example, checking the dogs out for any physical handicaps that might limit their effectiveness on the operfltionp eiercising their dogs to relieve excess energy from being kenneiedp and running their dogs on short training patrols to stimulate their Interest and
Msentativfi
ia
ment required,
OccasionaUy a scout dog simply is a slow worker, even in favorable circumstances, and may unduly reduce a patrol's speed of movement.
y,
ly
trols
when
(J)
Darkness severely
restricts vision
and
otherwise limits
(2)
human
detection abilltieSn
Weather or
All alerts must be interpreted by the handler and any of them may require checking by the patrol (an action that may be very time con^H
visibility
d.
during daylight.
the
decision
On reaching
suming) because a scout dog cannot normally distinguish between friendp enemy, and neutral, and therefore alerts on any current or recent
human
to
n) Determine
required.
the
it detects^ For example^ a dog reacts an enemy squad lying in amhush ahead of a
scent
periodic rotation
is
7a
Seek to oucain a ten.nn5) that has previousJy worked with his unit nnd arrange for the teamia) Co join the patrol En time to hear the
(2) J7)
lnte^rat<2 the
team
unit
to
rehear saJ 5 in
(a)
warning order.
Obtain the handler's recommendations lor the nioiC effective employment of the team; for example, he^t wtirkafl]!" position, and selection of a rtiQte ^vhich, consistent with other factorSi
(3)
iulijws the
team
to operate
mo^t
erTectively.
Indude his detailed pinn for the team's employment in the patrol order,
(4)
Insure that supported personnel know chat scout dog support is a suppUm^ent to patrol security and an aid when searching for a>aceaied personnel or equipmentp not a aubatituCe for the
(5)
patrol^a
(S)
Thoroughly familiarize the handler with the enhre plan of operation. (^1 Help familiarize the dog with ^he scents of individual patrol members and with the ijounds and motions of the patrol, (r) Help familjar]ze unit members wKh the ^eam'-^ methods of operation. id) Insure Chat the team is properly prepared for exampie^ the handler i^amou flakes himself and his equipment and tapea or wraps metal parts of the dogs working harness to eliminate unnecessary noise^ {e) Insure proper support for the team;
;
own
security measures.
Insure that supported personnel know and, in their association with scout doff teamst strictEy observe these precautions:
(ffl)
examplen designation, if required^ of unit members to carry extra water and/or food for the dog and assignment of one or more patrol menxbers to provide the team security while it is working.
for
e.
1.
dog.
Feeding by the
handler only is a part of a dog^s trainings 3. Play with or pet a scout dog^ except for familiarization and then only under the
will
(1) Brief the tactical unit on the team^s capabilities and limitations^ the temperament of
handler^s petting of and playing with his dog is also a paii: of handler's direct supervision. the dog's training.
the dogp and any items of special interest pertaining to the team,
(2]
or gesture which a threat to its handlerH Although not specifically trained to defend their handlerSp most scout dogs develop a protective attitude toward them,
S,
Explain
member.
previously worked with scout dogSp particularly those who are apprehensive^ to touch and stroke the dog to show them they need not fear it*
(4)
taking coverp patrol members must never jump on top of or too near a scout dog or its handler because the do; may react
{b)
When
Allow men
who have
not
defenaively^
Sscfifln
\l
TYPES OF
EMPLOYMENT
is
9L Employment
Movflmant
CL
of Scaut
this
particularly applicable
whenever scout
dogs are employed as part of a screening force for a larger body of troops moving to an assembly
areac.
dog team is directly in front of the patrol. The team precedes the patrol or screening eJementn keeping on the assigned direction of movement. Wind conditions may dictate that the team move on the windward side of the route of advance to take maximum advantage of the do^s senses of smeil and hearing.
necessary at times to place the team in the rear of the patrol if the wind is blowing from the rear, or when speed Is necessary (as in the approach march )p since it is best to conserve the do^s energy whenever possible;
bn
On a
desired, the
can be
extremely
useful
in
alerting
enemy outposts, in these instances the team^ when alerting on one outpostt can move to its right or left to find the location
forces to locations of
It
may become
tween them*
d.
On
all
patrol
actions one
member
of the
The distance at which the dog niiy niert depends an the weather and terrain. It may b^ 300 meters or it may be 30 meters. Once the dog alerts, the handler should sigriaJ the patrol to halt {usually by setting down), and he wait^ for the patraJ [eader to move up (on the 5ide
e-
and stationLnff of srout dog te:ima on an amnush patrol are the same as for outpo&ta, ext:ept where the sector is too wide for one tetim to icreefi effecttvdy then ti.\ or more teams may be employedd.
The procedures
for withdrawal
opposite Che dog) to receive information of th* enemy- If contact L^ to be madep the handler,
instead of
93-
Employmenr
fina.1
of
Scout
M^tihanized Units
development of electronic remote control equipment nnd doctrine for its employment employment of scout dog teams with mechanized infantry will be restricted to several areas. Obviously^ dismounted scout dog teams couldn't keep up with tracked vehicles during
PendJni; the
^
moving
at
the
patrol's
^e:ir^
shoLL[ii
simply remain in place Co allow the patrol to pa.s-s throutrh his position then he faiU in ar the rear. This prncedure eliminates unnecessary movement and risk to the scout dag teamn In the event that a ftreflpht devplopSn and the team is at the point position^ it should remain in place. When possible it should move to the center of the patrol or to a position which would leaat interfere with
the patrol^a Are.
rapid
movement or
in
many
olTensive situations.
The moat ideal conditions icr working a scout dog are found in those areaA sparsely inhabited with few distractions. It must be remembered that a scout do^ is unable to distinguish between friend or foe and may alert on friendly
/.
Although there have been cases where acout doga have alerted from atop moving tracked vehicleSn the wind caused by movement and the engine noises and odors will usually make alerting impossible.
94.
The Offense
dog teams are employed with mechanised
peraonnel in the field. Therefore, it is vital that the handler and patrol leader know when and where other friendly units may b employed at
If scout
infantry in offensive operations^ they will normally ride in or on the vehicles^ and may be effectively employed in one or more of the following roles:
a.
on
may dismount
ataclesp
When employed
in aupport of an outpost
or aerial observation
ble.
&.
or U^temng poat, scout dogs should be placed far enough In advance of these posts to reduce
distractions to the dog. However^ the team(s) ahould be close enough so that friendly contact
can be maintained at all times and the team's position is not placed in jeopardy in case of an enemy attack or infiltration,
while mannjDg an outpost, the dog gives silent warning of hostile presencOp the team should immediately withdraw to the rear of the post so that it doea not maak the fire of friendly forces. The handler ahould always have a prearranged route of withdrawal before going on
&.
If,
short periods where natural or man-made obstaclesp weatheFp or terrain restrict forward speed
to a
c.
minimum.
When
the tactical situation permitSp the dog can be directed to the far side to check for enemy positions,
95.
The Defenw
outpost.
c.
dog handler can alert the outpost commander of enemy approach. The handler will normally employ the method prescribed hy the supported unit
Scout dog teams can be effectively employed with mechanized infantry in the defense much as they are employed with dismounted infantry. Heren their capabilities can augment these of night
devices and sensors^ especially since the dog's senses can provide a wider range of detection possibilities than any single counter intrusion device.
vision
used,
method involves
of string between two points. Individuals on either end may alert the
other by having a prearranged signal of one, two, or three jerks to Indicate ''be on the alert" or "enemy Inaight.*^
96.
Airmobile Unit*
Experience has shown that scout dogs can
74
Ltij"ri]ubLltz
jj]l'ani:j"/
ici
rjr;
aLuarci
at
jump im and
do2^ enjoy
civcr-eaj!-er
tcj
most
doji:=
are
-->non
Tra-R.^pnrtatioft
by lielu^opter. Whether on
lj45i]ig
Hdlns!"
ht^ I j copters ^
an operiUiun or whf^n
oopter,
approaches
to
la tt
trrinspofted
raiets
t>y
heli-
the
NTHjund
thiit so.
Handlert^
winch :he
handler
{])
insure
jump
nfT untiJ
folfow:
safe to do
be aetuaiomi^cl
b.
to
Es'ffp!ot/7t?i^ftt.
Dotrs muisl he
muzzled prior
to enterin^^
the aircraft.
more than one team is on an ajruraft, they ghould be separated 05 much as possible
(3)
If
between artd/nr behind the handler's lews (fig GO). During movementH the dogg should be encouraged to lie down.
(4)
sit
Dogs should
-^out dog can be rappelled to the ground to chctk a landing sone for enemy personnel, mines, or boobytraps-
Scout dogs can quickly check a landing zone as the supported personnel are dismounting
(2)
15)
]ast
Dog teama
e^it first.
.^ho^ild
board
the
aircraft
and deploying.
Scout dogs can check a potential pickup Eone for enemy personnel^ miD^s^ or boobytrapa.
(S)
and
(6)
to be help-
Fiff^r^
Jfl-
5coT*t
do^
teain tn
HUlD.
75
97.
poaiticn
exists of capsiaine
tii]uipmej|t,
Watftrborn Operations
a.
Where
and the
fantry to conduct waterborne operations along rivers, streams, and canals of flooded marshlands, scout (iog teams can lie effectively employed. Under these circumstances a patroJ is extremely vulnerable to ambush due to ita precanoua position on (he water and the possibly reduced visibility caused by high banks or bordering vegetation. A trained scout dog team can reduce these dangers by screening- to the front, around blind bend^H and to the flanks or rear,
6.
The handler
ahoulii
or siijht), the ^enerni djiection of the aiert, the approsimate distance of che enemv, and The ;reneral size of the hostile force
FoJlowini; the dng .ilertin;-. the handler should notify the patrol leader (who should be in the same boat as the team) by *he most ex(2)
peditious
and
silent
means
available. Ordinarily
EmploymiTit(1)
dog team
will
employed with the lead element of the patroi ; dog and handler taking up a stationary position in the bow or stem of the craft.
(2)
be the
can be done by arm-and-hand signals due to their close proximity to one another,
this
(3)
wind drifts (caused by the high banks and water currents) this
to the irregular
Due
screening element should follow a zigzag course down the canal or stream, working from one bank to the other,
(3)
If there is a prevailing
be made with the enemy, or that the alert be investigated, the boat should be beached and all members required to disembark. Then the team should take whatever action is dictated by the situation; e.g.. follow up the alert, or if contact
imminent, remain back at the shore with a bodyaniard, but not in the boat. This position is
is
wind blowing
too vulnerable,
however, the screening element should follow the bank farthest away from the upwind flank so that the do; wont get caught in any dead space cauaed by the scent being blown over the canal bank. The principles of wind utilization are no difl^erent than when running land problems.
should not be conatrued, however, that the dogs always work from the lead boat. At times the wind may be blowing from the rear and this will necessitate placing the doff In the stem of the last boat.
(4)
It
the enemy slips into the landing area the team has a better chance of survival on land.
In case d.
and
Prior to entry into waterbome traioing exercises, all dogs must be thoroughly obedient and under absolute control of the handler.
(2> Practice should start with dogs being accustomed to getting in and out of a boat tied to a pier or bank. This should be repeated as often as necessary until the dog shows no fright
In those instances where only one boat employed, then the doff should be placed In the bow or stem, depending on the wind direction, and allowed to remain there.
(&)
is
change the team's position once the boat la afloat Should the boat be too small or crowded there is always the risk of the craft being capsized. There Is also the danger of the dog biting a member of the patrol or making other undue noises which would alert the enemy. Tf it becomes imperative for the team to change positions, then the boat should be pulled onto land where the exchange can be made with the least possible delay, noise, and/or confusion. This can be done by ofT-loadinjr the team and then reloading them after other patrol members have shifted positions. The most important
point to
(6)
It is not advisable to
and can manipulate any required maneuver without threat of capaizina: the craft. To accomplish this maneuver the handler should always enter the boat first. Then he can either lift the dog into the boat or have it enter by itself. The choice depends on the physical relationship of the boat to the bank or pier. The reason for the handler
entering the boat first Is so that he can be there to control the dog, and give encouragement if
necessary.
(3) The team should also be the flrst to enter the boat. While they are doing so other members of the patrol should be steadying the craft to prevent It from capsizing. (4) The team should also enter the boat from the center portion, unless the bow or stern can be stabilized. After entering the team should immediately take up positions in the stern or bowoftheboat (fig&l).
remember
is
76
(Tj)
OntE
:iboiird
m;iin ailent. It
if
may
the Eiout Che dog must rebe permitted to lie doivn only
or subarctic regions. The Genr,:Lr. Shepherd'^ dual coat enables it to adypt to jilmost any ulimate,
<i.
the AitiLiition or patrni iluriition .illows; otlier^L'iai?, th,' Loi! ahoiiid be kept in the Jictin^ po^itLiiii, fiiuin^' for-ward or to Che rear nf tilt uraft ili'iit'iidin^- oil where it ia stationed to take best
ailviiiiCj;."^
VVecither
is
an important factor
to be ron-
.-^idei-ed
oi the
wind
is
che e^timat-? nf the situLitiu-i and may iiittate a course of action. As iir. example, the attacker- in a sno^vstorni with ".he ^vi:ul it bii ;mck is at a marked d[i:advanc:ise. a.-i "he ^cenC
Ui)
Thi'
I
th^ini^eovec
uito -M-
oLit
Tbe
boiit
ni.iy
too crowded oc
i^han^'e-
f^el'nre
:he af-
too
L^iusily
-iLpiized to
iidrLft.
nv(;r
onte
{7)
To
otf-[oad
the jriovem^'nt of Itoops ^ii'tably equippeif and trained, but reduces -.he mobiland trainity of troops lacking proper ef[aipnient
h.
Snow enhances
13 IS
reversed, aa explained pre^'iously llig 52). It important to note that during olMoadinj: ex-
ing.
jump
to
into the
Rain the
deep snow la by the use Beat employment of a long leash, or off leash provided that the dog is under control.
c.
and shaking itself to dry olT will aiert any enemy in the immediate vicinity of the landing
(S)
d.
will sustain
bers of the lead boat should go ashore to recoiinoiter the nverbank at suspected danger points
rflg5Sl.
(S)
tion
it is
the weight of most dogs. Daily inspection of the dog'a pads ia necessary as hard, crusted snow and ice will wear do^rn the pads and may cause an ineffective team. Dog boots may be used in
:hia
environment
(ffg ^i)
sleet,
'^Vhen
under complete control of the handler at all times. This important point is repeated beeause any
noise could coat the Uvea of the patrol,
and fog have a tendency to reduce the strength of a scent; however, it handler is not alwava the dog hut sometimes the that is Affected most by the elements- The distance at which dogs can pick up human scent
e.
Snow, rain,
9B.
Employment
of Scout
Dog Team
in
Northern Operotjons
acclimatization, scout
artic.
assigned to work with mountain and/or ski troops operating 10,000 to 12.000 feet above sea level. However, in order to function efficiently at such high altitudes the
f.
may be
i-*^
)"
F^ffUr^ 5Jr
^Vai^^rh^T7le pat^^l
tfictm-
77
nr/laaiiiiig
from
iLenaUll
boaL
F\tlvre SS.
r^coiijnija^a'ict' putrpS,
handfer and dog must be trained to move over clfffs, rocks, ravines, glaciers, cind deep ^iiiiw
g.
h.
Si'tting
up bivouac areas
will
vary
iiccord-
The
to
ing to the terrain eni^nuntered un :i particular operation. Living c^onditiona are improved, however,
if
how
79
the area
is
prepare shelters
[FM
20-20).
(FM
31-71, and
FM
(^3^
79
99.
rtr
Dewrf Operatign*
Most deserts around rhe Mediterranean
Seji
100.
Ccjsualry Procedure
are arid regions with a hi^^h evaporation rate and a yearly rjj.jnfa!l of less than lO-inchea. (In
Che Gobi Desert water <:an uaually he foucid close to the surface. Temperatures during the hottest
'J
There are a number Df specific procedures which must be followed should a handler or dog sustain injuries in combat.
n. A wounded or injured handler is treated accordini^ Co the supported unit's casualty plan.
part of the day are well over 100" P, and often range between 20" to 30 F. at nlR-ht. Thi:s, it is bei5t to work dogs durini?" the cooler night temperatures.
(11
tion,
handler is to be left for later evacuahis dojt \vi]] remain with him.
If a
If
Desert winds are uanahie and often unpredictable. In acme parts of the Sahara Desert Jight northerly or westerly breezes occur during the day and are common after sunset. Winds are generally constant in the deserts of the Middle East where they blow continuously for a cumber
6.
evacuated by the patroi a member of the patrol ahouid be detailed to lead the dog on-leash to the pickup point. If tbis ia not possible, the dog may be turned oJf leash, as most doga will follow their handlers.
i'2)
is
a handler
fo be
Caution: Under no conditions should a member of a supported unit attempt to work the dog.
b.
of days at a time,
stan and Iran is which hlowa steadily from May until September.) Storms of hurricane velocity are frequent throughout the year, and they are often accompamed by rapid temperature changes. These storms blow sand so thick and forcibly that it can be dangerous to troops who are not trained to protect eyes EJid iwiatrila ?hni othetwiae cope with such conditions- Scout dogs must be similarly protected. Wind, sand, and dust are particularly irritative
to
try to prevent anyone approaching their handler to administer flrat aid. In this situation every effort should be made to get the dog away from the handler so that he can be treated and evacuated. Several suggested methods are:
(1)
words or
\2) mobilize
(3)
a.
the
dog
to
im-
mucouH membranes and may cause local irritation of near-diaabliag nature. The wind, besides drying mucoua membranes and chapping the lips and other axpoaed skin surfaces, carries duat and sand particlea which penetrate clothing and goggles. Irritative conjojicHvitis. caused by
the infiltration of fine particles Into the er^, ifl a frequent complaint of aoldiers even when they
It
situation or nature of the handler's injuries does not permit the above, then the dos be destroyed. OR
MUST NO MATTER HOW VALUABLE COSTLY THE DOG, HUMAX LIFE ALWAYS TAKES PRECEDENCEdog is wounded or killed, it is evacuated under the same conditions as a human casualty. The handler atwaya accompanies his dog'
d.
If a
wear
gog-glea.
Obviously,
these
conditiocis
can
dogs.
men and
APPENDIX A
REFERENCES
AR AR
L90-I2
70<>-ai
Military Polii:e
Working Dofs.
Department
of Defenae
Dog Program.
FM FM FM FM FM
8-35 20-20
20-32
21-50
21-75
Landmine Warfare,
Ranger Training and Ranger Operations.
Combat Training of
Patrolliflg.
US Army
Counterinsurgency Forces.
Northern Operations.
Mountain Operatior^s.
Infantry Platoon (Scout Dog) Infantry Platoon (Scout Dog) Infanto' Platoon (Scout Dog)
(TOE
7-167).
ASubjSched 7-39
7-157
(TOE T-16T)
(TOE
7-167)
11
APPENDIX
r.
Section
1.
r.
INTRODUCTION
see
Assemble
all
patrol
and hear
all
2. 3.
instructions
and demoostratlona.
Coordinate with patrol leader on time and place for patrol orders, rehearsal, and other Inforraatloo,
4.
B.
Aiways try
to rehearoe
smells every
member
of the patroi.
Saction
S.
It.
CAPABILITIES
Doff can give early vamin? fallent) of individual or [roup of people nearby in vicinity of patrol i.e., silent eariy warning of ambuah or sniper^
T-
or
group of persons
infiltrating the
perinieter.
Doff can assist in the detection of tunneis and/or other devices used by the enemy aa storage locations for food and supplies.
8,
dog's alertness and senses ot smell, siderably better than those of a man.
9'
A A
aiffht,
10.
11.
dog should be
ixied
If vegetation Is
denH. a
The dog
Section
1!J-
lil.
LIMITATIONS
A
If
doff
speed
the
to the rear.
unit,
dog team does not join the attack unit or the enveloping
factor,
when working
to alert.
Alerts can vary according to the wind velocity, wind direction, the concentration of human scent, humidltyi density or openness of the terrain and the amount of confuelng noises In the area.
16. 17.
Ifi^
Never
If
split
is
a dog team.
a dog
wounded
It
as a
human
casualty.
as
handler becomes li casualry ami the doff becomes agEreisive and the handler cannot be acSministered jid due to the dog-, the dog MUST he destroyed.
:&.
[f
fee! an exagfferated senae nf security Patrol members due to hav-ing a dog team in their patrol, nor must they become agitated and u-ppreheiisive because of the presence of the dog.
20.
MUST NOT
21.
to the
dog te^m from the patrol unit due to the dog handler needing both
hi;;
hands
22. 23.
'veapon effectively.
as
It
dehydrates quickly.
used on a patroU the extra do^(s) should be kept In reserve and the point dog should be relieved frequently, especially in rough terrain,
is
Sflctlon
IV.
24.
Warn
patrol
members not
may
i^ecome noisy or
aggressive.
25. 26. 27-
side.
When
jumping
Checking danger are&s: Ask patrol leader^ miasion depends on aituatlon and terrain,
28.
Village surveys
section.
APPENDIX C
SENTRY
DOG
TRAINING
SetJoTi
I.
BASIC TRAINING
hurdles, ditches, low
1.
The
obedience training- requirements for sentry doga are identicai to those outlined in 20-30,
ramps
ever
to teach the
doC that
FM
tunneU handler takes crawl, and walking logs or ladders raised above and parallel to the ground to ceach a dog fo be sure footed'
its
2a-
AdvanBcf Obedianc*
obedience train' riff consists of requiring the dog- to tun an obstacle course and to perform all exerc^ises off Le^h and without the ufle of oommand ffefltures. Since sentry do^
are nom^l^y^ used at night
useless,
it
Adv^ced
4.
Miision
is
to
wben
ventures are
to
is
essential to train
them
under-
ii.
Pursue and
attack.
in apprehension).
stand and obey orai commands. This advanced traininff aJlowa the handler to acquire Increased control over bis do^ and dev^ps In the dog the discipFiue necessary for effective military
service.
c.
Delay (assist
9.
o.
Uh
of Snh7 Dog*
dog, as the
The sentry
name
implie9h
Is
start of obedience ti'ainlnjj the doffs ate ^z\\ MpaT^t^ to Tmuimiae the posaibiUty ol
h.
At the
Affhts.
doa:
that attemps
to
attack another
should be muscled immediatolj' as punishment. As the training^ progresses the handlers increase
their control and the dogs become accustomed to
uaed principally on guard duty a^ a watchdog. This type dog is trained to give warning to its handler by growling, barking, or by silent alert. It is habitually worked on leashr The handler, keeping the dog on leash, walks his post and can depend on the dog to alert him of the approach
or preaeii^e of atraTvae'es \^ or about thft arWh being protected. When the dog alerts, the handler must be prepared to cope with the situation as circumstances dictate: that is, he must investi^te (keeping carefully under cover), challenge and make an arrest if an intruder is present.
working together in the area. The distance between dogs is then gradually reduced until handlers and dOiTB, working off leash, are capable of
doing close order
drill
leash
and
of
to
close to
its
the
Obitacle
CourM
command
handler.
in
Sentry dogs cannot be e^cpected to maintain peak efficiency unless they are in top physical conditioJi, This means, that in addition Co receiving proper food and medical care, they must be exercised frequently, regularly, and strenuously. An obstacle course (FM 2[i-20) which may be constructed out of natural or salvage materials, provides an excellent medium for such exercisesAll units which have sentry dogs assigned should have an obstacle course coiisttucted. A a;0Qd obstacle course should include but is not limited to
such
advantage
(fig
55).
Gun emplacement
Beach
areas.
patrol areas,
Ammunition dumps.
Ration dumpstftff
56).
14
<7i [St
['.I)
In I'x'ieme.y ooid
tn
I'limati?:^.
prnvid'd the
mhaile ^ne^.
protect their iindi ayainst ice Doj^ boots may be made fnim canvas or
.'.
The sentry
lulled to
;J0[,'
ia
6.
Selection
for Troiring
in
Sentry
Work
'
.ifl!:!
traininiSH
,nd duty.
1^.
be i<uitabie tor .=iencry training, diiys should pos.'^e^^ the desirable emits in the fiilliiwin;^ de-
To
Whenever
.r>ili
1
ientry
grees:
a. b.
Intelligence
moderate
moderate
to his?h.
to high.
itn^reiise
Willingness
e. There is no ntfed to withdraw sentry dng 'cams from post dunng rainy weather. Althoagh flogs effective .J heavy rain will tend to reduce a
c.
Energy
fi.
alerting range,
.still
its
esueed Chat of the handler. No difflcuities ghouiri bt encountered in the employment of sentry dogs in cold climates where temperatures fall to 40'* F. helow zero. The dogs witl adjust rapidly to the extreme temperature: however, for peak etficiency in suth i:old dimates, earry
)ut Che following special instructions.
to
7.
a.
Training Conditions
Assign the dogs to their duty sites during the summer months so they can gradually become acclimated before cold weather aeta in.
(1}
(2)
Functions of the Handler. In addition to teaching the dog to obey his commands, the handler must instill in the dog the idea that every humann except himself, is his natural enemy. He does this by encouraging the dog to alert at the presence of any stranger and always he suspicious.
Tt
NEVER
:*fetf^Sgfe^
piffitre 55.
^'+'
'^r*-
|AJ
/y.
>
I
;*-^:t^->:.j
i.-
l-.-ftfO"^
/^ifiptirf
Jff.
Gf+Urrftftp
jnottHr pooJ
(jtfn^rv
^^).
I^^^^^^'^t.-VL.'^
Fiffu^n 57.
iNG. He must remember that he is the only friend the do^ must rei^osnize; he is the ONLY master. For the same reason, the handler muflt never pi?t any dg^ except his own. ]!e tnuit al-
ways
h.
an aggressive move toward him. He apprnachea the dog in a threatenmg manner, but when the do^ makps Che slightest move toward him, he retreats. His manner of approaching the dos may
he varied according to the dog'a temperament.
It
is
practice safety,
Fiinctio-m^
of
Assistant.
An
asAisIant
is
esseTitialn
however, that
in
every encounter
and deeoy. The agitator sharpens the dog's aKsressiveQess by agitating and angertns the dog and builda isp its seJfconfidence by retreating as soon aa the dog makea
u^eri
to act aa ^i^itator
dog and the agitator, the DOG MUST ALWAYS BE THE WIKNER. The agitator ia as important in sentry dog training as the handler, and hia work shouiri be carefully
between the
06
-iupervj^ed by Che instructur. Fnr variety, di[ferent men ure used as asitatora. The handler of one dog can yet aa agitator for the handler of
9.
Training Procedure
to
Training
make
is
anuther dog
r.
(fi^ 5fl}.
Location.
;ir(^:i.
Tmininn
Aj5
titarta
1,r:imm^
It
ioon a^ the
An
rnderaq(]r'^.''sive
Do'f
This
dr>g
<:r'.ic-.^
nejJiUJvely
to
the
prf^ence of :he
^ts
,i,:i;itacnr
It
la
moved
to different lucationa,
chosen to
r^-
may
In
stand and
'>r
wug
tail,
thrrj^v
its-ilf
on the
.-i^mble
d.
'-\-Lrnni-'<
ground,
thip
try to rim away from ",he jgitatnr. ca^e, the agitator :Lp:jC'jjii:hes the di>u^
hiti or sei^e?
][
Time.
Initiiil
training
id
from
hehi]:.:.
When
[Consistently
the
undertaken
at night.
The handler sets an example for the dog hy making threatening gestures towiird the agitator, who imitates a dog'a growl. When the doH,
trying to protect itself, snaps or growla at the agitator, the agitator at once stopa agitating the dog and quickly runs away. Tn trainin;? this type of dog, it ia very important for the handler to exaggerate his praise and encouragement whenever the dog shows the sUghteat sign of aggressiveneaa, and for the agitator to exaggerate hia simulated fear of the dog. Thia procedure must be repeated until the dog's confidence is huiit up and it tries to attack the agitator as
jn
8.
Equipment
required;
chiiin
colflat
choke lar, a 5-foot leather leaah, a 25-fQot leash, a leather collar, a stake, and a kennel chain.
The handler
will
need a
b.
and
Fiffi^r* SS^
Pf^p^n^um for
\tffitatwn^
a?
30on iis he iipproach^rs- Trtiining for the day i^ conduderf with pniiae by the master a3 the igitator dis^ippcara,
ing for the day. It is resumed tbc following d;ty with the duj^ chained to the stake as before. It
Moderately Agffr^-'t-'nve Dag, This dog is the ideal dog to train for aentry work. It barks
6.
-4
chained to Che ataKe for thii exercise iint]l the dog hag demonstrated that [t W]1J not bite the handler, no matter bpw excited it becomes.
is
or growJ_s as auon 1^3 the apitntor ^ippeara, lunyina" on Che chain and trytng to attack. The agitator runti a^^^ay ^nd out of .^ji^ht As soon as tht^
the do^ Ls not tt>o ejtcilcd^ pats ]t. When the hxindter is <ionvini:ed that the dog is aroused only ai^ainst the agitator and that it has
It
?0h
a.
Agitation
Advanced
lavishly and,
if
indisdfiminatelyn it may be considered ready for work off the ataker The e^cerciae for the day js concluded with the agita^
no tendency
to attacTt
m&X^Tig it bite at the agitator The ngiliitor wear^ the attack alfieve to give the dog something to aciually bite. He uses a stick or burlap bug to agitate the do^. The agitator builds the d^g up by acting frightened and backing away every time the dog advances. Without exception, the dog muat always be the
t^tii^g
^wiiiiiftr.
tflr
cunning away and the hatidl^r pt*i^mff the dog and unchaining Jtc.
A- Ivaivdle? iiivtr
Overa^ffrea^v^ Dog, This dog is apt to loae ita head, try to bite everyone within reath, and keep on barking ven after the agitator dia^ appearSn In thia case, the handler scolds the dog. He ahoutg NO, jerking on the Iflash until the dog" c^^Tna down. He mual; be careful not to step within reach until the dog stopa barking and growling^ When he \s sure that the dog^ is calm enoughr he approachea it* speaking soothin^y^ and praisesand pets it. This procedure la repeated, except that the agitator appeara and disappeara immediately.
ita
An
a aession haa
^fig fiQ^.
dog soon comes to associate the leather collar with agitation apd when it is placed around it? neck the dog will begin to search for an agitator. The dog also wears the leather collar while performing sentry duty. It is imIn thia
the
way
portant that this fleather) collar-agitator associatioo be eat^lUhed early and ftrmly. The thgke chain 13 used only when takinff a dog to or from the kennel area and during ahedience training.
the dog ahowa aigns of directing aflgTes^vtrieBB toward the agitator, the hand^
As
and
that
ita
hostility
at thetrain-
agitfltflr.
which develops in a dog the afgre^sivenesa and viciotianess essential to an effective sentry dog. Its aggressivene^ and viciouaneas deteimlne its alertneas 00 poat and urge to attack. It la Important to keep in raiTid that each
It \s agitation
^ipHTtf J
Lvi dpijvlin.
doE is an inJividual with a distinct temperament of its own, and to obtain thfl beat results agitation must be suited to the dog. There are three principal methods of agitation,
(1)
(b)
Six
naturally
asai'essive
dogs
:ire
Line agitation.
brought out at the same time. These are doga which have demonstrated that they do not need to be chained to the staiie. Between every two of these dogs is placed a dog that has rfiai;ted neKatively to the ftrat phase of training. AH Che dogs iire lined up far enough ap;irC so that they can-
Handlers and doga form a sinKEe line at intervals of aboui 1& feet, the dogs standing at heel. The agitator quietly approaches one end of the line from the rear. He i'tops when he is about SO feet from the first dog and handler and
(a)
the
inatraetor
All
handlers and dogs execute about face, and the Iirst dog and handler advance aJowiy toward the
not get into a fight among themselves. Each dog The is on :pash at the left side of the handler command HIM -s siven whi^ii Chi; ai-itator appears and walks toivard the dogs. Some of the dogs will bark immediately; these should be
WATCH
The handler incites his dog with thi? command WATCH HIM. When the dog cornea
agitator.
praised by their handlers. The agitator concentrates his attention on the dogs that do not re-
spond
readily.
his
within 10 feet of him, the agitator acts excited and afraid and begins to retreat, walking backwards. The dog ia ailowed to approach within 3 feet of the agitator who then agitates the dog a few momenta with hia sticky while continuing to retreat. The handler then caib ofT his dog and leads him back of the agitation line to the other end while the next dog and handler atari the same procedure. This should continue until each dog has gone through three repetitions with the agitator. The doga are NOT allowed to take hold
of the agitator during this exercise (ftg59).
them, and jumps away. Inspired by the bolder dogs beside them, even the slow ones will eventually start barking, U properly encouraged by their handlers, they will understand that there is nothing to fear from the agitator, and that he will disappear as soon as they bark, growl, or make a move toward him. When all the dogs alert as soon as the agitator appears,
stick, threatena
he must vary his direction of approach and increase the distance at which he first appears. The dogs that detect him earliest are praised lavishly. It will be found that the slower dogs learn from their aggressive companions, as well as
from
their handlers.
TN LINE AGITATION.
all
dogs in the class alert at the approach of the agitator, a new man takes his place. The dogs leam in this way that tmy man approaching ia an enemy. It is desirable to have numeroua persons play the role of the agitator,
When
aentry, walking post with his dog heeling on loose leaeh, (This simulated poet must be changed each day so that the dog does not get accus-
tomed
When
aentry have advanced a short distance, the agitator approaches from some place of concealment. If the dog has learned its first lesson, it will detect the approach of the agitator and will alert without help from the handler. If the dog does not alert, the handler gives it the cue by commanding HIM- As soon as the dog gives warning, the agitator runs out of sight and the
WATCH
Figure
fO-
Chanffimi'
(stfTEtry
dog).
handler praises and encourages the dog. If the dot does not respond correctly, the agitator conceals himself along the dog's path of advance, steps out quickly from his hiding place, hits at the dog with a stick, and jumps away. This will arouse the dog. Furthermore, the dog will iearn that unless it gives alarm immediately upon de-
a*
lL
Jtran^er,
:t
wjU be cor-
LLa
keen he:iriny
is
i^nhanceci
by the
iibt^ence
of
fjislractine noisea.
{*)
a doff detects and ilerts Ct> the presence of jill stranpcr^ at ;i contiiderabJe distance without any help diinng the d:iytime, it is
aeneriiJly ready to
he-
When
{a)
St^ke a.yltat]on
chiiined to
?i
The dog
is
postp or stake
In
worked
is
j^t
niehL
It
-will
>.ome open space :i\v:ty from :hc kennels. This exorcise tends to further build the dos:'s confidence
in
Lt?^elf
more
fa.voriible r^nd
in
unfamilitir
pla^ze.s
Some
doj^^
are
-.*
r^r'
v^v-.
90
naturally nggreasive and do not n^ed much ugitation to become excited. Td avoid am^idetits,
training: to arouse
a^^essis^noss
may
be ataHed
away. As the agitator strikes, the handler encDurage^ the dog by commanding GET HJM, in a sharp voice. Doga wilt respond to this proceduT'e
according to theit natural aKKTeasiveness,
(3)
by tying the dog to a stake with a kennei chivin :ittached to the broad leather collar. It ia advisable to lnoaen an inch or two of the earth around the atakft so chat the stake will ^ivg a little when the dog lungea, and not chetk it too sharply. The handler heela the dog to the end of the chain,
ifcders
it
Muzzle ngitation.
This
tg
to ait
When
the
the agitator approaches and comes within sight th? handler puts the dog on the alert by
command
is
WATCH
used imly during early training. It is a signal for the dog that it la on duty and must be prepared to detect any intrusion- The commsnd should he slimirtated ob soon as th& dog ha^ learned that putting: on the collar and leaAh slffniflea that it is on duty. HIM ia neveiuKed in actual service to alert the dog- Tfu doQ
HIM
an exercise for sentry dog?. The sentry dog is inu^ifed and af?oived to atcair^ its agitator who wears regular clothing. This actually La a test to determine if the dog wiii Jttack, on command, persona aot dressed in ihe attack 5uit. During training many dogs seem to acquire an a]jj]0st ei^rlusive aasotiation between the attack auit and "enemy." This form of ajita' tion win determine if a sentry dog is "Suit Happy" or not <(ig 61),
<a)
hicle.
Dogs are never agitated from a Eventually tJii^ will cauae them to look
(b)
vefor
WATCH
alerts tfie
lumdUr of The
and re^ct against vehicles inatead of people. In addition^ they become nervoua and excited when vehicles approach, thus making it difficult to get them to enter one and ride calmly.
Xormally. dogs should be agitated at least three times weekly to keep them at the peak of their effectiveness, but the temperament of individual dogs should also be considered in determininr the amount of agitation they need- Under no circumstancea will a dog be agitated in the absence of its handf^r.
[g)
or some other harmless weapon. He approaches the dog from an angle, not facing it directiy. He looks at the dof out of the comer of his eyes; he does i^ot atare at it.
a small,
fle:tible
He strikes &t th
doff
idthout
hlttiiig it
and JumpA
Ua\on
Quartering
II.
ADVANCED TRAINING
handler must lead
It
1'1.
human
in partial or
below, at, or above ground level. For this reaaon, the flnal stage of sentry training must include aearch In areas where decoys are concealed ta such placea as the branches of a trea^ behind a
desirable to work the dog on the Si^toot leash, ss weU aa tfw short lesah,
la
fence, or in a ditch- It
ao that it can enter buildings and other suspected placea of concealment aheaii of the handler.
Quartering is the method the handler and his dog use to aearch a section o:f terrain, taking full advantage of the wind, to locate any intruder that may be present. Scenta borne by the wind may be elusive. Sometimes the dog can detect them from one spot whereas, from another spot jut aa close to the aoarce oS the scejit, it may receive no scent at all. Therefore, to give the dog every opportunlt:? to pick up a scent, the
a.
Figure Z shoivs a quartering coarse lay out for training. The Instructor laya out the course and sheets the starting point downwind from the decoy. The handler and dog proceed through the course as diagrammed. The dog E^rst &\erta to a weak scent The hajidler ca:: then elect to further quarter the course or let the dog follow the weak scent directly to where the dog should irive a strong alert. From thia point, the handler lets the dog move in and find the decoy.
b.
Figure 63 shows s(^ieta&tic^lly how s handler and dog would work an area in the field to search out an Intruder. Based on his knowledge of the dog, the handler knows that the alert at ftrst la a weak one. The team continues to work, as shown, and the doj gives a strong alert and
r-
tuma
wind which
is
In
KOUt
..,
fVtfurff
'^''^.^'ViT;'.
ff
QuarfarJTif fffuna^
1Z
Training Proe*dur
Before t>ie dog and "handler arrive in the trainin? area, the Instructor vjauaJly selects a route tor the team to follow. The instructor prepositions human decoys at various intervals and at diflerent diatanoes away from and upipVind to the
prescribed route. The instructor and decoya must not walk the aelected route as their odor will
decoy hy scent, sound* Or sight- In this initial exercise, it ia important for the decoy to be ^railconc^led from view and remain quiet, but within eaa; acenting distance and directly upwind from the dogencouraged to Hit Ita noae and sample the wind well above ground level. When the dog detects a scent other than the handler's, it is lively to react in one of the following w^ysr
Is,
The dog
Is
mark
a.
the trail,
The dog and handler then enter the trainine area, which ia preferably one where high
grass affords cover for the decoys. Once in the fteld, the handier haa a collar on hia dfls and attaches the 5-foot Teaah- The dog weara the collar
(1)
only when
it
it
ia
lAforkifl^.
Giving: other signs of alertness (easily recognizable by a keen observer), such as a de-
at the concluaion of the exercise. On starting the quartering exercise, the handler comiaanda SEARCH, letting the dog precede him on a loose
leash-
it
it.
The dog
will
Ff^bfT
9S.
QMort^ritto fiUA^
Praiae at thia point must be given Id a soft, almost whiaperinf ToJce; it must not be Insistent enough Co divert the dog from its work. Sonw
d(Js3
and runs rapidly to his right- The handler allows the dog to chase the decoy for 30 to 40 feet
self
Arst going into the Aeld will put tbeir noses to the ground and attempt to pick up a
when
then turns off to his left to avoid contact with the decoy. The handler rewards the dog with praise and the exercise is considered concludede.
ground
scent.
discourage this tendency by placing hte foot uu' der the dog's chin to make It lift Ita head ajid then reprimand the dog aaylng NO In a stern voice. It is important that the dog's nose be raised to the proper scenting level IMMEDIATELY, if it attempts to ground trail.
the dog gires an alert, the handler deduces the general direction to the decoy's hidd.
When
it
to the ipstructor- If
he is correct in his dedacttont the Instructor tells the handler to follow the scent. When the dog is about 10 feet from the decoy, the instructor tells the decoy to move out. The decoy exposes him-
of the quartering course is enlarged and the number of decoys is increased. The distances between the dog and the concealed decoys are lengthened progressively. The handler must give his dog every possible opportunity to locate the decoys. He stops at Intervals so the dog can take advantage o every breeze, quartering the field if necessary for the dog to catch the scent. He pays strict attention to the dog's action and encourages it as soon as the dog shows signs that it may have scented a decoy. The dog is not always allowed to follow the scent to the decoy and give chase- The handler uses the chase as a form of
93
it
les^ frequently
dur-
On
ing training.
This exert:]5e is repeated daily with the terrain and other conditions being varied. The decay is uanceaied in underbrush, ditches, branches ot ii tlee^ behind rocks, or in any naturai or artifii]iai hiding p]iice (fig 62).
/,
[he comm^tnd OUTp the dog relea^^es and watches the intruder. The dog returns Co the h windier only on command.
b.
his
dog proceed
to an area
which
cukir
pats,
isolated
In the training area, the handler the lejither work c&llar on the do^ and docs
trafficit
played by a differtn!. man ^ach day io thiit the dog will learn that Lt tnust pjck up all human acent other than just that of itg handler.
r7-
The
ro]e of the
decay
not
remove
untii
the exercise
is
completed-
ig
The
should be concealed upwind from the dog so that his scent wtil be driven directly into the dog's nose. For the first e-rciae in this phase of train-
After the dog" and [ta handler have established muttiai understand in gj they pr^ictide the
hr
exercise at night^
important for the agitator to be weilc^>ncealedp but within easy scenting distance and directly upwind from the dog. The handler commands SEARCH, and the dog then tries to loing^
it
is
13n.
Attack Training
cate the agitator by scent or sound. When the dog alerts and pulls on the leashp the handler
The dog ia taught to attack and stop its attack on command. The command to attack is
GET HIM
and the command to refease ot- stop attacking ia OUT. At the command GET HIM, the handler dropa the leash and the dog attacks.
should put his hand on the dog^s flankf stroking it gently and whispering the worda "Atta boy. Good hey" U) praise the dog. He must praise the do? enough to encourage itp but must not distract the doSn The dog's attention must remain fo-
.1^ -
:^\
.<
-.. -;.-..:
...
PiffUT* Si.
Attack
aitil.
*4
Figure
SS.
t,off
leaak).
cased in the direction of the a^tator. The dof approaches the concealed jtgitator and the handler a^ain uses words of praise and encouraffementWhen the dog is within a short distance of the a^tator, the a^tator hreaka cover^ The handler orders the agitator to halt and place his hands over his head. The a^tator ignores the order and tries to escape. The handler then releases his dog and commands GET HIM, The dog then pursues and attacks the agitator (Ag 65) who, after a brief struggle, ceases to resist. The handler approaches, commanda OUT, and draffs the dog away from the agitator, at the same time
praising and patting the dog. He leads the dog ahout 10 feet away from the agitator and
it will
commands or gestures to attack and cease attack. The agitator wears the attack suit. The procedure is like that prescribed in paragraph 13, except that when the dog flushes
obey
all
the agitator, the handler and the agitator exchange pistol shots, the handler firing first. The exercise then continues through all the stages of pursuit, capture, guard, and search. When exchanging shots^ the handler and agitator should be careful not to fire close to the dog's head to avoid powder bums, partlcularlj' about ita eyes
and nose.
15.
Guarding a Priionar
the
commands DOWN, STAY, and WATCH HTM. He then returns to the agitator and searches him,
being careful never to place himself between the dog and the aaitator. In the course of the search, the agitator strikes or pushes the handler to the ground and tries to run away. At this point the
On
command DOWN,
position in front of a motionless "prisoner" in the attack suit. The dog must not be close enough
it
WATCH HIM
to
the agitator
WITHOUT COM-
MAND
14,
Attack under gunfire is taught after the sentry dog is well-trained and the handler is sure that
put the dog on the alert, and walks away to a hiding place where he can observe the dog's actions. The prisoner then starts to turn around, or walk or run away. Tf the dog does not attack when the prisoner moves, the handler immediately comes out of his hiding place and commands GET HIM. Thia exercise is repeated until the dog pursues and attacks the prisoner
95
concentrate an perfection in heeling; this means that its attention wil] be on the handler and not concentrated on the surrounding. Thus, the dog is likely to forget its main duty, which
to
is to
be on the alert at
all
16,
Escorting
is
a Prjnsr
alarm at the
b.
slightest provocation-
taught that a prisoner la not to be ^ttai^ed when acfompanied by Che dog's handler, and walking alowly in front and slightly to the [eft of the dog. Training example: The prisoner SLddeniy turns in a threatening manner or starts to run away. The handler drops the leash
The dag
if
At
first,
may need
ia
The procedure
repeated until the dog attacks without command when the priisoner makefl any sudden break, but refrains from attacking whan the prisoner is marching in an orderly manner ahead of the handler. The handler praises his dog at the conclusion of aach exerdae.
17.
of Loose Heeling. Tn walking a post, loose heeling is essential as long as the dog does not pull or tug on the leash- If a hanIL IinpvrtaTice
dos
is
mon likely
sentry dog U taught not to make friends with strangers. Training exaJiipte: The handler walks his dog on teaah at the heel position. A stranger approaches uttering soothing words and coaxes the dog to come to him. Aa soon as the dog starts to respond with friendlinesa, the stranger slaps it smartly on the nose and jumps away. The handler then encourages the dog to attack the stranger. This is repeated with different people acting as strangers until the dos growls and harks on the approach of all strangers, no matter how friendly their attitude or how much they attempt to appease th dog. Next, a stranger tries to entiee the dog with a pieCe of meat or any other bit of food the dog likes. If the dog tries to take the food, the stranger slaps it on the nose and runs away without giving it the food. Thus the dofl: learns that its handler is the only person to be trusted^'
94
APPENDIX D
AIOUT
lOOM
97
JNOEX Pw
3G,3$
3
PirirnDlii
AdvKnoed
adoutlnff
8286
$e
3T, 4T,
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9
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tLntatlon ._...
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I>ft:w
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Typwrf:
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...-, 81
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.. 31 ttminLnf ....... 31 8Slar At haal 31 4 Moreoat ceDUnand &l S RaorlantatloTi on pan .. 31 fr-3Uatpn _ 31 Raorlcotadon af tar iLt 31 8 RcoHidJtioiibif of
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tnlnln^
"tPoA"
31 .. 31 3t 31
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10 DliCanca
Timeout
SaaTchlng:
22 21
64 63
fi
20
31 2B
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fwd
14 10 SO
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6S Shaplngf procedare (3 stepa) 27 Stltnca .... 43 apKiallud tralDJn; TOSi Spaed .._ _ 42
Gl 11 31 6S 3f
Imtructor/tniMr ....
LlnlUtloiii, turn
.....
Tcaoii
CapabiUUaa UmltiCloni
74
B
fl
HvchinJied opflnllou
93
ULaalon
4a
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?irarTlii
Pitt
Terrain!
Efficta of
TTBlnlTiff
EnE^gratrd AnpTUTt
SKI
82
19
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4B
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TralJier/fnBtnjeCor
31
IS
Clock syatam
E8 55 $0 57
48 43 43
Ra^^
Swpt Ni^t
ji
utlm&tian
Tnininf, dog:
Geiurmt
Prinrlp|B
tit
-
43
G3 69 10
4
E7, 3a
6799
33 Z4
8
74. ?5
U.]2
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...
-
Piveniplo7Tnnt
T
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99
By
Army
CREIGHTON
Official
Chi^f of Staff
L,
VERNE
BOWERS
United States
Mfljcjr G^Tural,
Army
Diatribution
To be
DA Form
and Employment.
^rU-S