Seminar Report 2012-2013

Music

ABSTRACT
The music of India includes multiple varieties of folk, popular, pop, classical music and R&B. India's classical music tradition, including Carnatic and Hindustani music, has a history spanning millennia and developed over several eras. Music in India began as an integral part of socio-religious life and that Indian music is essentially melodic: sounds follow one another expressing an emotional state in an aesthetic unity.

Dept.of Mechanical Engg.

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Seminar Report 2012-2013

Music

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 2. CLASSIFICATION OF MUSIC 3. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 4. TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS 5. MUSIC THERAPY 6. CONCLUSION 7. REFERENCE

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Music

INTRODUCTION
Indian Music is probably the most complex musical system in the world with a very highly developed melodic and rhythmic structure. This (structure) includes complicated poly-rhythms, delicate nuances, ornamentations and microtones which are essential characteristics of Indian music. This makes it very difficult to notate every detail in Indian music. Originally Indian music was passed on by oral tradition (lit. Guru means teacher; shishya means student and parampara means tradition) from one generation to another for centuries. The music was never written down until much later. The notation system was actually developed much later more as a memory-aid than something from which to learn or something from which to perform. This is why the tradition wherein the student learns from a Guru on a "one-on-one" basis is considered to be the only real way to learn music since there are so many aspects that cannot be learned from a book because the existing notations are only a skeletal representation of the music. Indian Music had its origins in the Vedas (4000 B. C. - 1000 B. C.) Four in number, the Vedas are the most sacred texts which contain about a thousand hymns. They were used to preserve a body of poetry, invocations and mythology in the form of sacrificial chants dedicated to the Gods. Great care was taken to preserve the text, which was passed down by oral tradition, so much so that both the text and the rituals remain unchanged to this day. The literature of the Vedas is divided into four parts: the Rig Veda, the Sama Veda, the Yajur Veda and the Atharva Veda. The oldest, the Rig, dates back to about 4000 B. C. It was recited, at first, in a monotone; it was later developed to three tones (one main tone, and two accents, one higher and the other lower called Udatta and Anudatta respectively.) This was done to accentuate the words since the text was of primary importance. The Yajur Veda which mainly

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consists of sacrificial formulas mentions the Veena as an accompaniment to vocal recitations during the sacrifices.

Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) now provide a new monitoring and control capability for monitoring the borders of the country. Using this concept we can easily identify a stranger or some terrorists entering the border. The border area is divided into number of nodes. Each node is in contact with each other and with the main node. The noise produced by the foot-steps of the stranger are collected using the sensor. This sensed signal is then converted into power spectral density and the compared with reference value of our convenience. Accordingly the compared value is processed using a microprocessor, which sends appropriate signals to the main node. Thus the stranger is identified at the main node. A series of interface, signal processing, and communication systems have been implemented in micro power CMOS circuits. A micro power spectrum analyzer has been developed to enable low power operation of the entire WINS system. Thus WINS require a Microwatt of power. But it is very cheaper when compared to other security systems such as RADAR under use. It is even used for short distance communication less than 1 Km. It produces a less amount of delay. Hence it is reasonably faster. On a global scale, WINS will permit monitoring of land, water, and air resources for environmental monitoring. On a national scale, transportation systems, and borders will be monitored for efficiency, safety, and security.

Dept.of Mechanical Engg.

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Seminar Report 2012-2013

Music

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 2. WINS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 3. WINS NODE ARCHITECTURE 4. WINS MICRO SENSORS 5. ROUTING BETWEEN NODES 6. SHORTEST DISTANCE ALGORITHM 7. WINS DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 8. PSD COMPARISION 9. WINS MICROPOWER EMBEDDED RADIO 10. CONCLUSION 11. REFERENCES

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Seminar Report 2012-2013

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1. INTRODUCTION

Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) combine sensing, signal processing, decision capability, and wireless networking capability in a compact, low power system. Compact geometry and low cost allows WINS to be embedded and distributed at a small fraction of the cost of conventional wireline sensor and actuator systems. On a local, wide-area scale, battlefield situational awareness will provide personnel health monitoring and enhance security and efficiency. Wireless integrated network sensors (WINS) provide distributed network and Internet access to sensors, controls, and processors deeply embedded in equipment, facilities, and the environment. The WINS network represents a new monitoring and control capability for applications in such industries as transportation, manufacturing, health care, environmental oversight, and safety and security. WINS combine microsensor technology and low-power signal processing, computation, and low-cost wireless networking in a compact system. Recent advances in integrated circuit technology have enabled construction of far more capable yet inexpensive sensors, radios, and processors, allowing mass production of sophisticated systems linking the physical world to digital data networks. Scales range from local to global for applications in medicine, security, factory automation, environmental monitoring, and condition-based maintenance. Compact geometry and low cost allow WINS to be embedded and distributed at a fraction of the cost of conventional wireline sensor and actuator systems.

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WINS opportunities depend on development of a scalable, low-cost, sensor-network architecture. Such applications require delivery of sensor information to the user at a low bit rate through low-power transceivers. Continuous sensor signal processing enables the constant monitoring of events in an environment in which short message packets would suffice. Future applications of distributed embedded processors and sensors will require vast numbers of devices. Conventional methods of sensor networking represent an impractical demand on cable installation and network bandwidth. Processing at the source would drastically reduce the financial, computational, and management burden on communication system components, networks, and human resources. Here, we limit ourselves to a security application designed to detect and identify threats within some geographic region and report the decisions concerning the presence and nature of such threats to a remote observer via the Internet. In the context of this application, we describe the physical principles leading to consideration of dense sensor networks, outline how energy and bandwidth constraints compel a distributed and layered signal processing architecture, outline why network self-organization and reconfiguration are essential, discuss how to embed WINS nodes in the Internet, and describe a prototype platform enabling these functions, including remote Internet control and analysis of sensor-network operation. Also, on a metropolitan scale, new traffic, security, emergency, and disaster recovery services will be enabled by WINS. On a local, enterprise scale, WINS will create a manufacturing information service for cost and quality control. The opportunities for WINS depend on the development of scalable, low cost, sensor network architecture. This requires that sensor information be conveyed to the user at low bit rate with low power transceivers.

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Continuous sensor signal processing must be provided to enable constant monitoring of events in an environment. Distributed signal processing and decision making enable events to be identified at the remote sensor. Thus, information in the form of decisions is conveyed in short message packets. Future applications of distributed embedded processors and sensors will require massive numbers of devices. In this paper we have concentrated in the most important application, Border Security.

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2. WINS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Conventional wireless networks are supported by complex protocols that are developed for voice and data transmission for handhelds and mobile terminals. These networks are also developed to support communication over long range (up to 1km or more) with link bit rate over 100kbps. In contrast to conventional wireless networks, the WINS network must support large numbers of sensors in a local area with short range and low average bit rate communication (less than 1kbps). The network design must consider the requirement to service dense sensor distributions with an emphasis on recovering environment information. Multihop communication yields large power and scalability advantages for WINS networks. Multihop communication, therefore, provides an immediate advance in capability for the WINS narrow Bandwidth devices. However, WINS Multihop Communication networks permit large power reduction and the implementation of dense node distribution. The multihop communication has been shown in the figure 2. The figure 1 represents the general structure of the wireless integrated network sensors (WINS) arrangement.

Continuous operation low duty cycle Figure 1. The wireless integrated network sensor (WINS) architecture. Dept.of Mechanical Engg. 9 SSM Polytechnic College, Tirur

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The wireless integrated network sensor (WINS) architecture includes sensor, data converter, signal processing, and control functions. Micropower RF communication provides bidirectional network access for low bit rate, short range communication. The micropower components operate continuously for event recognition, while the network interface operates at low duty cycle.

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MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Hindustani Music and Instruments

India is a diversified land which does offer growth for many music forms a genres. As a result of this, the arsenal of Indian musical instruments is far more complete than any other cultural music. Various unique instruments have established a sacred place in the whole musical scenario of Indian music. Hindustani music of India which is mostly practiced in the Northern part of India has a set of musical tools which distinguishes them from other music. A shade of Persian and Arabic influence is found in the true Hindustani music. Tabla: Most popular instrument of North India, Tabla consists of two drums. The bigger of them is called the Bayan and the smaller is known as Dayan. The drums are tuned to a specific note depending on the mood of the music. Usually the Dayan (right hand side drum) is made of wood while the Bayan (left hand side drum) is made of metalbrass, copper or even aluminum. Tabla has two resonators and the tension of both drums differ from each other. Rag and Tal, two major concepts of Hindustani music can be easily played on Tabla. Santoor: The ancient instrument of India, Santoor has its origins in Kashmir. The trapezoidal instrument originally had 100 strings and was known as Shata-tantri Veena. Now-a-days, Santoor Dept.of Mechanical Engg. 11 SSM Polytechnic College, Tirur

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is comprised of 72 strings and is played by hammering a special shaped mezrab. Made from walnut wood, a range of 3 octaves is possible due to the sets of bridges. The particular technique is improvised for a specific position and is practiced in the same manner. Sarangi: A bowing instrument which is more popular in Rajasthan folk music, Sarangi consists of 40 strings. 37 out of them are sympathetic and are played in vertical position. Every string is to be pressed by nails while bow is maneuvered above them. Sarangi resembles more of human vocals than any other musical instruments. Sarangi is made of hollow wood and has ivory inlays which make it unique. Sitar: This traditional instrument has an interesting construction which combines 20 frets and 6 to 7 main chords. In order to produce and adjust the notes, the frets are moved up and down while the resonator at the base of the neck produces a series of frequencies. It is one of those instruments which are difficult to be found in the Carnatic music system. Bansuri: Often known as the common Indian flute, the Bansuri is a hollow cylinder which is either made of bamboo or reed. Normally, a Bansuri has 6 to 7 holes which help in regulating the flow of wind on the inner walls. It forms the basis of Indian classical music. The varying lengths of the Bansuri make them versatile in many forms of music. The air column through the holes creates resonances which are similar to Indian octave notes of sa-re-ga-ma-pa-dha-ni.

Carnatic Music and Instruments

Music has been an integral part of the Indian civilization. Various musical forms, rather, classical forms have found their origin from the sub continent itself. Dept.of Mechanical Engg. 12 SSM Polytechnic College, Tirur

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Instruments thus are vital elements which assists the whole process. Indian musical instruments are not supplementary to the music. In fact they are the essence of the whole musical journey Mridangam: A percussion instrument

widely used in Carnatic music, Mridangam is a vital instrument in every south Indian musical concert. It is a double sided drum which was originally made of clay, but, presently these Mridangams are constructed from a single wood block. Jackwood is the most common wood which is used. The unique fibrous structure, less number of pores and the wood density is the prime reason for the use of Jackwood. The left side of the Mridangam, the thoppi, is made of two layers of goat-skin while the right side has three layers of goat-skin. Unlike the Tabla, Mridangam is a single resonator and the tension on both sided is inseparable. The instrument is played with fingers, palms and hands and produces the largest acoustic bass by any instrument. Veena: As the national instrument of India, Veena or Vina has a prominent place in both Carnatic and Hindustani music. Carnatic music uses Saraswati Veena (with frets) and Chitra Veena (without frets) while Hindustani music uses Rudra Veena (with frets) and Vichitra Veena (without frets). This most ancient wooden, string instrument has a resonator attached to its neck. Saraswati Veena has 24 metal frets under 4 principle metal strings which brings desired frequencies. Playing a Veena is not a childs play; one has to have proper syncing of both hands which simultaneously work on both frets and strings. Venu: The side windblown, keyless

transverse flute of bamboo has found its importance in the South Indian music from years. A more sophisticated instrument as compared to Bansuri

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(similar instrument used in North Indian music with 6/7 holes). Venu has 8 holes which are capable of producing 2 octaves (just like human voice) when wind is overblown or fingers are crossed on the holes. Ghatam: Made from clay/mud, Ghatam is one of the versatile south Indian musical tools. It uses clay, copper, brass and iron filings while its production. The playing of the instrument uses both hands, fingers, nails wrists and even heels to create bass on the inner surface. The mouth of the instrument is pressed against the stomach which helps in controlling the vibrations created while striking. The resonance created while striking is the soul of the instrument. Harmonium: It is the used in almost all forms of Indian music. The reed organ instrument has a keyboard attached to it and mainly fork on the air sucked or blown through the free reeds. Played in the similar manner like that of piano, Harmonium consist of 2 octaves and a bellow. One hand works on the keyboard while the other operates the bellow to create sounds of desired pitch, note and frequency.

Piano

Western Musical Instruments

The piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. It is widely known as one of the most popular instruments in the world. Widely used in Classical music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music, and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal. Although not portable and often expensive, the piano's versatility and ubiquity have made it one of the world's most familiar musical instruments. Pressing a key on the piano's keyboard causes a felt-

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covered hammer to strike steel strings. The hammers rebound, allowing the strings to continue vibrating at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a sounding board that couples the acoustic energy to the air so that it can be heard as sound. When the key is released, a damper stops the string's vibration. See the article on Piano key frequencies for a picture of the piano keyboard and the location of middle-C. According to the Hornbostel-Sachsmethod of music classification, pianos are grouped with chordophones. Gitar The guitar is a plucked string instrument, played either with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number but sometimes more, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Some modern guitars are made of polycarbonate materials. Guitars are made and repaired by luthiers. There are two primary families of guitars: acoustic and electric. Acoustic guitars (and similar instruments) with hollow bodies, have been in use for over a thousand years. There are three main types of modern acoustic guitar: the classical guitar (nylon-string guitar), the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the arch top guitar. The tone of an acoustic guitar is produced by the vibration of the strings, which is amplified by the body of the guitar, which acts as a resonating chamber. The classical guitar is often played as a solo instrument using a comprehensive fingerpicking technique. Violin Another instrument that has greatly influenced the development of western music is the violin. Nearly every classical composer has written something for the violin. Some used it very heavily, both as a solo instrument and in

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orchestral compositions. With the advent of the electric violin, this instrument has been making its way into other sectors of western music. Jazz and rock are beginning to lean more heavily on the violin as a pop instrument, rather than as a solely classical instrument. The fiddle--simply another name for the violin--is a staple in many types of folk music.

TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS
String instruments

String instruments are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are called chordophones. Some common instruments in the string family are guitar, sitar, rabab, electric bass, violin, viola, cello, double bass, banjo, mandolin, ukulele, bouzouki, and harp.

Construction
String instruments can be divided in three groups. Lutes - instruments in which the strings are supported by a neck and a bout ("gourd"), for instance a guitar, a violin, a saz. Harps - instruments in which the strings are contained within a frame. Zithers - instruments with the strings mounted on a body, such as a guqin, a cimbalom, an autoharp, or a piano. It is also possible to divide the instruments in groups focused on how the instrument is played.

Types of playing techniques

All string instruments produce sound from one or more vibrating strings, transferred to the air by the body of the instrument (or by a pickup in the case of electronically amplified instruments). They are usually categorized by the technique used to make the strings vibrate (or by the primary technique, in the case of

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instruments where more than one may apply.) The three most common techniques are plucking, bowing and striking. Plucking: Plucking is used as a method of playing on instruments such as the banjo, ukulele, guitar, harp, lute, mandolin, oud, sitar, and either by a finger or thumbther quills (now plastic plectra) to pluck the strings. Instruments normally played by bowing (see below) may also be plucked, a technique referred to by the Italian term pizzicato. Bowing: Bowing (Italian: Arco) is a method used in some string instruments, including the violin, viola, cello, and the double bass (of the violin family) and the old viol family. The bow consists of a stick with many hairs stretched between its ends. Bowing the instrument's string causes a stick-slip phenomenon to occur, which makes the string vibrate. Ancestors of the modern bowed string instruments are the rebab of the Islamic Empires, the Persian kamanche and the Byzantine lira. Other bowed ins, hardingfele, nyckelharpa, koky, errde effects. Striking: The third common method of sound production in stringed instruments is to strike the string. The piano uses this method of sound production. Violin family string instrument players are occasionally instructed to strike the string with the side of the bow, a technique called col legno. This yields a percussive sound along with the pitch of the note. A well-known use of col legno for orchestral strings is the Gustav Holst's "Mars" movement from The Planets suite. Other methods: The aeolian harp employs a very unusual method of sound production: the strings are excited by the movement of the air. Some instruments that have strings have attached keyboards that the player uses instead of directly manipulating the strings. These include the piano, the clavichord, and the harpsichord. With these keyboard instruments too, the strings are occasionally plucked or bowed by hand. Composers such as Henry Cowell wrote music which asks for the Dept.of Mechanical Engg. 17 SSM Polytechnic College, Tirur

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player to reach inside the piano and pluck the strings directly, or to "bow" them with bow hair wrapped around the strings, or play them by rolling the bell of a brass instrument such as a trombone on the array of strings. Other keyed string instruments, small enough for a strolling musician to play, include the plucked autoharp, the bowed nyckelharpa, and the hurdy gurdy, which is played by cranking a rosined wheel. Steel-stringed instruments (such as the guitar, bass, violin, etc.) can be played using a magnetic field. An E-Bow is small hand-held battery-powered device which can be used to excite the strings of an electric guitar. It provides a sustained, singing tone on the string which is magnetically vibrated. 3rd bridge is a plucking method where the string is divided in two pieces and struck at the side which is unamplified. The technique is mainly used on electric instruments, because these have a pickup that amplifies only the local string vibration. It's possible on acoustic instruments as well, but lesser convenient. For instance press on the 7th fret on a guitar and pluck it at the head side and a tone will resonate at the opposed part. At electric instruments this technique can generate multitone sounds remniscent of a clock or a bell. Guitar ( Hollow, Mandlin, Base Guitar) Sitar Veena Thamburu Violin Sarangi Mellophones Cello

Wind instrument
A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube), in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player Dept.of Mechanical Engg. 18 SSM Polytechnic College, Tirur

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blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at the end of the resonator. The pitch of the vibration is determined by the length of the tube and by manual modifications of the effective length of the vibrating column of air. In the case of some wind instruments, sound is produced by blowing through a reed; others require buzzing into a metal mouthpiece. Using different air columns for different tones, such as in the pan flute. Changing the length of the vibrating air column by changing the length of the tube through engaging valves (see rotary valve, piston valve) which route the air through additional tubing, thereby increasing overall tube length, lowering the fundamental pitch. This method is used on nearly all brass instruments. Changing the length of the vibrating air column by lengthening and/or shortening the tube using a sliding mechanism. This method is used on the trombone and the slide whistle. Changing the frequency of vibration through opening or closing holes in the side of the tube. This can be done by covering the holes with fingers or pressing a key which then closes the hole. This method is used in nearly all woodwind instruments. Making the column of air vibrate at different harmonics without changing the length of the column of air (see harmonic series). Almost all wind For Air Reed (flute and fipple-flute) instruments, the flow of air over the mouth of the instrument forms a flow-controlled valve. Some of the air-stream flows into the instrument's mouth, leading to an increase in internal pressure, while some of the air-stream flows across the top of the mouththrough a Bernoulli effect this reduces the pressure at the mouth, drawing air out of the mouth and leading to a decrease in internal pressure. When the pressure inside the chamber decreases, more of the air-stream will enter the mouth, and less will flow across the top of the mouth.

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A pulse of high pressure arriving at the mouth will direct more air across the top of the mouth; this will decrease the internal pressure, and send a low-pressure pulse back down the tube. A pulse of low pressure arriving at the mouth will draw more air into the mouth; this will increase the internal pressure, and send a highpressure pulse back down the tube. Standing waves inside the tube will be multiples of a half-wavelength, with pressure nodes at both ends. The air-stream across the mouth vibrates at a rate determined by the resonator. To a rough approximation, a tube of about 40 cm. will exhibit resonances near the following points: For a reed or lip-reed instrument: 220 Hz (A3), 660 Hz (E5), 1100 Hz (C#6). For an air-reed instrument: 440 Hz (A4), 880 Hz (A5), 1320 Hz (E6). In practice, however, obtaining a range of musically useful tones from a wind instrument depends to a great extent on careful instrument design, and playing technique. Examples: Harmonium, Flute, Clarnet, Drumpet, Saxphones, Wind Piano

Percussion instrument
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater (including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles), or struck, scraped or rubbed by hand, or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, following the human voice.

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The percussion section of an orchestra, however, traditionally contains in addition many instruments that are not, strictly speaking, percussion, such as whistles and sirens. On the other hand, keyboard instruments such as the celesta are not normally part of the percussion section, but keyboard percussion instruments (which do not have keyboards) are included. Percussion instruments are most commonly divided into two classes: Pitched percussion instruments, which produce notes with an identifiable pitch, and unpitched percussion instruments, which produce notes without an identifiable pitch. Percussion instruments may play not only rhythm, but also melody and harmony. Percussion is commonly referred to as "the backbone" or "the heartbeat" of a musical ensemble, often working in close collaboration with bass instruments, when present. In jazz and other popular music ensembles, the pianist, bassist, drummer and sometimes the guitarist are referred to as the rhythm section. Most classical pieces written for full orchestra since the time of Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis on the strings, woodwinds, and brass. However, often at least one pair of timpani is included, though they rarely play continuously. Rather, they serve to provide additional accents when needed. In the 18th and 19th centuries, other percussion instruments (like the triangle or cymbals) have been used, again generally sparingly. The use of percussion instruments became more frequent in the 20th century classical music. In almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal role. In military marching bands and pipes and drums, it is the beat of the bass drum that keeps the soldiers in step and at a regular speed, and it is the snare that provides that crisp, decisive air to the tune of a regiment. In classic jazz, one almost immediately thinks of the distinctive rhythm of the hi-hats or the ride cymbal when the word "swing" is spoken. In more recent popular music culture, it is almost impossible to name three or four rock, hip-hop, rap, funk or even soul charts or songs that do not have some sort of percussive beat keeping the tune in time. Because of the diversity of percussive instruments, it is not uncommon to find large musical ensembles Dept.of Mechanical Engg. 21 SSM Polytechnic College, Tirur

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composed entirely of percussion. Rhythm, melody, and harmony are all represented in these ensembles. Eg: Drums (Jass, Tripple,), Tabala, Chenda, Mridangam, Thakil

FUSION
A fusion genre is music that combines two or more styles. For example, rock and roll originally developed as a fusion of blues, gospel and country music. The main characteristics of fusion genres are variations in tempo, rhythm, and is sometimes the use of long musical "journeys" that can be divided into smaller parts, each with their own dynamics, style and tempo. "Fusion" used alone often refers to jazz fusion. Artists who work in fusion genres are often difficult to categorize within nonfusion styles, primarily because most genres evolved out of other genres. These artists generally consider themselves part of both genres. For example, a musician that plays predominantly blues influenced by rock is often labelled a blues-rock musician, such as Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble. Vaughan, a Texas blues guitarist, used rock and blues together. Ray Charles, who recorded gospel and jazzinfluenced blues, created what would become known as Soul Music. By fusing the two genres, Charles pioneered the style of country soul, most famously on his landmark album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, and influenced similar efforts by Candi Staton and Solomon Burke. Another example of fusion music can be heard in the Middle Eastern-influenced Franco-Arabic music as personified by Aldo. Franco-Arabic music uses a blend of Arabic and many western styles, from rock to pop, and from Euro styles to folk music. Jie Ma blends traditional Chinese instruments (pipa and ruan) and Western and jazz compositions. Fusion music as a genre broadened the definitions of jazz, rock, and pop music. Herbie Hancock fused jazz, funk, rock, and smooth tones to accomplish a new, rounder, more cultured sound for his band. See Head Hunters or Thrust. These sounds generally consisted of a standard rhythm section: bass, drums, and sometimes guitar, with layered keyboard tracks of rhodes, strings, clavinet, organ and Dept.of Mechanical Engg. 22 SSM Polytechnic College, Tirur

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synthesizers. Atop all of this, sampling was introduced as well as new technologies such as the talk box, or vocator. Bands such as Brand-X and Return To Forever as well as musicians such as John Abercrombie and Jack DeJohnette are also in this category.

MUSIC THERAPY
Music therapy is an allied health profession and one of the expressive therapies, consisting of an interpersonal process in which a trained music therapist uses music and all of its facetsphysical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritualto help clients to improve or maintain their health. Music therapists primarily help clients improve their health across various domains (e.g., cognitive functioning, motor skills, emotional and affective development, behavior and social skills, and quality of life) by using music experiences (e.g., free improvisation, singing, songwriting, listening to and discussing music, moving to music) to achieve treatment goals and objectives. It is considered both an art and a science, with a qualitative and quantitative research literature base incorporating areas such as clinical therapy, biomusicology, musical acoustics, music theory, psychoacoustics, embodied music cognition, aesthetics of music, and comparative musicology. Referrals to music therapy services may be made by other health care professionals such as physicians, psychologists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Clients can also choose to pursue music therapy services without a referral (i.e., selfreferral). Music therapists are found in nearly every area of the helping professions. Some commonly found practices include developmental work (communication, motor skills, etc.) with individuals with special needs, songwriting and listening in Dept.of Mechanical Engg. 23 SSM Polytechnic College, Tirur

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reminiscence/orientation work with the elderly, processing and relaxation work, and rhythmic entrainment for physical rehabilitation in stroke victims. Music therapy is also used in some medical hospitals, cancer centers, schools, alcohol and drug recovery programs, psychiatric hospitals, and correctional facilities. The TurcoPersian psychologist and music theorist al-Farabi (872950), known as "Alpharabius" in Europe, dealt with music therapy in his treatise Meanings of the Intellect, where he discussed the therapeutic effects of music on the soul. Robert Burton wrote in the 17th century in his classic work, The Anatomy of Melancholy, that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia.

CONCLUSION
In music, the introduction is a passage or section which opens a movement or a separate piece. In popular music this is often abbreviated as intro. The introduction establishes melodic, harmonic, and/or rhythmic material related to the main body of a piece. Introductions may be an ostinato that is used in the following music, an important chord or progression that establishes the tonality and groove for the following music, important but disguised or out of context motivic or thematic material. As such the introduction may be the first statement of primary or other important material, may be related to but different from the primary or other important material, or may bear little relation to any other material. If a movement in sonata form starts with an introductory section, this introduction is not usually analyzed as being part of the movement's exposition.

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REFERENCE
www.wikipeida.org www.howstuffworks.com

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