Chemistry51

Chapter6

CHEMICALREACTIONS
A chemicalreactionisarearrangement ofatomsinwhichsomeoftheoriginalbonds arebrokenandnewbondsareformed togivedifferentchemicalstructures. Inachemicalreaction,atomsareneithercreated,nordestroyed. A chemicalreaction,asdescribedabove,issupportedby Daltonspostulates.

A chemicalreactioncanbedetectedbyoneofthefollowingevidences: 1. 2. 3. 4. Changeofcolor Formationofasolid Formationofgas Exchangeofheatwithsurroundings

Chemistry51

Chapter6

THECHEMICALEQUATION
A chemicalequation isashorthandexpressionforachemicalreaction. Wordequation: ChemicalEquation: Aluminumcombineswith ferricoxidetoform ironandaluminumoxide. Al+Fe2O3 Fe+Al2O3

Achemicalequation consistsofthefollowinginformation: 1. Reactantsseparatedfrom productsbyanarrow():

Al+Fe2O3 Fe+ Al 2O3 reactants products

2. Coefficientsareplacedinfrontofsubstancestobalance theequation:

2Al+Fe2O 2 Fe+ Al2O 3 3

3. Reaction conditionsareplacedoverthearrow:
D 2Al+ Fe2O 2Fe+A l 2O 3 3

4. Thephysicalstateofthesubstancesareindicatedbysymbols(s),(l),(g)and(aq):
D 2Al(s) +F e2O 3(s) 2Fe(l)+ A l2O 3 (s)

Chemistry51

Chapter6

WRITING&BALANCINGEQUATIONS
A balancedequationcontainsthesamenumberofatoms oneachsideoftheequation,and thereforeobeysthelawofconservationofmass. Manyequationsarebalancedby trialanderrorbutitmustberememberedthatcoefficients canbechangedinordertobalanceanequation,butnotsubscriptsofacorrectformula. Thegeneralprocedureforbalancingequationsis: 1. Writetheunbalancedequation Makesuretheformulaforeachsubstanceiscorrect

CH4 +O2 CO2 + H2O

2. Balancebyinspection Countandcompareeachelementonbothsidesoftheequation.

Reactant 1C 4H 2O =

Product 1C 2H 3O

Balanceelementsthatappear onlyinonesubstancefirst. BalanceH BalanceO

CH4 +O2 CO2 + 2H2O CH4 +2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Whenfinallydone,checkforthesmallestcoefficientspossible.

Chemistry51 Examples: 1)

Chapter6

AgNO3 +H2S Ag2S+HNO3 Ag Reactant Products ___AgNO3 +___H2S ___Ag2S+ ____HNO3 H S NO3

2)

Al(OH)3 +H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 +H2O Al Reactant Products ___Al(OH)3 +___H2SO4 ___Al2(SO4)3 +____H2O H O SO4

3)

Fe3O4 +H2 Fe+H2O Fe Reactant Products ___Fe3O4 + ___H2 ___Fe+___ H2O O H

4)

C4H10 +O2 CO2 +H2O C Reactant Products ___C4H10 +___O2 ___CO2 +___ H2O H O

Chemistry51

Chapter6

TYPESOFCHEMICALREACTIONS
Chemicalreactionsareclassifiedintofive types: 1. SynthesisorCombination

(A+BAB)

Twoelementsorcompound combinetoformanothercompound. 2. Decomposition

(ABA +B)

Acompoundbreaksuptoform elementsorsimplercompound. 3. SingleReplacement

(A+BCB+AC )

A morereactiveelement replacesalessreactiveelement inacompound. Thesereactionswillbediscussedinmoredetaillaterinthischapter.

Chemistry51

Chapter6

TYPESOFCHEMICALREACTIONS
4. DoubleReplacement

(AB+CDAD+BC)

Twocompoundsinteracttoformtwonewcompounds. Thesereactionswillbediscussedinmoredetaillaterinthischapter. 5. CombustionReactions: Areactionthatinvolvesoxygenasareactantandproduceslargeamountsofheat is classifiedasacombustionreaction. CH4 (g)+2O2 (g) CO2 (g)+ 2 H2O(g) Examples: Classifyeachofthereactionsbelow: 1. Mg+CuCl2 MgCl2 +Cu

2.

CaCO3 CaO+CO2

3.

2HCl+Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 +H2O

4.

C3H8 +5O2 3CO2 +4H2O

5.

4Fe+3O2 2Fe2O3

Chemistry51

Chapter6

DOUBLEREPLACEMENT REACTIONS
Doublereplacementreactionscanbesubdividedintooneofthefollowingsubgroups: 1. Precipitation: Inthesereactionsoneoftheproductsformedisaninsolublesolidcalledaprecipitate. Forexample,whensolutionsofpotassiumchromate,K2CrO4 ,andbariumnitrate, Ba(NO3)2 ,arecombinedaninsolublesaltbariumchromate,BaCrO4 ,isformed. K2CrO4 (aq)+Ba(NO3)2 (aq) BaCrO4 (s)+2KNO3 (aq) Precipitate ThesereactionswillbefurtherdiscussedinChapter8 2. Neutralization: Themostimportantreactionofacidsandbasesiscalledneutralization.Inthese reactionsanacidcombineswithabasetoformasaltandwater.Forexample:

HCl(aq)+Na OH(aq) N a Cl (aq)+H 2O(l) acidbase salt w ate r

Saltsareionic substanceswiththecationdonatedfromthebaseandtheanion donatedfromtheacid. Inthelaboratory,neutralization reactionsareobservedby anincreaseintemperature(exothermicreaction). 3. Unstableproduct: Somechemicalreactionsproducegasbecauseoneoftheproductsformedinthe reactionisunstable. Twosuchproductsarelistedbelow: Carbonicacid Sulfurousacid H2CO3 (aq) CO2 (g)+H2O(l) H2SO3 (aq) SO2 (g)+H2O(l)

Wheneitheroftheseproductsappearsinachemicalreaction,theyshouldbe replacedwiththeirdecompositionproducts. 2HCl(aq)+Na2CO3 (aq) 2NaCl(aq)+H2CO3 (aq) (unstable)

2HCl(aq)+Na2CO3 (aq) 2NaCl(aq)+CO2 (g)+H2O(l)

Chemistry51

Chapter6

DOUBLEREPLACEMENTREACTIONS
Examples: Completeandbalanceeachneutralizationreactionbelow: 1. HNO3 (aq)+Ba(OH)2 (aq)

2. H2SO4 (aq)+NaOH(aq)

3. HC2H3O2 (aq)+KOH(aq)

Completeandbalancetheunstableproductreactionshownbelow:

4. HNO3 (aq)+K2SO3 (aq)

Chemistry51

Chapter6

OXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONS
Reactionsknownasoxidationandreduction(redox)havemanyimportant applicationsinoureverydaylives.Rustingofanailorthereactionwithinyourcar batteriesaretwoexamplesofredoxreactions. Inanoxidationreductionreaction,electronsaretransferredfromonesubstanceto another.Ifonesubstanceloseselectrons,anothersubstancemustgainelectrons.

Oxidationisdefinedaslossofelectrons,andreductionisdefinedasgainof electrons.Onewaytorememberthesedefinitionsistousethefollowing mnemonic: OILRIG Oxidation IsLossofelectrons Reduction IsGainofelectrons

Combination,decomposition,singlereplacementandcombustionreactionsareall examplesofredoxreactions.

Chemistry51

Chapter6

OXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONS
Ingeneral,atomsof metalsloseelectronstoformcations,andaretherefore oxidized,whileatomsof nonmetalsgainelectronstoformanions,andare thereforereduced. Forexample,intheformationofcalciumsulfidefromcalciumandsulfur Ca+SCaS
2+ CaCa +2e 2 S+2 e S

oxidized(loseselectrons) reduced(gainselectrons)

Therefore,theformationofcalciumsulfideinvolvestwohalfreactionsthatoccur simultaneously,onean oxidationandtheotherareduction. Similarly,inthereactionofmagnesiummetalwithhydrochloricacid Mg+2HCl MgCl2 +H2

2+ MgMg +2e + 2H +2e H2

oxidized(loseselectrons) reduced(gainselectrons)

Ineveryoxidationreductionreaction,thenumberofelectronslostmustbeequal tothenumberofelectronsgained.

Examples: 1. Identifyeachofthereactionsbelowasoxidationorreduction: 2+ a) Zn Zn +2e ______________________

b) Cl2 +2e 2Cl

______________________

3+ 2+ c) Fe +e Fe

______________________

d) 2Br B2 +2e

______________________

10

Chemistry51

Chapter6

OXIDATIONREDUCTIONINBIOLOGICALSYSTEMS
Manyimportantbiologicalreactionsinvolveoxidationandreduction.Inthese reactions, oxidationinvolvesadditionofoxygen or lossofhydrogen,and reductioninvolveslossofoxygenorgainofhydrogen. Forexample,poisonousmethylalcoholismetabolizedbythebodybythe followingreaction: CH3OH H2CO+2H methylalcohol formaldehyde oxidation(lossofhydrogen)

Theformaldehydeisfurtheroxidizedtoformicacidandfinallycarbondioxideand waterbythefollowingreactions: 2H2CO+O2 2H2CO2 formaldehyde formicacid 2H2CO2 +O2 CO2 +H2O formicacid oxidation(gainofoxygen)

oxidation(gainofoxygen)

Inmanybiochemicaloxidationreductionreactions,thetransferofhydrogenatoms producesenergyinthecells.Theoxidationofatypicalbiochemicalmoleculecan involvethetransferoftwohydrogenatomstoaprotonacceptorsuchascoenzyme FADtoproduceitsreducedformFADH2.

11

Chemistry51

Chapter6

OXIDATIONREDUCTIONINBIOLOGICALSYSTEMS
Insummary,theparticulardefinitionofoxidationreductiondependsonthe processthatoccursinthereaction.Asummaryofthesedefinitionsappearsbelow:

Examples: 1. Linoleicacid,anunsaturatedfattyacid,canbeconvertedtoasaturatedfattyacidby thereactionshownbelow.Islinoleicacidoxidizedorreducedinthisreaction?

C18H32O2 +2H2 C18H36O2 linoleicacid

2. Thereactionof succinicacidprovidesenergyfortheATPsynthesisandisshownbelow: C4H6O4 C4H4O4 +2H succinicacid FAD+2H FADH2 a) Issuccinicacidoxidizedorreduced?

b) IsFADoxidizedorreduced?

12

Chemistry51

Chapter6

ACTIVITYSERIESOFMETALS
Onetypeofredox reactionsaresinglereplacementreactions.Inthesereactionsanactive metalreplacealessactivemetal. Activityseriesisalistingofmetallicelementsindescendingorderofreactivity. Hydrogen isalsoincludedintheseriessinceitbehavessimilartometals. Activityseriestablesareavailableintextbooksandothersources. Elementslistedhigherwilldisplaceanyelementslistedbelow them.ForexampleNawilldisplaceanyelementslistedbelowit fromoneofitscompounds. 2Na(s)+ MgCl2 (aq) 2NaCl(aq)+Mg(s) Na(s)+AgCl(aq) NaCl(aq)+Ag(s) Elementslistedlowerwillnotdisplaceanyelementslistedabove them.ForexampleAgcannotdisplaceanyelementslistedaboveit fromoneofitscompounds.

Ag(s) +CuCl2 (aq) NoReaction Ag(s)+HCl(aq) NoReaction Examples: Useactivityseriestocompleteeachreactionbelow.Ifnoreactionoccurs,writeNoReaction. 1. Pb(s)+HCl (aq)

2.

Zn(s)+MgCl2 (aq)

3.

Ni(s) +CuCl2 (aq)

4.

Mg(s)+AlCl3 (aq)

13

Chemistry51

Chapter6

LAWOFDEFINITECOMPOSITION
Inapurecompound,theelementsarealwayspresentinthesamedefiniteproportionbymass. TwosamplesofNH3 wereanalyzedforcomposition: Massofsample 1.840g 2.000g MassofN 1.513g 1.644g MassofH 0.327g 0.356g

Sample1 Sample2

Calculating%Nineachsample: Sample1

%N=
Sample2

1.513g x100=82.23% 1.840g 1.644g x100=82.20% 2.000g

%N=

Basedonthislaw,themassofanelementcanbedeterminedfromitsmasspercentin acompound. Examples: 1. Bariumiodide,BaI2,contains35.1%bariumbymass.Howmanygramsofbariumdoes an8.50gsampleofbariumiodidecontain?

8.50gBaI 2x

35.1gBa =2.98gBa 100gBaI 2

2. Mercuricsulfide,HgS,contains82.6%mercurybymass.Whatmassofmercuricsulfide canbepreparedfrom60.0gofmercury?

3. When12.66gofcalciumareheatedinair,17.73gofcalciumoxideisformed.Whatis thepercentofoxygeninthiscompound?

14

Chemistry51

Chapter6

THEMOLECONCEPT
Chemistsfinditmoreconvenienttouse massrelationshipsin thelaboratory,whilechemicalreactionsdependonthenumber ofatomspresent. Inordertorelatethe massandnumberofatoms,chemistsuse theSIunitmole (abbreviated mol).

Thenumberof particlesinamoleiscalledAvogadrosnumber
andis6.02x1023. 23 1mol ofHatoms.contains:6.02x10 Hatoms 23 1mol ofH2 molecules.contains: 6.02x10 H2 molecules 23 2x(6.02x10 )Hatoms 23 1mol of H2Omolecules.contains: 6.02x10 H2Omolecules 23 2x (6.02x10 )Hatoms 23 1x (6.02x10 )Oatoms + 23 + 1mol ofNa ions...contains: 6.02x10 Na ions

Theatomicmassofoneatomexpressedin amuisnumericallythesameasthemassofone moleofatomsoftheelementexpressedin grams.

Element H Mg Cl

Massof oneatom 1.008amu 24.31amu 35.45amu

Massofone moleofatoms 1.008grams 24.31grams 35.45grams

15

Chemistry51

Chapter6

MOLARMASS
Themassofonemoleofasubstanceiscalledmolarmassandismeasuredin grams. MassofonemoleofH2O 2molH=2(1.008g)=2.016g 1mol O=1(16.00g)= 16.00g 18.02g

MolarMass

MassofonemoleofCa(OH)2 1molCa=1(40.08g)=40.08g 2molO=1(16.00g)= 32.00g 2molH=2(1.008g)= 2.016 g 74.10g Examples: Calculatethemolarmassofeachcompoundshownbelow: 1. Lithiumcarbonate(Li2CO3)

MolarMass

2. Salicylicacid(C7H6O3)

16

Chemistry51

Chapter6

CALCULATIONSUSINGTHEMOLECONCEPT

Whensolvingproblemsinvolvingmassmolenumberrelationships ofelementsorcompounds,wecanuse:

Themolarmass toconvertbetweenmassandmoles. Avogadrosnumber(6.02x1023)toconvertbetweenmolesand numberofentities.

Examples: 1. Howmany molesofironarepresentin25.0gofiron?

25.0gFe(

1mole )=0.448molFe 55.85g

2. Whatisthemassof5.00moleofwater?

3. Howmanymagnesium atomsarepresentin5.00gofMg?

1 mol 6.02x10 23atoms 5.00 g Mg( )( )=1.24x1023atomsMg 24.3 g 1 mol

4.HowmanymoleculesofHClarepresentin25.0gofHCl?

17

Chemistry51

Chapter6

MOLESOFELEMENTSINAFORMULA
Thesubscriptsinachemicalformulaofacompoundindicatethenumberofatomsofeach typeofelement. Forexample,inamoleculeofaspirin,C9H8O4,thereare9carbonatoms, 8hydrogenatomsand4oxygenatoms. Thesubscriptalsoindicatesthenumberofmolesofeachelementinonemoleofthe compound.Forexample,onemoleofaspirincontains9molesofcarbonatoms,8molesof hydrogenatomsand4molesof oxygenatoms.

C9H8O4
Carbon 9atomsC 9molesC Hydrogen 8atomsH 8molesH Oxygen 4atomsO 4molesO

Atomsin1molecule Molesofatomsin1mole

Usingthesubscriptsfromtheaspirinformula,onecanwritethefollowingconversionfactors foreachoftheelementsin1moleofaspirin:
9molesC 1moleC 9 H 8 O 4 8molesH 1moleC 9 H 8 O 4 4molesO 1moleC 9 H 8O4

Examples: 1. DeterminethemolesofCatomsin1moleofeachofthefollowingsubstances: a) AcetaminophenusedinTylenol,C8H9NO2 b) Zincdietarysupplement,Zn(C2H3O2)2

2. Howmanycarbonatomsarepresentin1.50molesofaspirin,C9H8O4?

18

Chemistry51

Chapter6

SUMMARYOFMASSMOLECALCULATIONS
Mass Moles Particles

Massof element

MolarMass

Molesof element

AvogadrosNo.

Atoms orions

F o r m u l a

Massof compound

MolarMass

Molesof compound

AvogadrosNo.

Moleculesor formulaunits ofcompound

19

Chemistry51

Chapter6

STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometryisthequantitativerelationshipbetweenthereactantsandproductsina balancedchemicalequation. Abalancedchemicalequationprovidesseveralimportantinformationaboutthereactants andproductsinachemicalreaction.Forexample: 1N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) 2molecules 200molecules 2millionmolecules 2molesNH3

1molecule 3molecules 100molecules 300molecules 1millionmolecules 3millionmolecules 1moleN2 + 3molesH2

ThisistheMOLERATIObetween REACTANTSandPRODUCTS

SummaryofStoichiometricCalculationsinChemistry Examples: 1. Determineeachmolerationbasedonthereactionshownbelow: 2C4H10 +13O2 8CO2 +10H2O

a)

molO2 = molCO 2

b)

molC 4 H 10 = molH 2O

20

Chemistry51

Chapter6

STOICHIOMETRICCALCULATIONS
MoleMoleCalculations: Relatesmolesofreactantsandproductsinabalancedchemicalequation Examples: 1. Howmanymolesofnitrogenwillreactwith2.4molesofhydrogentoproduceammoniaas showninthereactionbelow? 1N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

1molN2 2.4molH2 x =0.80molN2 3 molH2 MoleRatio 2. Howmanymolesofammoniacanbeproducedfrom32molesofhydrogen?(Assume excessnitrogenpresent)

32molH2 x =molNH3

3. Inoneexperiment,6.80molofammoniaareprepared.Howmanymolesofhydrogenwere usedupinthisexperiment?

21

Chemistry51

Chapter6

STOICHIOMETRICCALCULATIONS
MassMoleCalculations: Relatesmolesandmassofreactantsor products inabalancedchemicalequation Examples: 1. Howmanygramsofammoniacanbeproducedfrom thereactionof1.8molesofnitrogen withexcesshydrogenasshownbelow? 1N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

2 molNH3 17.0gNH3 1.8molN2 x x =61gNH3 1 molN2 1molNH3

Mole Ratio

Molar Mass

2. Howmanymolesofhydrogengasarerequiredtoproduce75.0gofammonia?

75.0g NH3 x x =molH2

3. Howmanymolesofammoniacanbeproducedfromthereactionof125gofnitrogen asshownabove?

22

Chemistry51

Chapter6

STOICHIOMETRICCALCULATIONS
MassMassCalculations: Relatesmassofreactantsandproductsinabalancedchemicalequation

Examples: 1. Whatmassofoxygenwillberequiredtoreactcompletelywith96.1gofpropane,C3H8, accordingtotheequationbelow? 1C3H8 (g)+5O2 (g) 3CO2 (g)+4H2O(g)

1molC3H8 5 molO2 32.0gO2 96.1gC3H8 x x x =349gO2 44.1gC3H8 1molC3H8 1molO2

Molar Mass

Mole Ratio

Molar Mass

2. Whatmassofcarbondioxidewillbeproducedfromthereactionof175gofpropane,as shownabove?

175gC3H8 x x x =gCO2

23

Chemistry51

Chapter6

LIMITINGREACTANT
When 2ormorereactantsarecombinedin nonstoichiometric ratios,theamountof productproducedislimited bythereactantthatisnotinexcess. Thisreactantisreferredtoaslimitingreactant. Whendoingstoichiometricproblemsofthistype,thelimitingreactantmustbedetermined firstbeforeproceedingwiththecalculations. Analogy:

Thenumberofsundaespossibleislimitedbytheamountofsyrup,thelimitingreactant. Whensolvinglimitingreactantproblems,assumeeachreactantislimitingreactantandcalculate thedesiredquantitybasedonthatassumption. Compareyouranswersforeachassumptionthelowervalueisthecorrectassumption.

24

Chemistry51

Chapter6

LIMITINGREACTANT

Examples: 1. HowmanymolesofH2Ocanbeproducedbyreacting4.0molofhydrogenand3.0molof oxygengasesasshownbelow: 2H2 (g)+1O2 (g)2H2O(g) Assumehydrogenisthelimitingreactant: 4.0molH2 x =molH2O Assumeoxygenisthelimitingreactant: 3.0molO2 x =molH2O

Correctlimitingreactantis_________and__________molofH2Oareproduced.

25

Chemistry51

Chapter6

2. AfuelmixtureusedintheearlydaysofrocketrywasamixtureofN2H4 andN2O4,asshown below.HowmanygramsofN2 gasisproducedwhen100gofN2H4 and200gofN2O4 are mixed? 2N2H4 (l)+1N2O4 (l) 3N2 (g)+4H2O(g)

1molN2H4 3molN2 100 gN2H4 x x =4.68molN2 32.04gN2H4 2 molN2H4 LimitingReactant 1 molN2O4 3molN2 200 gN2O4 x x =6.52molN2 92.00gN2O4 1 molN2O4 28.0gN2 4.68molN2 x =131gN2 1 molN2

Notes: 1. EventhoughmassofN2O4 isgreaterthanN2H4,therearefewermolesofitduetoitslarger molarmass. 2. Limitingreactantcalculationsmustalwaysbedonewhenamountofbothreactantsaregiven.

26

Chemistry51

Chapter6

LIMITINGREACTANT
Examples: 3. HowmanymolesofFe3O4 canbeproducedbyreacting16.8gofFewith10.0gofH2Oas shownbelow: 3Fe(s)+4H2O(g) AssumeFeisthelimitingreactant: 16.8gFex x =molFe3O4 AssumeH2Oisthelimitingreactant: 10.0gH2Ox x =molFe3O4
D Fe3O4 (s)+4H2 (g)

Correctlimitingreactantis_________and__________molofFe3O4 areproduced. 4. HowmanygramsofAgBrcanbeproducedwhen50.0gofMgBr2 ismixedwith100.0gof AgNO3,asshownbelow: MgBr2 (aq)+2AgNO3 (aq)

2AgBr(s)+Mg(NO3)2 (aq)

27

Chemistry51

Chapter6

PERCENTYIELD
Theamountofproductcalculatedthroughstoichiometricratiosisthemaximumamount of productthatcanbeproducedduringthereaction,andisthuscalledtheoreticalyield. Theactualyield ofaproductinachemicalreactionistheactualamountobtainedfromthe reaction. Thepercentyieldofareactionisobtainedasfollows:

Actualyield x100=Percentyield Theoreticalyield

Example: 1. Inanexperimentformingethanol,thetheoreticalyieldis50.5gandtheactualyieldis46.8g. Whatisthepercentyieldforthisreaction? Actualyield 46.8g %yield= x100= x100=92.7% Theoreticalyield 50.5g

2. Siliconcarbidecanbeformedfromthereactionofsand(SiO2)withcarbonasshownbelow: SiO2 (s)+3C(s)

SiC (s)+2CO(g)

When100gofsandareprocessed,51.4 ofSiCisproduced.WhatisthepercentyieldofSiC inthisreaction?

100gSiO2 x x x =

Actualyield %yieldSiC= x100= Theoreticalyield

28

Chemistry51

Chapter6

PERCENTYIELD
Examples: 3. Inanexperimenttoprepareaspirin,thetheoreticalyieldis153.7gandtheactualyieldis 124.0g.Whatisthepercentyieldofthisreaction?

Percentyield= x100=

4. Carbontetrachloride(CCl4)waspreparedbyreacting100.0gofCl2 withexcesscarbon disulfide(CS2),asshownbelow.If65.0gwaspreparedinthisreaction,calculatethepercent yield. CS2 +3Cl2 CCl4 +S2Cl2 Calculatethetheoreticalyield:

100.0gCl2 x x x =gCCl4 Calculatepercentyield:

Percentyield= x100=

29

Chemistry51

Chapter6

ENERGYCHANGESINCHEMICAL REACTIONS
Heatisenergychangethatislostorgainedwhenachemicalreactiontakesplace. Thesystemisthereactantsandproductsthatweareobserving.Thesurroundingsareall thethingsthatcontainandinteractwiththesystem,suchasthereactionflask,the laboratoryroomandtheairintheroom. Thedirectionofheatflowdependswhethertheproductsinareactionhavemoreorless energythanthereactants. Forachemicalreactiontooccur,themoleculesofthereactantsmustcollidewitheach otherwiththeproper energyandorientation.Theminimumamountofenergyrequired forachemicalreactiontooccuriscalledtheactivationenergy. Theheatofreactionistheamountofheatabsorbedorreleasedduringareactionandis designatedbythesymbol DH.

When heatisreleasedduringachemicalreaction,itissaidtobeexothermic.For exothermicreactions, DHisnegativeandisincludedontherightsideoftheequation. 3H2 (g)+N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)+22.0kcal DH= 22.0kcal

When heatisgainedduringachemicalreaction,itissaidtobeendothermic. For endothermicreactions, DHispositiveandisincludedontheleftsideoftheequation. 2H2O(l)+137kcal 2H2 (g)+O2 (g) DH=+137kcal

30

Chemistry51

Chapter6

CALCULATINGHEATINAREACTION
Thevalueof DHinachemicalreactionreferstotheheatlostorgainedforthe numberofmolesofreactantsandproductsinabalancedchemicalequation. Forexample,basedonthechemicalequationshownbelow: 2H2O(l) 2H2 (g)+O2 (g) Thefollowingconversionfactorscanbewritten:
137kcal 2molH 2 O or 137kcal or 2molH 2 137kcal 1molO 2

DH=+137kcal

Theseconversionfactorscanbeusedtocalculatetheamountofheatassociatedwitha particularchemicalreaction,basedongivenamountsofreactantsandproducts. Examples: 1. Giventhereactionshownbelow,howmuchheat,inkJ,isreleasedwhen50.0gofNH3 form? 3H2 (g)+N2 (g) 2NH3 (g) DH= 92.2kJ

2. HowmanykJofheatareneededtoreact25.0gofHgOaccordingtothereactionshown below: 2HgO(s) 2 Hg(l)+O2 (g) DH= 182kJ

31