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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fundamentals Construction Basic Requirements Types of Transformers Components and Performance Parameters Key Design Stages
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1. Fundamentals
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i1
V
Flux
i2
E
2
(NxI)
N1 N2 N 1
Winding No. 1
Winding No. 2
Ferromagnetic Core
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20 kV
3-phase generator step-up
500 kV
220-127 V
115 kV
1-phase pad-mount
Network Autotransformer
1-phase pole-mount
220-127 V
13.2 kV
600-127 V
network
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2. Construction
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- Silicon steel laminations - Stepped to fit round section - Vertical Legs, horizontal Yokes - Size impacts tank height and length
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Core Insulation
- Clamp and isolate the core - Core grounded at a single point - Cooling ducts to avoid hot spots
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Winding Packages
- Each phase-package has primary and secondary windings - Cylindrical shape provides high mechanical strength - Inner LV Wdg. outer HV Wdg. - Oil enters cool at bottom and leaves hot at top
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- Tie together the core laminations - Provide support for coil clamping and lead structures - Large size units require insulated clamps - Must withstand handling, shipping and short circuit forces
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Lead Structures
- Provide safe dielectric clearances for winding leads - Must withstand shipping and short circuit forces
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Leads
- Rated for maximum operation and test currents - Insulation according to test voltage and clearances
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Bushings
- Allow pass of HV leads through grounded tank cover or walls - Most from procelain, some polymeric - LV solid, HV condenser type - Connector area according to maximum current
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Tank Bottom
- Robust for lifting and transportation - Flat or with stiffeners - Attachment points for seismic forces - Inner attachments for core and coils
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- Structural, low carbon steel (mainly) - Keeps core and coils oil immersed, clean and free from moisture - Welds and gaskets must be leak proof - It withstands vacuum processing, handling, shipping, operating pressure and seismic forces - Reacts with magnetic leakage flux to produce stray losses
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Transformer Assembly
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Transformer Assembly
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Transformer Assembly
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Tank Cover
- Welded to the walls - Non-magnetic steel inserts - Holds main and auxiliary bushings, CTs and pressure relays - For conservator type, conveys bubbles quickly to gas relay
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Tank Radiators
- Attached with valves and flanges to the walls - Heat exchangers made of soft steel panels
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Conservator Tank
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3. Basic Requirements
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Technical Requirements
Normal Spec
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Special Requriements
Core overexcitation Overloads with/without loss of life
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Total owning cost (initial cost + losses) Cost of transportation and erection on site Performance as specified Service reliability On time delivery on site
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Design Challenges
Balanced cost of losses (no-load and Load) vs. materials cost Cooling (Normal and Emergency Load) Exact estimation of hot spot temperatures Limit thermal degradation of cellulose and oil Limit thermal surface load (mW/mm2) Avoid excessive gas generation Overvoltage Endurance (Impulse, Switching) Limit electrical stress in oil Exact calculation of voltage distribution Mechanical Withstand (Short Circuit, Vacuum, Shipping) Exact calculation of forces and stresses Estimation of impact strength of materials
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4. Types of Transformers
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Transformer Classifications
Number of Phases
Three Phase Single Phase
b/2 b 1
Type of Core
2 3
b/2 1 b/2 b
Transformation Ratio
Off circuit Taps (10% Range) On Load Tap Changer (20% Range) No taps
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Wye Connection
Delta Connection
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Autotransformer Connection
IH Throughput power: VH * IH = VX * IX
NS
IX
Converted power:
VX * IC
VH
IC NC
Converted / Throughput:
VX = 1 VX / VH = NS / (NS + NC)
Lower cost than equivalent transformer Same grounding H and L sides (galvanic coupling) Y-Y Connection Low impedance, high short circuit forces Lower benefits as VX << VH
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N/2
90% turns
V
N/2
V
10% turns
32
Transformer Application
Generator Step Up:
Takes power at generator low voltage-high current, and scales up voltage for efficient, long distance transmission LV normally Delta connected (12-23kV), HV (69-760 kV) is Wye connected Tie two transmission systems of different voltages together Both high and low voltage are Wye connected LV winding common to primary and secondary sides A delta tertiary winding is commonly used for harmonic suppression and neutral stabilization. Affords cost savings over two winding transformers Usually applied for voltages of 69kV and above
Step down transmission voltage from lines to suitable levels for bulk distribution Most common connection for US application is Delta-Wye LTCs are commonly used on the LV, to regulate load voltage Takes power from the generator or the HV transmission system and steps down to serve station loads
Copyright Prolec GE Internacional
Autotransformers:
Station Auxiliary:
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N d dt
y N (d(t)/dt)
Then
max = Vmax / (N*2pf)= e2 Veff / (N*2pf) Veff = 4.44 f *N* max = 4.44 f *N * Area *Bmax
Copyright Prolec GE Internacional
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Turns Ratio
The ferromagnetic core builds a magnetic circuit The flux is the same in every section of a single loop
N N
1 2
2
2
V1 4.44 f N1
V2 4.44 f N 2
V3 4.44 f N 3
3
3
N
3
V1 V2 V3 N1 N 2 N3
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Exciting Current
im e i
e Induced Voltage Magnetic Flux i Exciting Current im Magnetization Current ic Exciting Loss Current
ic
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Main harmonics in Exciting Current I1m Fundamental frequency component (50/60 Hz). Im3 3rd harmonic component Im5 5th harmonic component
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Types of Cores
20 12 30 32
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Core Joints
a) Low flux density 5 0,5 mm
Upper Yoke
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VA / Kg
18
P
1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 P 1.5= 0..87 W / kg 0.6 0.4 0.2 S 1.5= 1..17 VA/kg 0 1.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
16 14 12
10
8
6 4 2
Core Loss
( Source: Dietrich, Transformatoren )
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Hc
H Area = f (Bmax) Hysteresis Loss : PH = Volume * f *c * Bmax e e = 1.5 . . . 2.0 Experimental c, e material constants
In each loop :
d eind ~ dt
Concentric loops icirc. ~
eind length
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The laminated core exhibits strongly reduced eddy current losses, because each path ha s low induced voltage and high electrical resistance . Copyright Prolec GE
Internacional
44
2.0
1.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1
%
90 80
Hi-B 70 60
Laser Future
50
0.35
0.3
0.27
0.23
0.2
Thickness
mm
50
0.01 0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8 T 2.0
Flux Density
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Excitation VA
1.8
W/kg
1.6
Conventional
Other key variables for the Core:
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Tesla
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2)
3)
4)
5)
Types 1) 2) 3)
of Conductors Rectangular conductor with paper insulation. Twin conductor. Continuously Transposed Conductor (CTC).
Layer and Disk Windings 1) Layer Wdg. (double layer). 2) Continuous Disk Wdg. 3) Sequential Disk Wdg. 4) Pair of continuous disk sections. 5) Pair of interleaved disk sections.
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Types of Windings
Helical (single, doble, triple)
Layers
Tapping Winding Barrel with taps
Multistart
Disks Continuous Intershield Interleaved Layers Conventional Special arrangements
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Insulation Assemblies
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Core
LV Wdg. A
HV Wdg. A
HV Wdg. B
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Core
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Equipotential Lines
Core
LV Wdg.
A
HV Wdg. A
HV Wdg. B
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Lead structures
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Materials Dielectric and magnetic clearances
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Main Tank
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Structural steel
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Insulating materials
Main materials
Insulating Fluid Paper and pressboard Synthetic paper and pressboard Wood (natural and synthetic) High strength plastics Glue and adhesives Enamels
Requirements
Dielectric withstand Mechanical strength Temperature index Process resistance (VP, vacuum, oil) Long-term chemical stability
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57
Radiators
Fans Pump
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Tamb
TOT HST
Oil Conductor
Spacer
Oil Flow
Conductors
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LV Fa LV HV
HV Fa
60
FA
Core
ISC
FR
Outer Winding
Inner Winding
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Conductors
Spacers
Axial Forces
Spacers
Conductors
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Impulse withstand
Interleaved Windings
c
1
c
1
c
1
c
1
C1 is high
c
1
c
1
c
1
c
2
c
2
c
2
c
2
c
Types of Disk Windings
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1
c
1
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Cg
Lightning Impulso de Impulse Tensin
Cs
V1
Cg
Cs
V2
t
Cg
Cs
V3
V1 > V2 > V3 . . . .
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t
d
a
0,2 0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9 h/H
1,0
H InitialVoltage Distribution in Disk Windings a.- Continuous disk winding. b.- Interleaved disk winding. c.- Partially interleaved winding. d.- Final voltage distribution. CORE WINDING h
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Winding arrangements
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Equivalent Circuit
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